Feeding Specific Groups Flashcards
(27 cards)
Describe the energy requirements for maintenance.
DE (Mcal) = 0.03 x BW(kg) + 1.4
-Mcal = 1 mil cal
Describe factors affecting maintenance DE.
- Individual activity
-racing, retired, restless energy - Physiologic state
-healthy, diseased, pregnant/lactating - Thermal stress
-extreme cold or heat
Describe energy requirements for work horses.
-inc maintenance (M) based on work load
-more cal based on inc M
Describe specific energy requirements.
- Breeding stallions
-energy = maintenance (M) + 25%
>protein 10% - Broodmares
-gestation
>energy & protein inc as gestation cont
-lactation
>energy = M + 44%M
Describe performance horses.
-type of performance: age, temperament, intensity, climate
-inc grain ratio to meet energy needs + low roughage
-fat supplement
>1 cup oil replaces 3-4 cups of conc & 5-10lbs of grass hay
-3-4 meals per day to limit boredom
-Na, Cl, K, Mg = lost in sweat
>salt licks
>water
Describe aged horses.
-age not equal to disease
-maintain BCS 4-9
-protein, fiber, phos digestion & absorption dec w age
-common health issues: dental, parasites, arthritis
-rec: palatable, easy digested, easy masticated, fat, remove competition
Describe starved horses.
-avoid starting on a high qual diet
>refeeding syndrome
>start low, go slow
>too rapid intro to conc cal -> fatal inc in blood insulin -> cardiac & respiratory failure in 3-5d
>start low glycemic diet
>roughage only (alfalfa = high DE, protein, minerals)
>introduce at 50% of maintenance based on current BW & gradually inc for 10 d -> can inc to 125% after 10d & can add fats)
-reduce nutrient drains
>dewormer
>blanket
>stable = reduce exercise
>no competition for food
-dental, hoof, underlying disease
Describe equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).
-adult <15yrs
-obesity (BCS >7/9)
-easy keeper -> little feed
-intermittent laminitis
-PPID neg
-metabolic dysregulation
>persistent hyper insulinemia -> insulin resistance
-treatment: low glycemic diet, late cut hay, no grass pasture, grazing muzzle, avoid high NSC, exercise, levothyroxine
Describe pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
‘Equine cushings disease’
-pituitary adenoma
-most common disease >15yrs (85%)
>avg age is 20yrs
-all breeds
-Morgan’s & ponies
-CS
>hirsutism = long hair (doesnt shed)
>chronic intermittent laminitis
>lethargy
>abnormal fat distribution
>PU/PD
Describe the diagnosis & treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
DX:
-CS
-endogenous ACTH
-insulin
-dex suppression
-TRH response ACTH
TX:
-pergolide mesylate
>mimics inhibitory effect of dopamine
GOAL:
-control symptoms
-control output of hormones caused by tumor
-avoid laminitis
Describe feeding & concentrate of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
- Feeding
-low glycemic index
-forage diet
-avoid pasture high in NSC
-feed hay low in NSC - Concentrate
-maintain BCS 4-6
-small freq meals (0.5% of BW)
-avoid insulin & glu deviation
-high fiber & high fat
-oil
Describe hyperlipemia.
-life threatening
-ponies, donkeys, mini horses
-sudden & severe breakdown of body fat stores
-56% survival rate
Describe hyperlipemia predisposing & precipitating factors.
- Predisposing
-obesity
-insulin resistant
-female (preg, lactating) - Precipitating
-inadequate feed intake
-stress (feed change, transport)
-pain
-disease
Describe hyperlipemia clinical signs.
-anorexia
-dysphagia
-colic
-Pyrexia
-encephalopathy
-depression
-weakness
-abortion
-rapid weight loss
Describe hyperlipemia characteristics.
- Serum conc
- Dehydration
- Anorexia
- Myopathy
- Stress leukogram
Describe hyperlipemia treatment.
- ID precipitating factors
-terminate PG = stress
-weaning = stress - Secondary problems
-dehydration = fluid therapy, electrolytes (K, Ca)
-hypoglycemia (50% dextrose) - Reduce LDLs
-enteral nutrition (low cost)
>fresh palatable feed (grass, apple, carrot, conc)
-tube feeding
>liquefied pelleted complete feeds, alfalfa pellets
-parenteral nutrition (high cost)
>lipid free PN effective
Describe developmental orthopedic disease (DOD).
physitis, angular limb deformities, flexural deformities, osteochondorsis & OCD, cervical vertebral malformation
Key factors:
1. rapid growth
2. diet imbalance
>hyper nutrition -> excessive energy 130%
>Ca:P
>Cu & Zn deficiency
3. biomechanical stress or trauma
>too much exercise at young age
4. hormonal factors (hyperinsulinemia)
5. genetic predisposition (IMO) *
Etiology
1. High energy intake = rapid growth
2. Failure of vascularized ion
3. Irregularities of endochondral ossification
(Not proven)
Quiz review.
Describe physitis/epiphysitis.
-most common DOD in TB
-inflam of physis
-lead to angular limb deformities in severe cases
-distal radium & distal MCIII/MTIII most common
TREATMENT:
-dec nutritional plane - roughage only
>mineral supplement (Ca:P)
-rest
-self limiting when growth plate close
-NSAID
Describe angular limb deformities.
-deviation of limb in sagittal plane
-distal radium, distal MCIII/MTIII most common
-carpal vagus & fetlock varus most common
TREATMENT (age & severity dependent)
-trimming/shoeing
-stall confinement
-surgery severe
>hemi circumferential periosteal transection & elevation
—periosteal stripping
>transphyseal bridging
—screwing
Describe flexural limb deformities.
-distal interphalangeal joint (DIT)
-metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)
-metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)
-carpal region
1. Congenital
-ext environment factors affecting mare (inf)
-intrauterine position
2. Acquired
-rapidly growing foals
-excessive energy intake after prev inadequate energy may trigger
TREATMENT
-depends on severity, exercise, shoeing, oxytetracycline, surgery (desmotomy, tenotomy)
Describe osteochondorsis & OCD.
-disturbances in endochondral differentiation, proliferation, maturation & ossification of fast growing animals
-horse, cattle, pig, dog, cat, rat
-high incidence in standardbred & warmblood breeds
CS:
-joint effusion, lameness
TREATMENT:
-arthroscopy
PREVENTION:
-maternal nutrition
Describe cervical vertebral malformation.
-TB, QH, Morgan, male:female (3:1), rapid growing, ataxia, CS worse w neck extension, treatment is surgery (spinal fusion) ‘bagby basket’
Describe orphan foal.
-high metabolic rate, low hepatic glycogen reserves
-freq ingestion of good qual colostrum then milk
>colostrum in first 12h
-normal foal nurse 5-7x per hr for 2 min
-foal <2mo need milk
-nurse mare ideal
-bottle/bucket feeding
