Approaches Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is introspection?
Wundt.
Structuralism.
Examine the inner world of sensations and perceptions.
A person consciously observing and being aware of their sensations and perceptions.
“Looking into”
Explain the main idea of the behaviourist approach.
Classical conditioning- learning through association, neutral stimuli elicits a conditioned response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, Pavlovs dogs.
Operant conditioning- learning through rewards and punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishments, Skinners rats.
Explain the social learning theory.
Behaviourist approach.
Bandura.
People are shaped by their environment
Children learn via; observation of role models, imitation of behaviours and social contexts, identification.
Vicarious reinforcement.
Mediational processes.
Describe Banduras research.
Social learning theory.
72 parts.
Stanford university nursery.
Aggressive model.
Non-aggressive model.
Control group.
Observe aggressive behaviour = more likely to be aggressive.
Boys more physically aggressive.
Girls more verbally aggressive.
More likely to imitate same sex role model.
Describe the assumptions of cognitive approach.
Internal mental processes.
Theoretical and computer models.
Testable theories.
Scientific methodology.
What are schemas?
Cognitive approach.
Speedy processing of information.
Allow prediction.
Mental framework.
What is cognitive neuroscience?
The cognitive approach developed into this.
Investigates the relationship/interaction between cognition and neural mechanisms.
fMRI and PET.
What are the assumptions of the biological approach?
Genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones & brain structure.
Inherited.
Twin studies.
Genotype and phenotype.
What is neurochemistry?
The nervous system, the endocrine system and the brain.
What is the role of the unconscious?
Psychodynamic approach- Frued.
Distinct divisions in the mind; conscious mind (aware) , precocious mind (just bellow surface) and unconscious mind (unaware).
Iceberg.
What are the assumptions made by the psychodynamic approach?
Frued.
Assumes that experiences in early childhood play a key role in determining an individuals mental and emotional state.
What is the structure of personality?
Psychodynamic approach.
ID- present from birth, instinctive part of personality, operates according to the pleasure principle, ensures survival.
EGO- Develops at 2, reality principle, acts as a mediator between the id and the super ego.
SUPER EGO- develops at 5, morality principle, internalised sense of right and wrong.
What are the defence mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach?
Displacement.
Repression.
Denial.
What are the psychosexual stages in the psychodynamic approach?
Oral (0-1 years)
Anal (1-3 years)
Phallic (3-6 years)
Latent (6 years - puberty)
Genital (puberty onwards)
Describe the oral stage of the psychosexual stages.
The mouth is the focus of pleasure.
Breastfeeding can cause conflict.
Oral fixation is a consequence of unresolved conflict.
Describe the phallic stage of psychosexual stages.
The genital area is the focus of pleasure.
Oedipus and electra complex can lead to conflict.
unresolved conflict can cause phallic fixation.
Penis envy and fear of castration.
Describe the anal stage of the psychosexual stages.
The anus is the focus of pleasure.
Conflict arises when toilet training.
Unresolved conflict can lead to:
anal retentive fixation- neat, perfectionist, neuroticism.
anal expulsive- messy, insensitivity, chaos.
Describe the genital stage of psychosexual stages.
The genitlas is the main focus of pleasure.
Sexual desire becomes conscious.
Unresolved conflict can cause genital fixation- homosexual relationships.
Describe the latent stage of psychosexual stages.
Earlier conflict becomes repressed.
What is Maslows hierarchy of needs?
Humanistic approach.
Level 1- physiological needs, water or food etc.
Level 2- safety needs, security and protection etc.
Level 3 - social needs, support and love etc.
Level 4 - esteem needs, best version of oneself.
Level 5- self-actualisation, transcendence and the ultimate achievement.
What is meant by the self in the humanistic approach?
Self-expression- the ways someone conducts themselves.
Self-image/ real self- the picture that one has of themselves that is formed from an internalised feeling of uniqueness and from other interactions. Realistic self view.
Self esteem- extent at which someone feels good about themselves.
Ideal self- perfect version of themselves according to one’s own ideas and goals.
What is meant by congruence in the humanistic approach?
The point at which a persons self-image overlaps with their ideal self.
Must have achieved self-actualisation.
What are the conditions of worth in the humanistic approach?
Rogers.
Many issues individuals face in adulthood stem from a lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood.
Parents should use conditions of worth .
