Attachment Flashcards
(22 cards)
Name and describe the caregiver-infant interactions.
Reciprocity- the infant responds to the caregivers interaction with an appropriate reply.
Interactional synchrony- the infant mirror the caregivers actions.
What are the studies for reciprocity?
Feldman- caregivers pick up on reciprocity 2/3 of the time, stress and distractions can lad to them missing it.
Brazelton- a dance where they respond to each other, two-way process.
Tronick- still face experiment, infants can actively engage and shape social interaction.
What are the studies for interactional synchrony?
Meltzoff and Moore- three facial expressions/ hand gestures, interactional synchrony began at 2 weeks old.
Outline the stages of attachment.
Shaffer- key name.
Shaffer and Emerson Glasgow babies- key study.
Stages; asocial, indiscriminate, discriminate and multiple.
What happens in the asocial stage? (stages of attachment)
From birth to two months.
Behaviour between humans and inanimate objects are similar.
No stranger or separation anxiety.
What happens in the indiscriminate stage? (stages of attachment)
From two to seven months.
Infants become more social.
Preference for humans over inanimate objects.
Recognise caregivers.
No separation or stranger anxiety.
What happens in the discriminate stage? (stages of attachment)
From seven months.
Attachment to specific caregiver- primary caregiver.
Signs of stranger and separation anxiety.
What happens in the multiple attachment stage? (stages of attachment)
From one year.
Form secondary attachments.
Separation anxiety from secondary attachment can occur.
What does Shaffer and Emerson say about the role of the father?
Fathers spend less time with the infant.
Primary attachment to father in only 3% of families.
75% form a secondary attachment with fathers.
What are the biological explanations for the role of the father?
Men are less receptive and sensitive to the infants needs.
Based on their hormones- lack of oestrogen.
What do other studies say about the role of the father?
Field- 4 month old babies and their attachment to fathers as primary caregivers compared to secondary caregivers, he found that primary caregiver fathers spent more time smiling, interacting and holding the infant than secondary caregiver fathers.
Other study- Fathers have an important role of being the play mate.
Name and explain the animal studies .
Lorenz- goslings, imprinting, if he was the first moving object they imprinted on him and followed him, sexual imprinting.
Harlow- rhesus monkeys, cloth mother and wire mother, desire for comfort out-ways the desire for food.
What is the learning theory of attachment?
Operant and classical condition.
Briefly explain Bowlbys monotropic theory.
• Evolutionary theory.
• Attachment is innate.
• Attachment is formed to one key caregiver.
• Law of continuity.
• Law of accumulated separation.
• Social releasers.
• Internal working model.
Describe Ainsworths strange situations.
Types of attachment: secure, insecure-resistant, insecure-avoidant.
Measured by separation, reunion, response, exploration.
Give one cultural variation study.
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg.
Meta-analysis.
Inter-cultural difference and intra-cultural differences.
Eight countries.
Secure attachment was most common in all countries.
Individualistic cultures had high levels of insecure-avoidant attachment.
Collectivist cultures had high levels of insecure-resistant.
Describe Bowlbys maternal deprivation.
Separation between caregiver and infant.
44 thieves study.
Affectionless psychopathy.
Critical period- 2.5 years.
Separation occurs, leave infants with low IQ, limited emotional development, difficulties developing normal relationships.
What are the effects of institutionalisation?
Romanian orphan studies.
Rutter.
Deprivation.
British control group.
Adopted before 6 months = IQ 102.
Adopted before 2 years = IQ 86.
Adopted after 2 years = IQ 77.
Explain the cultural variation study.
• Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg.
• meta-analysis -> inter-cultural differences, intra-cultural differences.
Describe the internal working model.
First attachment provides template for later life relationships.
Bowlby.
Love quiz- Hazel and shaver.
Secure attachment =healthy friendships& relationships.
Insecure-resistant = bullies/ difficult to maintain relationships.
Insecure-avoidant = bullied/ fears of intimacy.
What is Bowlbys material deprivation theory?
• The separation between a mother and their infant.
• 44 thieves study.
• Separation and deprivation.
• The critical period.
• consequence in development - low IQ
Describe the effects of institutionalisation using a study.
Rutter’s Romanian orphan study.
Effects of deprivation on orphans.
Romanian orphans compared to British control group.
Adopted before 6m IQ of 102.
Adopted before 2y IQ of 86.
Adopted after 2y IQ of 77.
