Approaches

Question 1

Define introspection

Answer 1

Breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.

Question 2

Assumption of behaviourism

Answer 2

All behaviour is learned.

Behaviour must be observable, measurable and visible.

Question 3

Define operant conditioning

Answer 3

Behaviour is learned via positive and negative reinforcement and punishment.

Question 4

Determinism and behaviourism (evaluation)

Answer 4

• of behaviourism

Mechanistic because it suggests a passive way of learning

Question 5

Assumptions of social learning theory

Answer 5

Believes we learn through observation and imitation of role models.
All behaviour is learned.

Question 6

Mediational processes

Answer 6

Attention, retention, motor production, motivation

Question 7

Cultural differences (evaluation)

Answer 7

+ of SLT

Accounts for cultural differences because children learn from individuals around them.

Question 8

Motivation and vicarious reinforcement (evaluation)

Answer 8

+ of SLT

More comprehensive because it takes into account a child’s motivation and vicarious reinforcement.

Question 9

Biological factors (evaluation)

Answer 9

• of SLT

Ignores biological factors that boys are more aggressive than girls

Question 10

Define concordance rates

Answer 10

Measures how often 2 individuals who are closely related have the same disorder.

Question 11

What did Gottesman (1991) study and find?

Answer 11

Concordance rates of schizophrenia
1% risk to normal population
10% 1st degree relative
17% DZ twins
48% MZ twins

Question 12

What are the main biological structures?

Answer 12

Endocrine system, nervous system, brain

Question 13

Define a biological structure

Answer 13

The arrangement of parts to form an organ, system, or living thing

Question 14

Define neurotransmitter

Answer 14

Chemical messengers that relay impulses between cells

Question 15

Mental health (evaluation)

Answer 15

+ of biological

Practical application - has led to treatments e.g. SSRIs

Question 16

Assumptions of the cognitive approach

Answer 16

Study internal mental processes to understand behaviour e.g. perception, attention, and memory

Question 17

What is a theoretical model?

Answer 17

Models made from current knowledge. They can be adapted as information is updated.

Question 18

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 18

Studies the brain. Uses techniques which have only been around for the last 20 years to scientifically and more accurately observe internal mental processes.

Question 19

What are the techniques used in cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 19

PET, fMRI, EEG

Question 20

What did Brunner et al do in terms of cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 20

Used fMRIs to map areas of the brain involved in processing emotions

Question 21

Objectivity/subjectivity (evaluation)

Answer 21

+ of cognitive

Tests done are objective as they use brain imaging techniques e.g. Brunner

Question 22

Define repression

Answer 22

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

Question 23

What conflicts can arise from damage in stage 1 of the psychosexual stages?

Answer 23

Oral fixation e.g. smoking

Question 24

What conflict can arise from damage in stage 3 of the psychosexual stages?

Answer 24

Narcissism, reckless

Question 25

Stage 4 of the psychosexual stages

Answer 25

Latency - 5-11 years | Repress earlier conflicts

Question 26

Subjectivity/objectivity (evaluation)

Answer 26

- of psychodynamic | Subjective as is derived from case studies e.g. Little Hans and his fear of horses from a fear of his dad

Question 27

Conflict with other approaches (evaluation)

Answer 27

- of psychodynamic | Conflicts with behaviourism

Question 28

Assumption of the humanistic approach

Answer 28

Behaviour must be understood by emphasising the importance of subjective experience and each person's capacity for self-determination

Question 29

What are two important needs according to Rogers?

Answer 29

Unconditional love and feelings of self worth

Question 30

What therapy did Rogers pioneer?

Answer 30

'Client centred therapy' - mental health problems are likely to be found rooted in childhood

Question 31

Cultural bias (evaluation)

Answer 31

- of humanism | Cultural bias towards Western society because collectivist cultures don't relate to individualistic mindset.