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Applied Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe nutrition.

A

-process where animals take in & utilize food
-interaction between nutrients & other substances that influence maintenance, growth, development, reproduction & health
>intake, digestion, excretion
*rely on biochem
*feedstuffs; water, carbs, protein, fat/lipid, minerals, vitamins

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2
Q

Describe proper nutrition.

A

-health maintenance
-disease management
-client expectations
>requirements
>deficiencies

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3
Q

Describe why nutrients are essential.

A

-energy, structural, temp, chem reaction, transport

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4
Q

Describe feedstuffs.

A

-supply 65% water & 35% dry matter
-energy does not mean nutrient
>energy yielding is 50-80% dry matter
>protein & fat variable
>minerals 2-3%
>vitamins 0.2-0.3%

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5
Q

Describe water.

A

-most IMP nitrite to
-starving animals can survive the loss of:
>nearly all fat
>50% of protein
>40% of BW
*5 or 6d w/o water = fatal

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6
Q

Describe dehydration.

A

-5% loss of appetite, restlessness
-7% metabolic disorders
-15-20% comatose & death

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7
Q

Describe the functions of water.

A

-bod temp reg
-solvent for nutrients/metabolites
-ionizing power IMP in biochem reactions
-transport of nutrients & waste products
-lube
-cushion organ, fetus

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8
Q

Describe water quality.

A

-total dissolved solids measure of quality
*<500 ppm for humans & pets
*<5000 ppm for livestock
-quality affected by:
>minerals, nitrates, bacteria

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9
Q

Describe water & energy.

A

-bod water
>embryo = 95%
>neonate = 75-80%
>pig = 45-50%
-sources: ingested or metabolic

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10
Q

Describe water intake.

A

-dry VS moist foods
-intoxication:
>hemodilution, hyponatremia

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11
Q

Energy definitions!

A
  1. Gross energy (GE)
    -total energy of feed, determined by heat combustion
  2. Digestible energy (DE)
    -[GE - fecal energy]
  3. Metabolizable energy (ME)
    -[DE - urinary energy - methane energy]
    -ruminants ME = 0.82DE
    -nonruminants ME = 0.95DE
  4. Net energy (NE)
    -[ME - heat increment]
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12
Q

Describe energy.

A

-net energy = net maintenance requirements
-surplus energy = deposited in:
>bod tissue (growth)
>in products (milk, eggs) ‘retained energy’ (RE)

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13
Q

Describe carbohydrates.

A

-abundant in nature (C,H,O)
-simple monosaccharides = glu, fructose, galactose
-complex poly = starch, cellulose
-primary source of energy
>surplus converted to body fat reserves
*conjugated carbs are covalently bound to proteins/lipids

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14
Q

Describe carbohydrate requirements.

A

-vary over time:
>growth, gestation, lactation
-glu needed
>maintain TCA cycle
-CNS & blood cells

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15
Q

Describe soluble VS insoluble carbohydrates.

A

*75% of dry matter (DM) of plant based foods & greatest proportion of diets of non carnivores
1. Soluble = energy source
-nonstructural carbs (NSC)
-sugars, starches, organic acids
-similar to non fibrous carbs (NFC)
2. Insoluble = structural integrity
-found in cell wall
-constitute fiber

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16
Q

Describe carbohydrate digestion.

A

-mechanical, enzymatic, microbial
>gelatinization of starch increase digestibility
>30-35% DM in pet food
-small intestine
>enzymatic
—amylase (pancreas)
—Maltase, sucrose, lactase (brush border)

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17
Q

Describe carbohydrate absorption.

A

-intestinal villi (enterocytes)

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18
Q

Describe carbohydrate metabolism.

A

-glycolysis
>provide chem energy
>metabolic by products
>energy stores
*glu, glycogen, glu 6-P

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19
Q

Describe carbohydrate excretion.

A

-aerobic
>6CO2 + 6H2O + heat
-latus
>bacterial fermentation
-deranged metabolism results in
>elevated glu (plasma or urine)

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20
Q

Describe carbohydrate excess.

A

-unabsorbed produces
>high osmotic pressure
>abdominal distention
>bacterial overgrowth
>gas production

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21
Q

Describe carbohydrates of vet IMP.

A
  1. Xylose
    -K9 GI absorption test
  2. Lactulose
    -prebiotics & laxative
  3. Glycosaminoglycans
    -joint health
  4. Oligosaccharides
    -prebiotics
  5. Resistant starches
    -dietary fiber
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22
Q

Describe forage quality terms.

A
  1. NDF (neutral detergent fiber) = measure total fiber content
    -cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
    -high fiber fills stomach faster -> animal eats less & needs more supplements
  2. ADF (acid detergent fiber) = measures the cellulose, lignin, pectin fiber fractions
    >predicts energy content of forages
  3. Lignin (indigestible fiber)
    -no energy value & restricts digestibility of other fibers
  4. TDN (total digestible nutrients) = energy content of feedstuffs
    -sum of digestibility of diff nutrients
    *animals use available energy diff depending on feed & production status
    -TDN system overestimates energy derived from forages relative to grain
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23
Q

Describe lipids.

A

-C,H,O
-IMP for cell membrane structure, signaling, energy
-16, 18, 20 C atoms
>reflecting pathway for biosynthesis from the 2 carbon acetyl CoA
-ruminant animal fat = odd # FA
-FA = saturated, unsaturated, poly saturated
>derived from linoleic acid
-hydrocarbon compounds soluble in organic solvents
>not water soluble (hydrophobic)
-highly reduced
>high proportion of hydrogen
-diverse chemical structures (FA, TAG, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, shingolipids, cholesterol, steroids, Vit A,D,E,K)
-2.25x energy of carb per gram
>1g carb = 4kcal
>1g fat = 9 kcal
-carrier of nutrients (ex. Fat soluble vit)
-source of FA
-palatable for ruminants @ low conc
-cat & dog = higher requirement
-added to rations to increase energy density
-increase absorption of fat soluble vit

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24
Q

Describe lipids in the body.

A

-energy storage
>insulation & thermoreg
>neonates
—SQ white fat insulted
—brown adipose tissue oxidizes FA = makes heat
-structural component of cell membrane
-signaling molecules

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25
Describe short chain FA.
-2-5 C atoms -soluble in water -volatile organic substances >acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, Valeric & isovaleric acids -in rumen & blood of ruminants >produces of carbs & AA fermentation -crucial for ruminant nutrition -butyrate = IMP role in colonic health
26
Describe medium chain FA.
-6-12 C atoms -common in plants -water solubility varies >good @ physiological temp -solubility = absorption from SI into portal vein -10-20% of FA in milk of domestic animals
27
Describe long chain FA.
-12+ C atoms & water insoluble -common: >saturated = palmitic >mono unsaturated = oleic >poly unsaturated = linoleic -polyunsat = prone to oxidation during processing & storage -bacterial FA metabolism = conjugated FA >adjacent double bonds >found in meat & milk of ruminants
28
Describe essential FA.
-not syn by mammals but required for metabolism >lack desaturase enzymes by C9 -linoleic & linoleic acids
29
Describe palmitic acid.
-jun kinase activation -insulin resistance >inhibit insulin gene transcription >phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 & 2 -mediates obesity induced inflammation -imp in transition cows
30
Describe how energy requirements change over time.
-health & performance implications -energy = hierarchal order that changes based on activity
31
Describe proteins & amino acids.
-lg complex molecules formed by AA -carboxyl group (COOH) & a-amino group NH2 -20 AA common in proteins -joined by peptide bonds
32
Describe peptides & proteins.
-di, tri, poly peptides -peptides = 2+ AA & no tertiary structure >up to 72 AA >atomic weight of less than 8kD -proteins are larger & more complex
33
Describe amino acids.
-MW = sm & lg -chemical properties >hydrophobic/hydrophilic >neutral/acid/basic -straight/branched -nitrogen = 1-4 atoms -sulfur = 0-2 atoms -20 AA = proteinogenic *proteinogenic & nonproteinogenic AA needed for homeostasis
34
Describe amino acids VS proteins.
-differ in seq of AA >nucleotide seq of genes >protein folding into 3D shape = determines activity -no provision for storage >provided in diet -some AA converted into glu & used for energy >gluconeogenesis = most imp in ruminants
35
Describe protein functions & properties.
-lean body organs & soft tissues -functional diversity >cell membrane structure & transport characteristics >enzymes >hormones, paracrine, autocrine (chem messengers) >antibodies & immune cytokines -continuous replacement due to metabolic turnover >rate varies w biological activity
36
Describe protein requirements.
-dietary protein consumed to replace N loss -specific to species, age, disease status >puppy 18% VS adult 8% >kitten 18% VS adult 16% >foals 16% VS adult 8% -amount of food consumed >sm = high protein, high cal >lg = low protein, low cal
37
Describe essential AA.
-animals cant syn amino groups from inorganic N >require dietary source of AA >8-12 AA = essential -# of essential AA varies w species & physiological state >10 essential AA = PVT TIM HALL *lysine & methionine most IMP *proteinogenic AA
38
Describe nonessential AA.
-syn in body tissue by conversion of essential AA in diet
39
Describe biological value.
-ability of dietary protein to supply AA in amounts required for protein syn = biological value >measured by ratio of retained N to absorbed N -influenced by essential AA content of protein
40
Describe high VS low protein quality.
-high quality = all essential AA -low quality = processing of proteins lowers digestibility
41
Describe crude protein.
-estimate >nitrogen content X 6.25 >based on avg N content (16%) of protein -proteins (-/+) nitrogen -feedstuffs can contain non protein N that distorts estimate >ammonia, urea, nitrate, purines, pyrimidines -melamine >66% N = distorts crude protein est >toxic
42
Describe protein digestion.
1. Stomach -pepsin = lg polypeptide 2. SI -peptidases
43
Describe excess protein.
-unabsorbed AA or peptides >increase fecal odor >substrate for bacterial fermentation —putrescine & cadaverine —ammonia, phenols, sulfur compounds
44
Describe the use of AA.
1. Tissue protein syn >actin, myosin, hormone receptors 2. Bio synthetic pathways >gene expression >new proteins >hormones, enzymes, plasma proteins 3. Deamination -C skeleton to make energy
45
Describe macro nutrients.
46
Describe proteins for ruminants.
-2 sources >protein from feed >microbial protein from rumen microbes -crude protein divided into 2 factors >degradable intake protein >undegradable intake protein = ‘rumen bypass protein’ >cottonseed meal, soybean hull, ryegrass = diff proportions of each protein type
47
Describe AA of vet IMP.
1. Taurine -essential for cats -only free AA -imp for: CNS (neurotransmitter & brain development), heart (dilated cardiomyopathy), ocular (retinal degen), repro (infertility) 2. Arginine -intermediate in urea cycle -cats sensitive to deficiency 3. Glutamine/glutamate -role in TCA cycle -makes antioxidant glutathione
48
Describe supplemental proteins for ruminants.
Soybean meal, blood meal, feather meal, fish meal, dehydrated alfalfa
49
Describe protein - dairy.
-methionine = enhance milk production -expensive = necessary for productivity -neg impact on environment = excretion of N -impact fertility
50
Describe how the body composition & requirements changes over time.
-aging -> body fat increases -> protein accretion decreases -> AA requirements decrease *young animals have higher AA requirement than older
51
Describe macro minerals.
52
Describe calcium (macro mineral).
-bones = 99% total body Ca (remainder in teeth & ICF) -sources = stems & leaves >deficiency = acid or sandy soils OR grazing rapidly growing grasses, cereals OR high grain supplement >milk fever, lethargy, weak bones, poor growth
53
Describe phosphorus (macro mineral).
-80% in bones (some in saliva & nucleic acids) -imp for: >cell membrane >energy >muscle contraction >appetite >bone formation -deficiency = cattle grazing on low P soils (esp when pastured dominated by low quality dead grass w little legume >slow growth, decreased appetite, listlessness, poor fertility
54
Describe magnesium (macro mineral).
-70% in skeleton (poorly remobilized) -activates 300+ enzyme systems -imp for: >metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins >nerve conduction >muscle contraction -deficiency = muscular spasms, trembling, nervousness (hypomagnesemic/grass tetany) *fiber, Na intake, energy = reduce deficiency -high intake of K, Ca, P & organic acid = decrease Mg availability
55
Describe potassium, sodium, chlorine (macro minerals).
1. K imp for plant growth (available herbage is usually at least adequate) 2. Deficiencies of Na & Cl >arid areas where pastures, grains, seeds are low in Na >ill thrift, pica (bone chewing), anorexia *salt licks used to correct deficiencies
56
Describe sulfur (macro mineral).
-imp for protein syn & growth of rumen microbes -S AA imp in sheep nutrition = wool is 4% S -deficiency = decrease wool productions, lack of crimp, poor fleece
57
Describe zinc (macro mineral).
-stored in bone -200+ transcription factors -deficiency = decreased libido in males
58
Describe micro minerals.
59
Describe chromium (micro mineral).
-imp for: >carbohydrate, protein, lipid metabolism >improves immune function -highly bioavailable & beneficial effects -4-5 mg/hd/d during last 3wk pre parturition & 5-6 mg/hd/d during first few wks postpartum for diary cows
60
Describe cobalt (micro nutrients).
-imp for precursor for syn of B12 by rumen micro organisms -deficiency = B12 deficiency >coastal, Ca rich, sandy soils = low in cobalt >excessive lime/lush pasture growth >ill thrift, weepy eyes, anemia, scaly ears, infertility, poor mothering *cobalt deficiency = phalaris staggers
61
Describe copper & molybdenum.
-Cu IMP in enzymes & required for body, bone, wool growth -grasses have more Cu than clover -deficiency = reduced fertility, depressed immunity, reduced pigmentation (black to red) >most deficiency caused by consumption of antagonists -availability higher from dry feed than green herbage >high intake of sulphur, zinc, iron, cadmium, Ca = decrease Cu availability >excess molybdenum = main factor linked to copper deficiency

Nutrition (13 decks)

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