Feedstuffs Flashcards
(30 cards)
Describe non structural carbohydrates VS structural carbohydrates.
- NSC (easier to digest)
-water soluble carbohydrates (WSC)
A) simple sugar = monosaccharides
>glu, fructose, galactose
B) starch = polysaccharide
>glu
C) fructans-oligosacchardies
>sucrose - Structural
-cellulose, hemicelluose, ligno-cellulose, lignin-complex organic polymer
Describe the carbohydrate classification.
-hydrolyzable CHO
-digestion in SI
>simple sugars & non resistant starches
-rapid fermentable CHO
-microbial digestion in LI
>resistant starch oligosaccharides (fructans)
-slowly fermentable CHO
>microbial digestion in LI
Describe roughage - pasture.
-depends on location & soil drainage
-pasture maintenance
>avoid over or under grazing
>mow 2-4in
—while resting -> controls weeds
—prevents going to seed
—drag to reduce parasite load
—fertilize as needed
>soil testing q2-3 yrs
*pasture as feed source: 1.75-2 acres per 1000# horse
Describe cool season VS warm season grasses.
- Cool season
-wide variety of NSC during season & time of day - Warm season
-less variety of NSC
Describe the 2 different types of hay.
- Legume
-Alfalfa & clovers
-energy & nutrient dense
-high protein & Ca
-may need to add P
-best for:
>preg & lactating mares
>high performance
>growing
>gastric ulcer (high Ca) - Grass
-low protein, high fiber
-more vol
-best for:
>easy keepers (dont need as much cal)
>light work/retired
>stall bound
Describe hay qualities.
-nutrient composition vary
>legumes VS grasses
-vary due to growing & harvesting
>weather & soil conditions
>maturity of plant at harvesting
>storage - conditions & duration
-benefits:
>economical VS grains
>free choice hay - mimics pasture
>decrease roughage = less time eating
—risk of vices
Describe good quality hay.
- Harvested early
-digestibility & protein dec as matures - Free of mold, dust, weeds
- Not undergone excessive weathering
- Leaves & not stems
Describe hay VS straw.
- Straw
-by product of grain harvest
-wheat, oat, barley
-straw is yellow or golden
-little nutrition value & moisture - Hay
-legumes
-grasses
-green
Describe feed considerations.
-carbs, proteins, fats, vit, minerals = from pasture & hay
Describe protein requirements.
-requirement = 0.7-1.7 kg/day
-lysine = first limiting AA
-depend on:
>physiologic state
—maintenance, growth, pregnant, heavy work, lactation
-foals protein: suckling > weaning > yearling (high to low)
Describe protein deficiency VS excess.
DEFICIENCY:
-dec intake or qual
-young animals = dec growth & development
-mature animals = dec BCS, poor hoof & hair growth
EXCESS:
-25% or greater excess (more isn’t better)
-growth depression
-inc H2O = inc urine
-TB racehorse = slower
Describe fat.
-vegetable & seed oil
-2 x DE of corn
-allows for reduction of total feed intake
>high fat + roughage diet = prevent daily intake from exceeding 2.5% BW
-dec chance of CHO overload
-high cal in sm vol
Describe the IMP vit & mineral requirements.
-Ca
-Phos
-Vit A
-Vit E
-Se
Describe calcium + phosphorus requirements.
-Ca = 99% in bone & teeth
>imp in muscle contraction
-P = 14-17% in bone
>energy gen reactions
-most studied minerals in growing horse
-equal imp to actual amount is ratio of Ca:P
>Ca 36-40 g/day
>P 20-22 g/day
*2:1 IDEAL
Describe Ca interactions that decrease absorption.
Excess: oxalates, Cu, Zn, fat sol vit
Describe Vit A requirements.
-vision, repro, IS
-syn in GI from B-carotene
-only vit inadequate in rations
-liver stores 3-6 mo supply
-dec w dec qual of hay
>green hay = higher vit A
>poor hay qual = supplement
Describe vit E requirement.
-alpha tocopherol
-fat sol
-antioxidant w Se
-maintain cell membrane
-humoral & cell mediated immunity
-high in green pasture grass
>IMP in horses w/o access to pasture
-dec w forage qual
-min storage
-deficiency
>musculoskeletal disorder
>neuro disorder
Describe common products used to supplement.
- Grains
-corn & oats - Grain by products
-rice bran - Molasses
- Beet pulp
- Oils
*used in combo to make commercial feed
Describe common sources of energy (cal).
-cereal grains
>w hulls: rice, oat, barley
>w/o hulls: corn, wheat, rye, milo
-hulls high in fiber
-nutrient values for cereal grains vary little
-high energy, low fiber
-low Ca & most vit
Describe corn pros & cons.
PRO
-same vol 2x energy of oats
-lower cost per unit of energy
-high in Vit A
CON
-lower protein
-low in lysine & tryptophan
-require more management
>mold toxicity
Describe oats pros & cons.
PRO
-safer bc high fiber
-better protein
>qual & quan
CON
-inconsistent qual
>vary w amount of hull present
-more expensive
Describe rice bran.
-stabilized
>by product of rice milling = white to brown rice
>made by harvesting thin, brown layer of individual rice kennel under hull
-high fat
>50-70% of rice bran energy in form of fat
-best for:
>hard keepers
>endocrine disease
>PSSM
>gastric ulcer
Describe molasses & soybean meal.
- Molasses
-result from refining sugarcane or sugar beet into sugar
-palatable
-low dust
-high Ca
-DE less than corn - Soybean
-common soy protein supplement
-high in lysine & tryptophan
>ideal for corn based diet
Describe roughage alternative.
Beet pulp
-fibrous
>remains after most sugar removed from sugar beet
>cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin
-digestible fiber supplement
-high energy from fermentation in LC
-substitute for roughage or grain
-50% of diet *
-low glycemic
-avoid choke
-small batches to avoid fermentation
-best for:
>hard keepers
>poor hay qual
>problems w chewing or digesting hay
—older horses
