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Attachment Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is attachment?

A

A deep enduring emotional bond

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2
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

Caregiver infant interaction, two way

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

Interacting and mirroring of facial expressions and movements.

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4
Q

Meltzoff and Moore study

A

Imitated gestures and expressions by babies and caregivers. Proves/ supports interactional synchrony.

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5
Q

Strengths of Caregiver-infant interactions explanation

A

-Research evidence (Meltzoff and Moore)

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6
Q

Weaknesses of Caregiver-infant interactions explanation

A

-Ethical concerns, may restrict relationships
-Contrasting evidence
-Individual differences, different levels of IS and attachment

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7
Q

What are the stages of attachment?

A

Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific, Multiple attachments

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8
Q

When does the asocial stage occur?

A

Up to 6 weeks after birth

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9
Q

What is the asocial stage?

A

No discrimination between humans as long as they are being held/ have attention

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10
Q

When does the Indiscriminate stage occur?

A

From 6 weeks to 6 months

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11
Q

What is the Indiscriminate stage?

A

The ability to tell people apart, stronger bonds for with familiar adults, no fear of strangers

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12
Q

When does the specific stage occur?

A

Around 7 months old

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13
Q

What is the specific stage ?

A

Strong displays of separation anxiety, distress in the company of strangers

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14
Q

When do multiple attachments occur ?

A

From around 10/11 months old

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15
Q

What are multiple attachments?

A

Enjoyment of human company, increased intrest in primary carers and grandparents.
Increased intrest in developing bonds.

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16
Q

Who developed research on the stages of attachment?

A

Schaffer and Emerson

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17
Q

What was Shaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

Longitudinal study following 60 babies visited once a month in their own home and observed on three measures: stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and social referencing.

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18
Q

Strengths of stages of attachment

A

-Practical applications, useful for parents and nurseries
-Social desirability bias

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19
Q

Weaknesses of stages of attachment

A

-Lacks population validity, sample was only 60 in working class in Glasgow
-Poor evidence for the asocial stage, poor coordination

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20
Q

What is reciprocity ?

A

Two way/ mutual relationship where each party responds to the others signals to sustain interaction. Normally between a caregiver and infant

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21
Q

Interactions involve reciprocity studies

A

-Research in the 1970s demonstrated that infants coordinated their actions with caregivers which can be described as ‘non verbal conversation’
-Brazelton

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22
Q

What is interactional synchrony ?

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A

Interacting and mirroring of facial expressions and movements

23
Q

What was Harlows monkey study investigating?

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A

The bond between newborn rheus monkeys and their mothers

24
Q

What were the procedures for Harlows monkey study ?

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A

-16 baby Rheus monkeys
-Wire mesh or cloth monkey mothers in which the infant monkeys had a choice which mither to go to
-Researchers measured the amount of time infants spent with each mother

25
What were the findings from Harlows monkeys study ?
-More time was spent cuddling with the cloth mother than with the wire mother that provided food, this shows that the bond is not purely psychological. -Emotional attachment to cloth mother
26
What conclusions can be drawn from Harlows monkey study?
-Concluded that the critical period for attachment was 90 days, after 90 days the damage from maternal deprevation has occurred and attachment is no longer possible. -Suggested that Rheus monkeys have an inate, unlearned need for contact and comfort suggesting attachment concerns emotional security over food.
27
What is Bowlbys monotropic theory of attachment?
Considers the importance of children's relationship with their mother in terms of social, emotional and cognitive development.
28
What are the 6 elements of Bowlbys theory of monotropy ?
-Inate -Social releaser -Sensitive -Monotropy -Internal working model -Continuity
29
What is Mary Ainsworths study called?
The strange situation study
30
What is the aim of the strange situation study?
To investigate and determine the nature of attachment
31
How many conditions are in Ainsworths study ?
7
32
How long were mother and baby observed for in each condition (Ainsworths study)
3 minutes per condition
33
What are the 7 conditions observed in Ainsworths study?
-mother and baby alone -a stranger joins the mother and infant -mother leaves the baby and stranger alone -mother returns, stranger leaves -mother leaves, infant is alone -stranger returns -mother returns, stranger leaves
34
What four behaviours were recorded in Ainsworths study ?
-proximity and contact seeking -contact maintenance -avoidance of proximity and contact -resistance to comfort and comforting
35
How were behaviours recorded in Ainsworths strange situation?
Tick lists were used every 15 seconds to record behaviours and their intensity
36
What hypothesis was made by Ainsworth and what does it mean
The caregiver sensitivity hypothesis, attachment style is dependent upon the behaviour that the mother shows towards them
37
What are the three caregiver sensitivity styles ?
Sensitive, less sensitive and unresponsive primary care.
38
Describe sensitive attachment (caregiver sensitivity hypothesis)
-More likely to have securely attached children -Positive working model of themselves -See others as helpful -See themselves as worthy of respect
39
Describes less sensitive attachment (caregiver sensitivity hypothesis)
-More likley to have insecurley attached children -Impatient/ignoring -Exaggerated responses -Negative self image
40
Describe unresponsive primary care (caregiver sensitivity hypothesis)
-Likley to be insecure-avoidant -Unworthy and unacceptable -Caused by rejection from primary caregiver
41
Biological factors explaining the role of the father
-Lack of oestrogen -Less sensitive to infant cues than mothers
42
Social factors explaining the role of the father
-Sex stereotypes -Mothers nurture, fathers play -Shared roles of primary caregiver
43
What's the role of the father?
-Schaffer and Emmerson showed that father's are less likely to be attachment figures -65% of children's first specific attachment was the mother
44
What are the four main factors affecting the relationship between fathers and children?
-Degree of sensitivity -Type of attachment with own parents -Marital intimacy -Supporting co-parenting
45
What is the Romanian orphan study ?
-Political events in Romania in 1990s allowed psychologists to study institutionalisation. -Under dictatorship abortion and contraception was banned, at the end of this period more than 10,000 children were supported in orphanages.
46
Who carried out the Romanian orphan study?
Rutter et al
47
What was the aim of the Romanian orphan study (Rutter et al)
To examine the long term effects of institutionalisation in a longitudinal study, beginning in the 1990s called the ERA
48
What was the method in the Romanian orphan study (Rutter et al)
165 Romanian orphans compared to a group of 52 British children adopted at the same time.
49
How were the children in the Romanian orphan study assessed?
In terms of their physical, emotional and social development at ages 4,6,11 and 15 years old.
50
What were the findings of the Romanian orphan study ?
-Children adopted later in life tend to have lower IQ. -Those adopted within 6 months showed disinhibited attachment, those adopted after 6 months didn't shown this
51
Conclusion of the Romanian orphan study
Institutionalisation can have severe long term effects on development especially if adequate emotional caregiving isn't provided.
52
What is a collectivist culture?
Prioritises the group as a whole e.g. China and India
53
What is an individualistic culture ?
Prioritises the individual development/self development. e.g. UK and USA

Psychology (12 decks)

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