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approaches 2 Flashcards

1
Q

who is the father of psychology

A

wilhelm wundt

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2
Q

what is an approach

A

perspective, different ways of explaining psychological phenomena

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3
Q

where was the first psych lab opened

A

leipzig, germany

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4
Q

when was the first psych lab opened

A

1879

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5
Q

what was psychology apart of before it was psychology

A

philosophy

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6
Q

what was wundt interested in

A

human consciousness

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7
Q

what method did wundt use to investigate human consciousness

A

introspection

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8
Q

what is introspection

A

defined as ‘looking in’ - involved recording his and his co-workers conscious thoughts to break them down into parts

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9
Q

what is the breaking down of thoughts called

A

structuralism

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10
Q

what two components did wundt break down the structure of the mind into

A

sensations and perceptions

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11
Q

how does introspection work

A

a person consciously observes and is aware of their sensations and perceptions - this is followed by the reporting of the detail involved

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12
Q

where did wundts introspection take place

A

in a controlled environment

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13
Q

what aspects of wundts methodology would be considered scientific today

A

recorded under strictly controlled conditions, same stimulus every time, same standardised instructions

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14
Q

what is positive about wundts subjective method

A

it places real human exp. at forefront of objective study of cognitive processes - sets his work apart from natural sciences

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15
Q

what is negative about wundts subjective method

A

it is based on the different opinions of researchers! subjectivity means there is not one objective answer which makes it less scientific. also it is unfalsifiable.

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16
Q

define psychology

A

the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those that affect behaviour in a given context

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17
Q

name two philosophers who were involved in the early origins of psychology and their theories

A

descartes - descartian dualism
locke - empiricism

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18
Q

what order do the approaches come in

A

wundt -> psychodyanmic -> behaviourism -> humanism -> cognitive -> slt -> biological -> cognitive neuroscience

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19
Q

how long has the journey of psychology been

A

150 years

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20
Q

when was the emergence of psychology

A

wilhelm wundt, 1879, opening of first psychological lab

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21
Q

when did psychology emerge as a science

A

with watson and skinner, the behaviourists

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22
Q

behaviourism assumptions, everyone is born as…

A

a blank slate

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23
Q

behaviourism assumptions, how is behaviour determined?

A

our behaviour is learnt! eg environment, peers, upbringing and education

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24
Q

behaviourism assumptions, how is behaviour understood?

A

classical and operant conditioning

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25
behaviourism assumptions, how is it different to wundt?
concerned with studying behaviour that can be measured (aggression traits rather than memory for example)
26
behaviourism assumptions, where is behaviourism conducted?
in a lab
27
behaviourism assumptions, what can also be used as experimental ppts?
animals as basic processes that govern learning are the same in all species
28
who conducted research into classical conditioning
pavlov
29
who conducted research into operant conditioning
skinner
30
explain pavlov's study on classical conditioning using specialised terms
food (ucs) -> salivation (ucr) food (ucs) + bell (ns) -> salivation (ucr) bell (cs) -> salivation (cr)
31
what will happen if the ns is not paired with the ucs after some time
extinction
32
what type of experiment was pavlovs
lab
33
setup of dogs in pavlov
dogs were attached to an apparatus which held them in place and collected their saliva
34
what is classical conditioning in simple terms
learning through association
35
what is operant conditioning in simple terms
learning via consequences
36
what are the three consequences in behaviour in operant conditioning
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
37
outline and evaluate wundts role in the emergence of psychology as a science (8)
wilhelm wundt is often credited for being the father of psychology. he distinguished psychology as a separate science from experimental philosophy and the likes of descartes and locke. he opened his own psychology lab in leipzig, germany in 1879. he used a technique called introspection where he 'looked in' to peoples minds by having them write all their conscious thoughts and then breaking this down into separate parts (structuralism). he is often criticised for having too subjective of a method. his analysis of peoples thoughts in structuralism is up to interpretation and could differ from person to person and so the technique is not very reliable. however, aspects of wundt's work were scientific. for example, his method involved strict control of conditions with the same stimulus and the same standardised instructions were issued to each participant. another criticism suggests that behaviourism was a better contributer to the emergence of psychology as a science. it especially emphasised the role of lab experiments and strict meaures of control.
38
describe wundts role in the development of psychology (6)
wundt is often regarded as the 'father of psychology'. He is credited for distinguishing psychology away from a sub-discipline of philosophy called experimental philosophy. He opened the first psychology lab in leipzig, germany in 1879. His method was called introspection which literally means 'looking in' on the human mind. This involved him and his coworkers recording their own conscious thoughts and then analysed them to break them into parts (structuralism). his instructions in this process were standardised and a ticking metronome was used to ensure the same conditions were used every time.
39
who can be used as a case study to support classical conditioning
little albert
40
procedure of positive reinforcement - skinner
- food-deprived rats placed in skinner box - food pellets would drop into the box when the rat pressed a lever
41
procedure of negative reinforcement
- hungry rats placed in skinner box - electricity shocks continuously being sent through the bottom of the box - when the rat presses the lever, the shocks (unpleasant stimulus stops)
42
what is a punishment
an unpleasant consequence of behaviour eg being shouted at by the teacher for talking in the lesson
43
punishment... the likelihood the behaviour will be repeated
decreases
44
positive and negative reinforcement... the likelihood the behaviour will be repeated
increase
45
results of positive reinforcement - skinner
the rats quickly learnt to go straight to the lever
46
results of negative reinforcement
the rats learnt to press the lever as soon as they were in the box
47
outline the way in which pavlov studied classical conditioning (4)
pavlov studied classical conditioning in dogs. at first, the food which acted as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produced salivation which was the unconditioned response (UCR). then, UCS was paired with a neutral stimulus of a bell (NS) which resulted in the UCR still. however, overtime as the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell with food, the bell NS turned into a conditioned stimulus (CS) which produced the conditioned response (CR).
48
explain the concept behind slt
- the child observes the behaviour of a role model - if the behaviour is observed FREQUENTLY the child IMITATES that behaviour - the imitated behaviour is performed in DIFFERENT CONTEXTS
49
slt - what makes imitation more likely
if they identify or have similar characteristics eg being the same-sex
50
what role does reinforcement play in slt
vicarious reinforcement
51
explain the process of vicarious reinforcement
- child observes a specific behaviour from a role model - child sees role model be rewarded, the role model experiences positive direct reinforcement - the child identifies with the role model and internalises what they have seen - child motivated to perform in the same way
52
what are the 4 mediational processes
Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation
53
what determines whether a behaviour that is observed will be determined
mediational processes
54
who identified mediational processes
bandura
55
what is attention
the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
56
what is retention
how well the behaviour is remembered
57
what is motor reproduction
the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
58
what is motivation
the will to perform the behaviour, often determined by whether it was rewarded or punished
59
what study backs slt
bandura
60
how many ppts in bandura study
72
61
where children from in bandura study
stanford university nursery
62
what was rated by nursery staff before bobo doll exp. and what was this used for
aggression levels, to devise matched pairs so equal balance of matched children
63
what three conditions did bandura test
aggressive model, non-aggressive model and control
64
why were children told they could not play with toys in the new room
aggression arousal phase, this was to ensure a baseline across conditions
65
results of bobo doll experiment
children who had observed aggressive behaviour were more likely to be aggressive toward bobo doll - mores more physically - girls more verbally - more likely to imitate behaviour of same-sex model
66
what two models are used in the cognitive approach
theoretical and computer
67
give an example of a theoretical model
msm
68
what are theoretical models
diagrammatic representations of internal mental processes, information flows in a sequence
69
what does the computer model suggest
there are similarities with a computer in the way that information is processed
70
what have computational models of the mind been useful in
ai
71
what is cognitive neuroscience
scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes
72
name an early instance of the mapping of brain areas to specific cognitive functions
broca - damage a specific part of the frontal lobe can impair speech production (brocas area)
73
what do fmri and pet scans allow psychologists to do - cog neuroscience
systematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes
74
ex of using brain scanning techniques cog neuroscience
tulving, different types of ltm on different sides of prefrontal cortex
75
what has cog neuroscience expanded on more recently
computer-generated models designed to read the brain leading to mind-mapping techniques known as 'brain fingerprinting'
76
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PSYCHOLOGY (16 decks)

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