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Nutrition > Applied Nutrition > Flashcards

Applied Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Describe nutrition.

A

-process where animals take in & utilize food
-interaction between nutrients & other substances that influence maintenance, growth, development, reproduction & health
>intake, digestion, excretion
*rely on biochem
*feedstuffs; water, carbs, protein, fat/lipid, minerals, vitamins

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2
Q

Describe proper nutrition.

A

-health maintenance
-disease management
-client expectations
>requirements
>deficiencies

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3
Q

Describe why nutrients are essential.

A

-energy, structural, temp, chem reaction, transport

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4
Q

Describe feedstuffs.

A

-supply 65% water & 35% dry matter
-energy does not mean nutrient
>energy yielding is 50-80% dry matter
>protein & fat variable
>minerals 2-3%
>vitamins 0.2-0.3%

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5
Q

Describe water.

A

-most IMP nitrite to
-starving animals can survive the loss of:
>nearly all fat
>50% of protein
>40% of BW
*5 or 6d w/o water = fatal

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6
Q

Describe dehydration.

A

-5% loss of appetite, restlessness
-7% metabolic disorders
-15-20% comatose & death

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7
Q

Describe the functions of water.

A

-bod temp reg
-solvent for nutrients/metabolites
-ionizing power IMP in biochem reactions
-transport of nutrients & waste products
-lube
-cushion organ, fetus

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8
Q

Describe water quality.

A

-total dissolved solids measure of quality
*<500 ppm for humans & pets
*<5000 ppm for livestock
-quality affected by:
>minerals, nitrates, bacteria

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9
Q

Describe water & energy.

A

-bod water
>embryo = 95%
>neonate = 75-80%
>pig = 45-50%
-sources: ingested or metabolic

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10
Q

Describe water intake.

A

-dry VS moist foods
-intoxication:
>hemodilution, hyponatremia

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11
Q

Energy definitions!

A
  1. Gross energy (GE)
    -total energy of feed, determined by heat combustion
  2. Digestible energy (DE)
    -[GE - fecal energy]
  3. Metabolizable energy (ME)
    -[DE - urinary energy - methane energy]
    -ruminants ME = 0.82DE
    -nonruminants ME = 0.95DE
  4. Net energy (NE)
    -[ME - heat increment]
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12
Q

Describe energy.

A

-net energy = net maintenance requirements
-surplus energy = deposited in:
>bod tissue (growth)
>in products (milk, eggs) ‘retained energy’ (RE)

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13
Q

Describe carbohydrates.

A

-abundant in nature (C,H,O)
-simple monosaccharides = glu, fructose, galactose
-complex poly = starch, cellulose
-primary source of energy
>surplus converted to body fat reserves
*conjugated carbs are covalently bound to proteins/lipids

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14
Q

Describe carbohydrate requirements.

A

-vary over time:
>growth, gestation, lactation
-glu needed
>maintain TCA cycle
-CNS & blood cells

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15
Q

Describe soluble VS insoluble carbohydrates.

A

*75% of dry matter (DM) of plant based foods & greatest proportion of diets of non carnivores
1. Soluble = energy source
-nonstructural carbs (NSC)
-sugars, starches, organic acids
-similar to non fibrous carbs (NFC)
2. Insoluble = structural integrity
-found in cell wall
-constitute fiber

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16
Q

Describe carbohydrate digestion.

A

-mechanical, enzymatic, microbial
>gelatinization of starch increase digestibility
>30-35% DM in pet food
-small intestine
>enzymatic
—amylase (pancreas)
—Maltase, sucrose, lactase (brush border)

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17
Q

Describe carbohydrate absorption.

A

-intestinal villi (enterocytes)

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18
Q

Describe carbohydrate metabolism.

A

-glycolysis
>provide chem energy
>metabolic by products
>energy stores
*glu, glycogen, glu 6-P

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19
Q

Describe carbohydrate excretion.

A

-aerobic
>6CO2 + 6H2O + heat
-latus
>bacterial fermentation
-deranged metabolism results in
>elevated glu (plasma or urine)

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20
Q

Describe carbohydrate excess.

A

-unabsorbed produces
>high osmotic pressure
>abdominal distention
>bacterial overgrowth
>gas production

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21
Q

Describe carbohydrates of vet IMP.

A
  1. Xylose
    -K9 GI absorption test
  2. Lactulose
    -prebiotics & laxative
  3. Glycosaminoglycans
    -joint health
  4. Oligosaccharides
    -prebiotics
  5. Resistant starches
    -dietary fiber
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22
Q

Describe forage quality terms.

A
  1. NDF (neutral detergent fiber) = measure total fiber content
    -cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
    -high fiber fills stomach faster -> animal eats less & needs more supplements
  2. ADF (acid detergent fiber) = measures the cellulose, lignin, pectin fiber fractions
    >predicts energy content of forages
  3. Lignin (indigestible fiber)
    -no energy value & restricts digestibility of other fibers
  4. TDN (total digestible nutrients) = energy content of feedstuffs
    -sum of digestibility of diff nutrients
    *animals use available energy diff depending on feed & production status
    -TDN system overestimates energy derived from forages relative to grain
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23
Q

Describe lipids.

A

-C,H,O
-IMP for cell membrane structure, signaling, energy
-16, 18, 20 C atoms
>reflecting pathway for biosynthesis from the 2 carbon acetyl CoA
-ruminant animal fat = odd # FA
-FA = saturated, unsaturated, poly saturated
>derived from linoleic acid
-hydrocarbon compounds soluble in organic solvents
>not water soluble (hydrophobic)
-highly reduced
>high proportion of hydrogen
-diverse chemical structures (FA, TAG, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, shingolipids, cholesterol, steroids, Vit A,D,E,K)
-2.25x energy of carb per gram
>1g carb = 4kcal
>1g fat = 9 kcal
-carrier of nutrients (ex. Fat soluble vit)
-source of FA
-palatable for ruminants @ low conc
-cat & dog = higher requirement
-added to rations to increase energy density
-increase absorption of fat soluble vit

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24
Q

Describe lipids in the body.

A

-energy storage
>insulation & thermoreg
>neonates
—SQ white fat insulted
—brown adipose tissue oxidizes FA = makes heat
-structural component of cell membrane
-signaling molecules

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25
Q

Describe short chain FA.

A

-2-5 C atoms
-soluble in water
-volatile organic substances
>acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, Valeric & isovaleric acids
-in rumen & blood of ruminants
>produces of carbs & AA fermentation
-crucial for ruminant nutrition
-butyrate = IMP role in colonic health

26
Q

Describe medium chain FA.

A

-6-12 C atoms
-common in plants
-water solubility varies
>good @ physiological temp
-solubility = absorption from SI into portal vein
-10-20% of FA in milk of domestic animals

27
Q

Describe long chain FA.

A

-12+ C atoms & water insoluble
-common:
>saturated = palmitic
>mono unsaturated = oleic
>poly unsaturated = linoleic
-polyunsat = prone to oxidation during processing & storage
-bacterial FA metabolism = conjugated FA
>adjacent double bonds
>found in meat & milk of ruminants

28
Q

Describe essential FA.

A

-not syn by mammals but required for metabolism
>lack desaturase enzymes by C9
-linoleic & linoleic acids

29
Q

Describe palmitic acid.

A

-jun kinase activation
-insulin resistance
>inhibit insulin gene transcription
>phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 & 2
-mediates obesity induced inflammation
-imp in transition cows

30
Q

Describe how energy requirements change over time.

A

-health & performance implications
-energy = hierarchal order that changes based on activity

31
Q

Describe proteins & amino acids.

A

-lg complex molecules formed by AA
-carboxyl group (COOH) & a-amino group NH2
-20 AA common in proteins
-joined by peptide bonds

32
Q

Describe peptides & proteins.

A

-di, tri, poly peptides
-peptides = 2+ AA & no tertiary structure
>up to 72 AA
>atomic weight of less than 8kD
-proteins are larger & more complex

Structure of proteins.
33
Q

Describe amino acids.

A

-MW = sm & lg
-chemical properties
>hydrophobic/hydrophilic
>neutral/acid/basic
-straight/branched
-nitrogen = 1-4 atoms
-sulfur = 0-2 atoms
-20 AA = proteinogenic
*proteinogenic & nonproteinogenic AA needed for homeostasis

34
Q

Describe amino acids VS proteins.

A

-differ in seq of AA
>nucleotide seq of genes
>protein folding into 3D shape = determines activity
-no provision for storage
>provided in diet
-some AA converted into glu & used for energy
>gluconeogenesis = most imp in ruminants

35
Q

Describe protein functions & properties.

A

-lean body organs & soft tissues
-functional diversity
>cell membrane structure & transport characteristics
>enzymes
>hormones, paracrine, autocrine (chem messengers)
>antibodies & immune cytokines
-continuous replacement due to metabolic turnover
>rate varies w biological activity

36
Q

Describe protein requirements.

A

-dietary protein consumed to replace N loss
-specific to species, age, disease status
>puppy 18% VS adult 8%
>kitten 18% VS adult 16%
>foals 16% VS adult 8%
-amount of food consumed
>sm = high protein, high cal
>lg = low protein, low cal

37
Q

Describe essential AA.

A

-animals cant syn amino groups from inorganic N
>require dietary source of AA
>8-12 AA = essential
-# of essential AA varies w species & physiological state
>10 essential AA = PVT TIM HALL
*lysine & methionine most IMP
*proteinogenic AA

38
Q

Describe nonessential AA.

A

-syn in body tissue by conversion of essential AA in diet

39
Q

Describe biological value.

A

-ability of dietary protein to supply AA in amounts required for protein syn = biological value
>measured by ratio of retained N to absorbed N
-influenced by essential AA content of protein

40
Q

Describe high VS low protein quality.

A

-high quality = all essential AA
-low quality = processing of proteins lowers digestibility

41
Q

Describe crude protein.

A

-estimate
>nitrogen content X 6.25
>based on avg N content (16%) of protein
-proteins (-/+) nitrogen
-feedstuffs can contain non protein N that distorts estimate
>ammonia, urea, nitrate, purines, pyrimidines
-melamine
>66% N = distorts crude protein est
>toxic

42
Q

Describe protein digestion.

A
  1. Stomach
    -pepsin = lg polypeptide
  2. SI
    -peptidases
43
Q

Describe excess protein.

A

-unabsorbed AA or peptides
>increase fecal odor
>substrate for bacterial fermentation
—putrescine & cadaverine
—ammonia, phenols, sulfur compounds

44
Q

Describe the use of AA.

A
  1. Tissue protein syn
    >actin, myosin, hormone receptors
  2. Bio synthetic pathways
    >gene expression
    >new proteins
    >hormones, enzymes, plasma proteins
  3. Deamination
    -C skeleton to make energy
45
Q

Describe macro nutrients.

A
46
Q

Describe proteins for ruminants.

A

-2 sources
>protein from feed
>microbial protein from rumen microbes
-crude protein divided into 2 factors
>degradable intake protein
>undegradable intake protein = ‘rumen bypass protein’
>cottonseed meal, soybean hull, ryegrass = diff proportions of each protein type

47
Q

Describe AA of vet IMP.

A
  1. Taurine
    -essential for cats
    -only free AA
    -imp for: CNS (neurotransmitter & brain development), heart (dilated cardiomyopathy), ocular (retinal degen), repro (infertility)
  2. Arginine
    -intermediate in urea cycle
    -cats sensitive to deficiency
  3. Glutamine/glutamate
    -role in TCA cycle
    -makes antioxidant glutathione
48
Q

Describe supplemental proteins for ruminants.

A

Soybean meal, blood meal, feather meal, fish meal, dehydrated alfalfa

49
Q

Describe protein - dairy.

A

-methionine = enhance milk production
-expensive = necessary for productivity
-neg impact on environment = excretion of N
-impact fertility

50
Q

Describe how the body composition & requirements changes over time.

A

-aging -> body fat increases -> protein accretion decreases -> AA requirements decrease
*young animals have higher AA requirement than older

51
Q

Describe macro minerals.

A
52
Q

Describe calcium (macro mineral).

A

-bones = 99% total body Ca (remainder in teeth & ICF)
-sources = stems & leaves
>deficiency = acid or sandy soils OR grazing rapidly growing grasses, cereals OR high grain supplement
>milk fever, lethargy, weak bones, poor growth

53
Q

Describe phosphorus (macro mineral).

A

-80% in bones (some in saliva & nucleic acids)
-imp for:
>cell membrane
>energy
>muscle contraction
>appetite
>bone formation
-deficiency = cattle grazing on low P soils (esp when pastured dominated by low quality dead grass w little legume
>slow growth, decreased appetite, listlessness, poor fertility

54
Q

Describe magnesium (macro mineral).

A

-70% in skeleton (poorly remobilized)
-activates 300+ enzyme systems
-imp for:
>metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
>nerve conduction
>muscle contraction
-deficiency = muscular spasms, trembling, nervousness (hypomagnesemic/grass tetany)
*fiber, Na intake, energy = reduce deficiency
-high intake of K, Ca, P & organic acid = decrease Mg availability

55
Q

Describe potassium, sodium, chlorine (macro minerals).

A
  1. K imp for plant growth (available herbage is usually at least adequate)
  2. Deficiencies of Na & Cl
    >arid areas where pastures, grains, seeds are low in Na
    >ill thrift, pica (bone chewing), anorexia
    *salt licks used to correct deficiencies
56
Q

Describe sulfur (macro mineral).

A

-imp for protein syn & growth of rumen microbes
-S AA imp in sheep nutrition = wool is 4% S
-deficiency = decrease wool productions, lack of crimp, poor fleece

57
Q

Describe zinc (macro mineral).

A

-stored in bone
-200+ transcription factors
-deficiency = decreased libido in males

58
Q

Describe micro minerals.

A
59
Q

Describe chromium (micro mineral).

A

-imp for:
>carbohydrate, protein, lipid metabolism
>improves immune function
-highly bioavailable & beneficial effects
-4-5 mg/hd/d during last 3wk pre parturition & 5-6 mg/hd/d during first few wks postpartum for diary cows

60
Q

Describe cobalt (micro nutrients).

A

-imp for precursor for syn of B12 by rumen micro organisms
-deficiency = B12 deficiency
>coastal, Ca rich, sandy soils = low in cobalt
>excessive lime/lush pasture growth
>ill thrift, weepy eyes, anemia, scaly ears, infertility, poor mothering
*cobalt deficiency = phalaris staggers

61
Q

Describe copper & molybdenum.

A

-Cu IMP in enzymes & required for body, bone, wool growth
-grasses have more Cu than clover
-deficiency = reduced fertility, depressed immunity, reduced pigmentation (black to red)
>most deficiency caused by consumption of antagonists
-availability higher from dry feed than green herbage
>high intake of sulphur, zinc, iron, cadmium, Ca = decrease Cu availability
>excess molybdenum = main factor linked to copper deficiency

Nutrition (13 decks)

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