ATTACHMENT Flashcards
1
Q
how does attachment begin
A
through interactions between infants and their caregivers
2
Q
what has a strong effect on the development of attachment
A
the responsiveness of caregiver
3
Q
what is reciprocity
A
babies signalling that they are ready for interaction with ‘alert phases’ and the caregiver responding
4
Q
study for reciprocity
A
feldman and eidelman OR brazelton
5
Q
explain feldman and eidelman study
A
mothers typically responded to their babies alert phases 2/3 of the time
6
Q
from what age is interaction increasingly frequent
A
3 months
7
Q
how does brazelton describe reciprocity
A
like a dance, babies have an active role in attachment
8
Q
what is interactional synchrony
A
the temporal coordination of micro-level social behaviour (mother and infant interactions mirror each other)
9
Q
researchers for interactional synchrony
A
meltzoff and moore and isabella
10
Q
procedure of meltzoff and moore
A
observed beginning of interactional synchrony in infants as young as two weeks, the adult would perform 1/3 facial expressions, the child’s response would be filmed and identified
11
Q
results of meltzoff and moore
A
association between gesture and baby action
12
Q
isabella procedure
A
observed 30 mothers and infants together and assessed degree of synchrony and quality of mother-infant attachment
13
Q
results of isabella study
A
the more frequent the synchrony, the better the quality of the relationship
14
Q
ao3 for caregiver-infant interaction
A
POS - M&M study filmed - good reliability
POS - babies do not understand that they are being watched or taking part in research so will show no demand characteristics.
NEG - babies are difficult to test
POS - field studies - mothers more comfortable in their own homes
- NEG - may act differently, social desirability bias, they want to be seen as good mothers
NEG - less control of extraneous variables that could confound the study
15
Q
what are the 4 ways the role of the father can be seen
A
- caregiver
- not caregiver
- playmate and caregiver
- playmate
16
Q
who provides evidence for father being caregiver
A
schaffer and emerson
17
Q
what provides evidence for father not being a caregiver
A
biological evidence
18
Q
who provides evidence for the father being a playmate AND caregiver
A
field
19
Q
who provides evidence for the father being a playmate
A
grossman
20
Q
how many infants did schaffer and emerson study
A
60
21
Q
where did schaffer and emerson infants come from
A
mainly working class families
22
Q
schaffer and emerson procedure
A
studied 60 infants from glasgow, mainly working class, studied from 5-23 wks to 1 year old, every 4 wks the mother would report on separation situations, the intensity of protest and who this protest was directed at
23
Q
research support for mother-infant attchment
A
schaffer and emerson - the majority of babies became attached to their mother first at 7 months
24
Q
what percentage of babies formed an attachment with the father by 18 months
A
75%
25
schaffer and emerson what percent are mothers first attachment figure
65%
26
schaffer and emerson what percent are fathers alone primary attachment figure
3%
27
schaffer and emerson what percent of mother and father BOTH primary caregiver
30%
28
explain biological evidence that fathers are not caregivers
men are less receptive and sensitive to the needs of an infant
hormonal differences = differences in nurturing behaviour
women have higher oestrogen levels which modifies neurotransmitters in the brain responsible for cognitive and emotional processes SO women more naturally sensitive
29
researcher for less important role of father
grossman
30
what did grossman find
quality of infant attachment to mothers but not fathers was related to children's attachment in adolescence so fathers attachment less important
however, the quality of fathers play with infants was related to quality of adolescent attachments suggesting fathers role is a playmate
31
what type of study was grossmans
longitudinal
32
who suggested that fathers can be the primary caregiver and a playmate
field
33
procedure of field
filmed 4 month old babies in FtF interaction with primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and primary caregiver fathers
34
results of field on primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers
spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers
35
conclusion of field's study
fathers can be the more nurturing attachment figure, the key to the attachment relationship is the level of responsiveness not the gender of the parent
36
ao3 role of the father
POS - socially sensitive
- NEG - socially sensitive
POS - economic implications
- NEG economic implications
NEG - inconsistent findings
37
explain how role of father can be both pos and neg socially sensitive
pos - if research suggests men can be primary caregivers and deliver care that raises the child the same under than that under the mother, males can have a more active role in parenting (gay couples okay to adopt, men can stay home and take care of the kids if required)
neg - if findings say role of the mother cannot be replaced, this changes and gay couples can no longer fill this gap and single fathers may be accused of not being able to support their children properly. and children may be disadvantaged if their mothers return to work too soon.
38
explain ao3 economic implications of role of father pos and neg
pos - if father important, legislation changed to equalise maternity and paternity leave
neg - this challenges the workforce and has wider economic implications
pos - however could reduce the gender pay gap!
39
how is attachment categorised
proximity seeking, separation anxiety, secure-base behaviour
40
what did schaffer and emerson aim to investigate
the formation of early attachments; in particular the age they develop, their emotional intensity and to whom they were directed
41
what was schaffer and emersons procedure
- 60 babies (29 female, 31 male)
- all were from Glasgow and majority from skilled working class families
- babies and their mothers were visited at home every month for the first year and again at 18 months
- researchers asked mothers questions about kind of protest their baby showed in seven everyday separations EG adult leaving room
- also assessed stranger anxiety
42
schaffer and emerson findings
- between 25-32wks of age about 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety to particular adult (usually mother)
- attachment tended to be to caregiver who was most responsive/interactive/sensitive (reciprocity)
- by 40wks, 80% of babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments
43
what are the 4 stages of attachment
asocial
indiscriminate
specific
multiple
44
describe asocial attachment
behaviour between human and non-human is similar, some preference for familiar adults, babies happier in presence of humans
45
when is asocial attachement
0-8wks
46
describe indiscriminate attachment
preference for people rather than objects, recognise and prefer familiar adults, usually accept comfort from anyone
47
when is indiscriminate attachment
2-7 months
48
describe specific attachment
stranger and separation anxiety from one particular adult (mother 65% of the time), adult is termed primary caregiver, the person who responds to signals the most
49
when is specific attachment
from 7 months
50
describe multiple attachments
extend attachments to multiple attachments -> secondary attachments, 29% of children had secondary within month of primary
51
when is multiple attachments
by the age of 1 year
52
why are animal studies interesting for psychologists
attachment-like behaviour is common to a range of species and so animal studies can help us to understand attachment in humans
53
54
name the two animal researchers
harlow and lorenz
55
procedure of lorenz
classic experiment, randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs. 1/2 with mother. 1/2 in incubator where first moving object they saw was lorenz.
56
findings of lorenz study
incubator group followed lorenz everywhere whereas control followed mother goose. when two groups were mixed, incubator still followed lorenz and control their mother.
57
what phenomenon did lorenz identify
imprinting
58
what is imprinting
bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the first moving object they see.
59
why do birds imprint
survival advantage
60
what did lorenz identify as part of imprinting
critical period - if imprinting does not occur in this time, it never will
61
effect of imprinting on later life
if imprint on human, later courtship behaviours to humans
62
lorenz case study on sexual imprinting
a peacock reared in reptile house of zoo would only direct courtship towards giant tortoises
63
procedure of harlow study
- reared 16 baby rhesus monkeys
- wire mother and cloth mother
- condition 1 - milk dispensed by wire mother
- condition 2 - milk dispensed by cloth mother
64
findings of harlow study
- baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother
- sought comfort from cloth mother when scared in both conditions
- contact comfort more important than food/cupboard love
65
what was the effect on maternally deprived monkeys adulthood
- severe!
- monkeys reared with wire mothers most dysfunctional however even cloth mothers reared did not develop normal social behaviour
- more aggressive, less sociable, bred less, unskilled at mating
- as mothers, neglected, attacked and killed young
66
critical period for infant monkey
90 days
67
who proposed that caregiver-infant interactions can be explained by learning theory
dollard and miller
68
alternative name for learning theory approach
cupboard love - children love whoever feeds them
69
explain classical conditioning for attachment
food (UCS) -> pleasure (UCR)
caregiver (NS) + food (UCS) -> pleasure (UCR)
caregiver (CS) -> pleasure (CR)
70
explain operant conditioning for attachment
learning to repeat behaviour or not based on consequences
- crying leads to response from caregiver, positively reinforced when response is met with 'social suppressor' behaviour
- two-way process, adult negatively reinforced when crying stops
71
what does learning theory also draw on other than conditioning
drive reduction - hunger as primary drive, attachment as secondary drive
72
whose theory is the dominant theory of attachment
bowlby
73
what theory did bowlby reject
learning theory - infants do not all readily take to whoever feeds them
74
what is bowlbys theory based off of
animal studies - evolutionary explanation that attachment is innate and provides survival advantage
75
what is bowlbys theory called
monotropic because he emphasised role of one caregiver whose role is different and more important than others. the more time spent together, the better.
76
what principles does bowlby put forward
law of continuity - the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better the quality of their attachment
law of accumulated separation - the effects of every separation of the mother add up and the safest dose is therefore 0
77
what are social releasers
set of innate cute behaviours like smiling, cooing and gripping that encourage attention from adults
78
what is the critical period/sensitive period according to bowlby
2 years
79
what does a child form from caregiver (bowlby)
internal working model
80
who proposed the strange situation
ainsworth
81
what behaviours are looked for in strange situation
- proximity seeking
- exploration and secure-base
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety
- response upon reunion
82
design of strange situation
controlled, lab, covert
83
how many stages in strange situation
7
84
what three attachment types did ainsworth identify
- secure (explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver, show moderation separation and stranger anxiety, require and accept comfort on reunion)
- insecure-avoidant (explore freely but do not seek proximity, little or not reaction when caregiver leaves, little stranger anxiety)
- insecure-resistant (seek greater proximity, explore less, huge stranger and separation anxiety, resist comfort upon reunion)
85
percent of british toddlers and attachment type
secure - 60-75%
i-a - 20-25%
i-r - 3%
86
who did cross-cultural study of strange situation
van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
87
procedure of van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
located 32 studies of attachment where strange situation had been used to investigate proportions of infants with different attachment types: conducted in 8 countries - 15 in the usa! overall yielded results for 1990 children. data was meta-analysed
88
findings of van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
wide variation of proportion of attachment types. secure always most common but varied. i-r overall least common.
89
secure attachment in china vs uk
china - 50%
UK - 75%
90
i-r attachment in israel vs uk
israel - 30%
uk - 3%
91
where was i-a most and least common
most - germany
least - japan
92
what did bowlby develop first - theory of maternal deprivation or of attachment?
maternal deprivation
93
idea behind bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
the continual presence of nurture from a mother is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers - being separated has serious consequences
94
distinction between separation and depriavtion
separation - the child not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure
deprivation - losing an element of the caregivers' care
95
what are the two effects on development of maternal deprivation
1 intellectual development
2 emotional development
96
what does effect on emotional development lead to
affectionless psychopathy
97
what is affectionless psychopathy
the inability to feel guilt or strong emotions for others
98
why is affectionless psychopathy linked to criminality
affectionless psychopaths cannot appreciate the feelings of victims and so lack remorse for their actions
99
what study examined link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation
44 thieves - bowlby
100
procedure of 44 thieves
44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing, all 'thieves' interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy, families also interviewed so find out if thieves had prolonged early separation from their mothers, control group of non-criminal but emotionally disturbed young children set up to see how often maternal deprivation occured in non-thief children
101
researcher for italian strange situation
simonella
102
simonella findings
50% secure, 36% insecure-avoidant
103
simonella conclusion
lower rate of secure attachment because mothers are increasingly putting their children in childcare for the long hours they work
104
bowlby 44 thieves study results
14/44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths! - of this 12/14 had experienced prolonged separation in first two years of life. only 5/remaining 30 had experienced separations. of control, only 2/44 had experienced long separations.
105
backstory behind romanian orphan studies
former president, ceaucescu, required romanian women to have five children, many parents could not afford to keep their children and they ended up in huge orphanages with poor conditions, after the 1989 revolution many of these children were adopted by british parents
106
rutter sample
165 romanian orphans adopted in britain
107
what was rutter trying to test
what extent good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions
108
procedure of rutter experiment
physical, cognitive and emotional development has been assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years. a group of 52 british children adopted around the same time acted as controls.
109
romanian orphans when they first arrived in the uk
signs of delayed intellectual development and majority severely malnourished
110
what correlation did rutter identify
at age 11, children showed differential rates of recovery that were related to their age of adoption
111
mean iq of children adopted before age of 6 months vs between 6 months and 2 years vs after 2 years
before 6 months - 102
between 6 months and 2 years - 86
after 2 years - 77
112
what type of attachment did children adopted after 6 months old display
disinhibited
113
what are the symptoms of a disinhibited attachment
attention seeking, clinginess, social behaviour directed indiscriminately toward all adults
114
what type of attachment style did children adopted after 6 months display
rarely displayed disinhibited
115
researcher for bucharest early intervention project
zeanah
116
zeanah sample - bei
95 children aged 12-31 months who had spent most of their lives in institutional care (90% on average)
117
zeanah procedure - bei
95 children compared to 50 controls who had never lived in an institution, assess attachment using strange situation and ask carers questions on unusual social behaviour including clingy, attention-seeking behaviour directed inappropriately toward all adults (disinhibited attachment)
118
did zeanah measure attachment type
strange situation
119
zeanah findings on secure attachements
74% of control were secure attachments
19% institutional group secure attachments and 65% had a disorganised attachment
120
zeanah findings on disinhibited attachments
44% of institutionalised children
less than 20% of controls
121
what are the two effects of institutionalisation
disinhibited attachment and mental retardation
122
compare disinhibited attachment to schaffer and emersons stages of attachment
disinhibited children react similarly to all adults despite if they know them well or if they're strangers
specific and multiple attachments
123
how does rutter explain disinhibited attachment
an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period, in romania a child could've had 50 carers none of whom they see enough to form a secure attachment
124
at what age did the experimental group catch up with the control intellectually (rutter)
4 years if adopted before 6 months
125
how are secure attachment and insecure attachment linked to quality of childhood friendship
secure - go on to form the best quality childhood friendships
insecure - friendship difficulties
126
researcher for insecure attachments struggling to form childhood relationships
kerns
127
who suggested bullying behaviour can be predicted by attachment type
myron-wilson and smith
128
myron-wilson and smith procedure
assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires
129
myron-wilson and smith sample
196 children age 7-11 from london
130
results of myron-wilson and smith study
secure children very unlikely to be involved in bullying
insecure-avoidant children were most likely to be victims
insecure-resistant children most likely to be bullies
131
study for relationships in adulthood with romantic partners reflecting internal working model based on attachment types
mccarthy
132
mccarthy sample
40 adult women who had been assessed as infants to discover their early attachment type
133
mccarthy findings
securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships
insecure-resistant had problems maintaining friendships
insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships
134
who conducted love quiz
hazan and shaver
135
procedure of love quiz
analysed 620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in american local newspaper, quiz had three sections:
1 assess current/most important relationship
2 assess general love experiences such as number of partners
3 assess attachment type
136
proportions of attachment in love quiz
56% secure
25% i-a
19% i-r
137
attachment link with relationships
secure most likely to have good and long lasting romantic relationships
i-a were jealous and feared intimacy
138
what did bailey find on relationships in adulthood as a parent
the majority of women had the same attachment classification both to their babies and their own mothers
