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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is statistical infrequency ?

A

Possession of less common characteristics that fall outside the norms.
e.g.IQ

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2
Q

What is deviation from social norms ?

A

Any behavior that differs from what society deems as normal.
This changes over time.

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3
Q

What is failure to function adequately ?

A

Abnormality judged as the inability to deal with the demands of daily life.
e.g. distress, poor hygiene, maladaptive behavior.

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4
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health ?

A

Absence of signs of good mental health, developed by Jahoda (1958)

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5
Q

Strengths of statistical infrequency

A

Is an appropriate statistical measure.
Good real life application.

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6
Q

Weaknesses of statistical infrequency

A

Hard to distinguish between desirable and undesirable.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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7
Q

Strengths of deviation from social norms

A

Distinguishes between desirable and undesirable

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8
Q

Weaknesses of deviation from social norms

A

Norms change over time.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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9
Q

Strengths of failure to function adequately

A

Takes into account the patients perspective.

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10
Q

Weaknesses of failure to function adequately

A

Requires objective judgement.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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11
Q

Strengths of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Focuses on positive psychology.

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12
Q

Weaknesses of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Sets unattainably high standards.
Lacks cultural relativism.

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13
Q

Emotional characteristics of Phobias

A

Persistent anxiety
Extreme fear

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14
Q

Behavioural characteristics of Phobias

A

Panic
Shortness of breath

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15
Q

Cognitive characteristics of Phobias

A

Irrational thought process

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16
Q

Emotional characteristics of Depression

A

Sadness
Avolition
Anger

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17
Q

Behavioural characteristics of Depression

A

Reduction in energy
Tiredness

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18
Q

Cognitive characteristics of Depression

A

Negative thoughts
Poor concentration
Memory bias

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19
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety
Distress
Embrassment
Shame

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20
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsive behaviours
Avoidance

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21
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts (repeated)

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22
Q

What are the two behavioural treatments for Phobias

A

Systematic desensitisation and Flooding

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23
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Phobia treatment where patients learn to respond to feared stimuli with relaxation instead of anxiety.
- deep muscle relaxation
-gradual exposure

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24
Q

What is flooding?

A

Treatment of phobias where patients are exposed to their fear without gradual build up
-immediate exposure
-prevents avoidance

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25
Advantages and Disadvantages of Systematic desensitisation
A= supportive evidence, 75% responded D= not a valid treatment for all phobias as some aren't learnt
26
Advantages and disadvantages of Flooding
A= cost effective, faster D= may not work fro everyone, slightly unethical, high attrition rates
27
Definition of Phobias
persistent and irrational fear of a situation, object or activity which is either avoided or endured with distress.
28
Definition of Depression
persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities.
29
Definition of OCD
a common condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and complulsive behaviours
30
What is the behavioural approach?
the theory of learning stating all behavours are learnt through environmental interaction through learning (conditioning)
31
What is classical conditioning ?
learning through association
32
What are the research examples of classical conditioning ?
Pavlov's dogs Watson's little Albert
33
What is operant conditioning ?
learning through consequences
34
What is the example for operant conditioning ?
Skinners boxes, positive and negative reinforcement
35
What is Mowrer's two process model ?
A theory proposing : 1- Phobias are acquired or initiated through classical conditioning (association) 2- Phobias are maintained or continued through operant conditioning (via consequences)
36
How are Phobias maintained ?
Operant conditioning, behaviour is reinforced A person avoids the feared stimulus
37
Advantages of Maurer's two process model
Supportive evidence (Watson + Rayner)
38
Disadvantages of Maurer's two process model
- incomplete explanation, more to it than learning - ignores cognitive factors eg. developed Phobias
39
What do cognitive theories state as the cause of depression ?
dysfunctional or irrational thinking
40
Becks negative triad
(1967) - argues that depression is caused by faulty information processing, argues those with depression have negative schema's - overgeneralisation + absolutist thinking
41
What is a schema ?
a mental representation of knowledge
42
What is the negative triad ?
World- creates the impression there is no hope anywhere Future- furthers hopelessness and worsens depression Self- enhances depressive feelings, low self esteem
43
Ellis ABC model states depression
is caused by irrational thinking processes - muatabatory thinking, thinking that ideas or assumptions must be true
44
What does the A mean in Ellis's model
Activating event- the adversity or event to which there is a reaction
45
What does the B mean in Ellis's ABC model
Beliefs- the belief or explanation about why the situation occurred
46
What does the C mean in Ellis's ABC model
Consequences- the feelings and behaviour the belief now causes, the external event is blamed for unhappiness.
47
Advantages of the cognitive approach to explaining depression
- supportive evidence linking faulty cognitions and depression, Grazoli and Terry - application to real life, CBT is effective, validity
48
Disadvantages of the cognitive approach to explaining depression
- reductionist, only considers thinking, ignores the biological approach - focuses on responsibility for the disorder, ignores situational factors therefore can only explain some cases
49
Beck's CBT
uses Beck's triad to identify thoughts, the patient and therapist work together to discuss evidence for and against the irrational thoughts
50
Ellis's REBT
- an extension of the ABC model including dispute, effective and feelings - moving from catastropising to rational thoughts
51
Advantages of CBT
-lots of evidence (March et al 2007) -327 adolescents, after 36 weeks 81% improved
52
Disadvantages of CBT
-individual differences limit effect -may minimise importance of life events -suggests depression is the patients fault -may not meet the needs of all individuals
53
Who produced a theory about genetics and OCD
Nestadt et el (2000) said that there is a 12% chance of having OCD if your relatives have OCD
54
Key words to explaining OCD (genetic)
-Polygenic -230 candidate genes -Aetiologically heterogeneous
55
What is the COMT gene and what does it do ?
A gene that produces enzymes that regulate dopamine, low enzyme levels lead to high dopamine levels
56
What is the SERT gene and what does it do?
A gene that creates proteins to remove serotonin, mutation of this gene causes low serotonin levels.
57
Reasons for OCD
-diathesis stress model -genetic vulnerability -genes -evironmental stress
58
What twins are used in studying OCD
MZ and DZ twins
59
Advantages of biological (genetic) explanations of OCD
-supportive evidence, Nestdat et al
60
Disadvantages of biological (genetic) explanations of OCD
-too many candidate genes -low predictive validity -ignores the role of environmental factors
61
What are the three neural explanations to explaining OCD
-Serotonin -Dopamine -The worry circuit, orbitofrontal cortex
62
Role of serotonin
-regulates mood -low serotonin leads to ineffective communication
63
Role of dopamine
-maintaing intrest and motivation -high dopamine leads to compulsions
64
What is the worry circuit
-signal is sent to the thalamus to report worry -that signal is sent to the caudate nucleus -if the caudate nucleus is damaged it leads to more worry (OCD)
65
Advantages of the neural explanation of OCD
-empirical evidence, antidepressants work for treatment, effective with OCD
66
Advantages of the neural explanation of OCD
-evidence for the OFC Menzies et al used MRI imaging to produce real brain images providing evidence
67
Biological approaches to treating OCD
-SSRI's -SNRI's -Anti anxiety drugs
68
What are SSRI's
-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, they prevent the recycling of serotonin.
69
What are SNRI's
-Serotonin and Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors -Examples:
70
Anti-anxiety drugs
-benzodiazapines -GABA inhibitory drugs
71
Advantages of biological approaches to treating OCD
-more cost effective for the NHS, preferred by GP's -supportive empirical evidence, supports statistics for biological treatments
72
Disadvantages of biological approaches to treating OCD
-unpleasant side effects, not effective long term -puplication bias, sponsored by drug research companies

Psychology (12 decks)

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