APPROACHES

Question 1

behaviourist approach

Answer 1

• studies behaviour that can be observed.
• Rejected wundt and introspection.
• Used labs studies and beleive all behaviour is learnt. - - Classical and operant conditioning

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

pavlov looked at association and how dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if it was repeatedly shown with food. Bell neutral stimulus became the conditioned stimulus and produced conditioned response of salivating through associating the bell with food the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

operant conditioning

Answer 3

• skinner’.
• behaviour is shaped by concequences.
• Positive reinforcemnt, negative and punishment

Question 4

positive reinforcement

Answer 4

recieving award when a certain behaviour is performed

Question 5

negative reinforcement

Answer 5

avoids something unpleasant so the outcome is positive.

Question 6

punishment

Answer 6

unpleasant consequence of behaviour

Question 7

social learning theory

Answer 7

behaviour that includes direct and indirect reinforcment combing learning theory with cognitive factors

Question 8

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 8

learning takes place through observing behaviour of others and if it is reinforced.

Question 9

mediational processes

Answer 9

1. attention 2. retention 3. motor reproduction 4. motivation

Question 10

more likely to copy others if…

Answer 10

they identify with them (role model).

Question 11

bandura reasearch

Answer 11

recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave in an aggressive way towards a bobo doll. These children then played aggressively towards the doll then those who saw the non aggressive adults.

Question 12

freud little hans supports …

Answer 12

his theory opedius complex and psychosexual stages

Question 13

little hans procedure…

Answer 13

• Longitudinal study 3 years until 5
• qualitative data collected by fathers observations and conversations with son
• developed fear of horses
• had lots of dreams and fantasies which led to fears

Question 14

little hans results

Answer 14

• oepedius complex led to subconscious fear of father . - This manifested into fear of horses.
• The final family fantasy was interpreted as the resolution of the Oedipus Complex.

Question 15

little hans conclusions

Answer 15

Freud concluded that the study of Little Hans provided support for his theory of psychosexual development and childhood sexuality, including the idea that boys in the phallic stage experience the Oedipus complex. He concluded phobias are caused by unconscious anxiety being displaced onto harmless external objects.

Question 16

little hans AO3

Answer 16

• deterministic
• in depth qualitative data
• lack objectivity
• infomred consent
• case study

Question 17

bandura study on vicarious reinforcment

Answer 17

3 groups one saw adult be praised for behaviour one saw them punished and one say no reinforcement. First group showed more aggression.

Question 18

psychodynamic approach defintion

Answer 18

desribes the different forced mostly unconscious that operate on mind and direct human behaviour

Question 19

role of unconscious

Answer 19

freud suggested our mind is mostly made up of the unconscious which influences our behaviour and personality. The unconscious contains threatening and dangerous memeories that are repressed but accessed through dreams.

Question 20

Parts of mind psychodynamic

Answer 20

conscious, pre conscious and unconscious

Question 21

structure of personality

Answer 21

id, ego and superego

Question 22

id role

Answer 22

pleasure principle present at birth needs instant gratification

Question 23

ego role

Answer 23

reality principle mediator between id and superegeo . employs defence mechanisms.

Question 24

superego role

Answer 24

morality principle formed in phallic stage around age of 5 internalises morals of parent

Question 25

psychosecual stages

Answer 25

oral, anal, phallic,latency, genital

Question 26

oral stage

Answer 26

0-1 years focus of pleasure is mouth oral fixation: smoking, biting nails, critical

Question 27

anal stage

Answer 27

1-3 years focus of pleasure is anus anal fixation: perfectionist, obsessive, messy

Question 28

phallic stage

Answer 28

focus of pleasure is genital area opedius and electra complex phallic personality: narcissistic reckless

Question 29

latency stage

Answer 29

earlier conflicts repressed

Question 30

genital stage

Answer 30

sexual desires become conscious

Question 31

humanistic approach defintion

Answer 31

understands behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determinination. Maslow and Rogers. Person centred approach subjective

Question 32

free will HA

Answer 32

people are affected by external and internal influences but also active agents who determine own development.

Question 33

Maslow Heirachy of needs

Answer 33

primary goal is to self actualise. Order Physiological needs, safety, love and belonginess, esteem and self actualisation.

Question 34

self actualisation

Answer 34

innate desire to reach full potential. All lower levels must be met before it can occur .

Question 35

rogers humanistic approach

Answer 35

argued that for personal growth an individuals idea of self must be in congruence with their ideal self. If a too big gap exists this is a state of incongruence. So rogers developed client centred therapy to close gap.

Question 36

client centred therapy

Answer 36

many issues of low self esteem come from childhood due to lack of unconditional positve regard. Parents give conditions of worth. rogers provides his clients with unconditional positive regard that they didnt recieve as a child.

Question 37

behaviourist approach AO3

Answer 37

- nurture - reductionist s-r - lab studies objective - deterministic environmental operant conditioning - RLA token economy

Question 38

psychodynamic approach AO3

Answer 38

- RLA psychoanalysis councelling - untestable comcepts - psychic determistism

Question 39

HUMASTIC approach AO3

Answer 39

- not reductionist - holistic - positive - western cultural bias - not scientific

Question 40

emergence of behaviourism strengths

Answer 40

removed subjectiveness of introspection and mental processes.

Question 41

little albert

Answer 41

watson + rayner wanted to establsih wether an infant could be conditioned to fear an animal. At first Albert showed no fear of the rat but did show fear when loud noise occured. Then both rat and noise occured. albert associated the two together and caused fear of rats.

Question 42

skinner puzzle boxed showed

Answer 42

learning could be controlled by reward

Question 43

Behaviourism AO3

Answer 43

- well controlled research - evironmental reductionist - real world application token economy - ethical issues - role of others

Question 44

SLT AO3

Answer 44

- recognises cognitive factors - lack of biological factors - lab studies demand characteristics - real world app media - reciprocal determinism

Question 45

psychodynamic AO3

Answer 45

- real world app psychotherapy - draws attention to effect of childhood and later development - untestable - psychic determinsim

Question 46

humanistic AO3

Answer 46

- not reductionist holistic - not scientific - positive focuses on indiviudal - cultural bias - limited application - loose set of abstract ideas

Question 47

Behaviourism summary

Answer 47

- classical - operant - lab studies

Question 48

slt summary

Answer 48

- vicarious reinforcement - mediational processes (attention, retention, reproductin and motivation) - identification and imitation

Question 49

psychodynamic summary

Answer 49

- id, ego , superego - oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital - defence mechanism: repression, displacement and denial

Question 50

humanistic summary

Answer 50

- free will - maslow hierachy of needs: psychological needs, safety and security, love and belomgness, self esteem and self actualisation - client centred therapy