Approaches Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Who was the founding father of Psychology?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
2
Q
What did Whilhelm Wandt do ?
A
-Opened the first Psychology lab (1879)
-Produced the first book on psychology (1873)
3
Q
Where was the first psychology lab
A
Leipzig, Germany
4
Q
What was the first Psycology book called
A
Principles of physiological psychology
5
Q
How did psychology emerge as as a science
A
Used objective methods, standardised instructions and the same stimuli
6
Q
What is an example of Wundts stimuli
A
The ticking metronome
7
Q
What is introspection?
A
When participants or individuals reflect on their cognitive processes and describe them.
-In Wundts study ppts were trained how to introspect
8
Q
What is structuralism
A
Identifies consciousness by breaking down behaviours into their basic elements of thoughts, images and sensations
9
Q
Weaknesses of Wundt
A
-subjective, naive methods, Lacks scientific rigour
10
Q
Strength’s of Wundt
A
-attempted to be a scientific procedure
-research significantly shaped the future
11
Q
What is the behaviourist approach
A
A way to explain behaviour in terms of what’s observable
12
Q
What is classical conditioning
A
learning by association
13
Q
What is operant conditioning
A
learning by reinforcement
14
Q
What is reinforcement
A
a consequence of behaviour that increases the liklihood of that behaviour
15
Q
What are the assumptions of behaviourism
A
-Observable events
-Scientific
-Blank slate
-Value of animal research
-Behaviour S-R response
16
Q
Observable events (assumptions of behaviourism)
A
primary concern with observable and measurable events opposed to internal events
17
Q
Scientific (assumptions of behaviourism)
A
psychology is a science so behaviour must be measured in controlled environments to establish cause/effect
18
Q
Blank slate- tabula rasa (assumptions of behaviourism)
A
suggests we are all born a blank slate and learn everything from the environment via classical or operant conditioning
19
Q
Value of animal research (assumptions of behaviourism)
A
assumption there is little difference between learning and in animals vs humans
20
Q
Value of animal research (assumptions of behaviourism)
A
assumption there is little difference between learning and in animals vs humans
21
Q
Behaviour S-R response (assumptions of behaviourism)
A
assumption that all behaviour can be reduced to simple stimulus-response association
22
Q
Key researcher for Classical conditioning
A
Ian Pavlov (1849-1939)
23
Q
Key researcher for operant conditioning
A
Skinner (1953)
24
Q
What is positive reinforcement
A
receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
25
What is negative reinforcement
when an animal/ human avoids something unpleasant
26
What is punishment
To stop a behaviour (the unpleasant consequence of a behaviour)
27
What is Skinners research
-learning through positive reinforcement
-rats learnt that pressing the lever gave them food
28
What is environmental determinism
The belief that behaviour is controlled by a simple stimulus response association eg. classical conditioning
29
Strengths of the behaviourist approach
-scientific credibility, good contribution, valid and reliable
-real world application, demonstrates application
30
Weaknesses of the behaviourist approach
-too reductionist, limited veiw ignoring cognitions etc
-issues with animal extrapolation, assumes animals and humans brains are the same
31
Who proposed the social learning theory ?
Bandura
32
What was Bandura's approach?
He proposed the social learning theory as a development of the behaviourist approach but also included cognitive theories
33
What are the assumptions of the social learning theory ?
Learning through others, importance of environmental and cognitive factors, role models, vicarious reinforcement and mediational process.
34
What is learning through others
observation, modelling, imitation
35
Importance of environmental and cognitive factors
-considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact
-forms a bridge between behaviourism and cognitive approaches
36
Role models
-learning through observation of role models, more likely to imitate a role model if they identify with them
37
Vicarious reinforcement
-learning through observation of consequences of actions for others
-normally with role models
38
Mediational process
ARMM (attention, retention, motor production, motivation)
39
Who did the bobo doll experiment
Bandura and Ross (1961)
40
What is the bobo doll study
A study to investigate whether aggression can be learned. There were three groups, the aggressive model, the non aggressive model and the control group.
41
Strengths of the social learning theory
-empirical evidence, Fox and Bailenson (imitate similar role models), Ruston and Campbell (same sex modelling, blood donation)
-more holistic, takes into account behaviourism and cognitions, comprehensive
42
Limitations of the social learning theory
-ignores biological factors, may be linked to testosterone or serotonin levels
-methodological issues, demand characteristics, low internal validity
43
How did the cognitive approach develop ?
A reaction against the behaviorist stimulus-response approach.
44
Examples of cognitions
Memory, perception and decision making.
45
Importance of inferences
Mental processes cannot be observed, all studies are based on inference.
46
Computer analogy
Mind functions like a computer.
input-process-output
47
Theoretical models
Used to study internal processes
WMM + MSM
48
Role of schemas
A mental framework for incoming information received by the cognitive system.
49
Cognitive neuroscience
Use of PET and fMRI scans to determine activity in different cognitive activities.
50
Strengths of the cognitive approach
Real life application-CBT
High control-lab experiment
51
Limitations of the cognitive approach
Machine reductionist- ignores emotion and motivation.
Less deterministic- believe free will is an illusion .
52
What is the biological approach ?
Suggest everything psychological can be explained by biology.
53
What are genes ?
Genetic information carried by DNA in chromosomes, found in the nucleus.
54
Can you inherit behaviors ?
No, you can only inherit a predisposition to certain behaviors.
55
How do we study the genetic basis ?
Twin studies.
MZ and DZ twins
Concordance rates.
56
Evolutionary psychology
Fessler (2006) found that women scored higher in disgust sensitivity during their first trimester of pregnancy.
57
Genotype
The actual genetic makeup (Bb,BB,bb)
58
Phenotype
The way genes are expressed through observable characteristics.
Genes + Environment
59
What is the neurochemical basis of behavior ?
How levels of neurotransmitters may impact behaviours.
e.g. low serotonin and high dopamine
60
What is the neuroanatomical basis of behavior ?
How different parts of the brain are responsible for functions.
61
Example of neuroanatomical basis of behavior
Chance et al (2001) found correlation between enlarged ventricles and schizophrenia.
62
What are hormones ?
Chemicals produced by the endocrine glands
63
Example of hormones as a basis of behavior
Carre et al (2006) found increased levels of testosterone when a Canadian ice hockey team played in their home stadium compared to away.
64
Strengths of the biological approach
Scientific credibility
Real world applications
65
Weaknesses of the biological approach
Biologically deterministic.
Cannot establish causality.
Evolutionary approach is untestable.
66
What is the psychodynamic approach ?
Unconscious motives and childhood experiences.
Sexual and Aggressive drive.
67
Freud's analogy for the mind
An iceburg
68
What is the conscious ?
Things you are aware of.
69
What is the unconscious?
Things you are unaware of.
70
What is the preconscious ?
Things that come to mind while talking or carrying out an action.
71
What is the Id ?
Innate processes and drives, operates in the conscious.
72
What is the Id governed by ?
Pleasure principal
73
What is the Superego ?
Internalization of societal rules.
Determines acceptable behaviors.
74
What is the Superego governed by ?
Morality principle.
75
What is the Ego ?
The origin of consciousness (self)
76
What is the Ego governed by ?
Reality principle- mediates between id and superego.
77
What are defense mechanisms ?
Unconscious strategies used (by the ego) to manage anxiety and conflict.
78
What is repression ?
Blocking of unacceptable thoughts and behaviours.
79
What is denial ?
Refusing to believe reality.
80
What is displacement ?
Transferring feelings of the source to someone else.
81
Are defense mechanisms problematic ?
Yes, they could result in the ego becoming detatched from reality.
82
What is psychoanalysis ?
Understanding of defense and unconscious motives driving self destructive behaviors.
83
Psychosexual stages
The 5 stages of development shaping a child's future.
84
What is the stage theory ?
Children pass through each stage each with a designated 'pleasure zone' and 'primary activity'
Each stage requires conflict resolution.
85
The Oral stage
0-1 years
Focus of pleasure is the mouth-breastfeeding.
86
Unresolved Oral stage
Smoking, biting nails and sarcasm.
87
The Anal stage
1-3 years
Focus of pleasure is the anus- withholding or expelling faeces.
88
Unresolved Anal stage
Anal retentive-perfectionist/obsessive
Anal expulsive-thoughtless
89
Phallic stage
3-5 years
Focus of pleasure is the genital area- Oedipus and Electra complexes
90
What is Oedipus complex ?
Idea that males unconsciously desire their mothers.
Identification with their fathers for resolution.
Repression and denial.
91
What is the Electra complex ?
Idea that girls (age 3-6) desire their fathers, hostility towards mothers.
Penis envy-wanting babies to make up for not having a penis.
92
What is the latency stage ?
Earlier conflicts are repressed.
93
What is the genital stage ?
Sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty.
If this stage doesn't occur a difficulty forming heterosexual relationships may develop.
94
Strengths of the psychodynamic approach
Great explanatory powers- huge influence on psychology and contemporary thoughts.
ACEs
95
Weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach
Unscientific and untestable (empirically)
Too deterministic
Gender bias-androcentric
96
What is humanistic psychology?
Intensively focused on discovering what it means to be fully human
97
What is holism?
Study of the whole person
98
Why do humanists reject scientific methods?
They see it as dehumanistic and unable to capture the richness of conscious experience
99
What is free will?
The idea that humans have a choice in how they behave
100
What is Maslows hierarchy of needs
An enduring model of psychological development
101
What are the five levels of needs?
Self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety and physiological
102
What are the deficiency needs ?
Esteem, Love/belonging, Safety and Physiological
103
Which are growth needs?
Self-actualization
104
What does the theory suggest?
-If needs are not met we see intrinsically motivated to meet them
-The needs become more physiological as you move up the hierarchy
-The needs are harder to satisfy the further up you go
105
What is self actualisation?
-A person becomes the best version of themselves
-Very rare
106
What is Roger's known for?
Developing person-centred therapy, focus on the self
107
What are the three features of "Rogers self"
Positive regard, congruence and conditions of worth
108
How does self worth develop?
-Emerges from good relationships with supportive parents, friends and partners
-Directly impacts on psychological well-being
109
What is unconditional positive regard?
-Unconditional love and acceptance
-Positive regard is not withdrawn if mistakes are made
110
What are conditions of worth?
-Individuals feel they have to behave in certain ways to receive positive regard
-Presence of this suggests conditional positive regard
111
What is congruence?
Being similar to or in agreement with something
112
What is incongruence ?
Lack of alignment between self and ideal self.
113
What influence did Rogers have on counselling?
-Therapist provides unconditional positive regard via acceptance and empathy
-Development of healthy views of ones self
