approaches in psychology

Question 1

when was the first psychology lab opened

Answer 1

1879

Question 2

who opened the psychology lab

Answer 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 3

what did Wilhelm Wundt establish

Answer 3

-structuralism
-introspection
-scientfic method

Question 4

what is structuralism

Answer 4

breaking down behaviours into their basic elements

Question 5

what is introspection

Answer 5

pts are asked to reflect on their own cognitive process and describe them

Question 6

research support for introspection

Answer 6

• Griffiths (1994)
• csikzentmilyi and hunter (2003)

Question 7

how to tell if something is scientific

Answer 7

Control
Hypothesis and testing
Objectivity
Predictability
Replicability

Question 8

what are the four goals of psychology

Answer 8

1. description
2. explanation
3. prediction
4. change

Question 9

strength of introspection

Answer 9

used in the modern day and has research support

Question 10

weakness of introspection

Answer 10

subjective data and opposing support

Question 11

what was Wundt’s assumptions on the scientific approach

Answer 11

1. all behaviour is determined
2. we can predict how human beings can behave in different conditions

Question 12

strengths of the scientific approach

Answer 12

new knowledge acquired, valid and reliable.

Question 13

weaknesses of the scientific approach

Answer 13

creates artificial behaviour and is unobservable.

Question 14

who was the behaviourist approach founded by

Answer 14

J.B Watson 1915

Question 15

assumptions of the behaviourist approach

Answer 15

-when we are born our mind is a blank slate
-behaviour is learnt from interactions with the environment
-we are a product of our learning, experience and environment

Question 16

what is classical conditioning

Answer 16

a type of learning where an involuntary reflex Is associated with a new stimulus

Question 17

what did Pavlov study

Answer 17

salvation in dogs

Question 18

what was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlovs study

Answer 18

food

Question 19

what was the unconditioned response in Pavlovs study

Answer 19

salvation

Question 20

what was the neutral stimulus in pavlovs study

Answer 20

a bell

Question 21

what was the conditioned response in pavlovs study

Answer 21

salvation

Question 22

what was the name of Watson and Rayner’s study

Answer 22

little Albert

Question 23

what was the unconditioned stimulus in Watson and Rayners study

Answer 23

a loud noise

Question 24

what was the conditioned response in Watson and Rayners study

Answer 24

little Albert crying

Question 25

what was the neutral stimulus in Watson and Rayners study

Answer 25

white rat

Question 26

what was concluded from Watson and Rayners study

Answer 26

can explain why people have phobias and that they are learnt through classical conditioning.

Question 27

what are the weaknesses of Watson and Rayners study

Answer 27

unethical- causing psychological damage to a child

Question 28

what is operant conditioning

Answer 28

indirectly occuring, watching someone elses behvaiour and watching them recieve a reward or punishment for their actions.

Question 29

if someone recieves a reward for their behaviour what is more likely to happen

Answer 29

behaviour is more likely to occur

Question 30

if someone recieves a punishment for their behaviour what is more likely to happen

Answer 30

behaviour is less likely to happen

Question 31

what are the types of reinforcement

Answer 31

-positive -negative -punishment

Question 32

what did skinner claim

Answer 32

all behaviour is learnt from a result of consequences in our environment

Question 33

what type of conditioning did skinner use in his study

Answer 33

operant conditioning

Question 34

what was the proceedure of skinners study

Answer 34

a rat was placed inside 'skinners box' and learnt itself to press a button for food.

Question 35

what are the strengths of skinners study

Answer 35

replicable strong counter-arguments real-life applications quantitative data

Question 36

what are the strenths of the behvaiourist approach

Answer 36

scientific testable and supported establish cause and effect and objective

Question 37

what are the weaknesses of skinners study

Answer 37

lack of ecological validity lack of qualitative data not generalisable

Question 38

what are the weaknesses of the behaviourist approach

Answer 38

ignores important mental processes in learning reductionist

Question 39

what are the assumptions of the social learning theory

Answer 39

behaviour is learnt through experience learning occurs through observation and imitation of the role models

Question 40

what are the two types of models in the SLT

Answer 40

live and symbolic

Question 41

what is the live model

Answer 41

people present in our environment

Question 42

what is the symbolic model

Answer 42

people present in the media

Question 43

what is imitation

Answer 43

copying behaviour of others that we see as a role model.

Question 44

what is identification

Answer 44

something about the role model we identify with

Question 45

what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 45

learning about consequences of behaviours from others and adjust your own behaviour

Question 46

What three conditions were in banduras bobo doll experiment

Answer 46

1. Watched an adult beat the doll 2. Watched the adult play and be non-aggressive 3. Had no adult role model to watch

Question 47

What were the findings of banduras experiment

Answer 47

Children were more likely to act aggressive in the first condition and vise versa for the second condition

Question 48

What is the mediational process

Answer 48

Observational learning uses cognitive data and occurs between stimulus and response

Question 49

What is needed for modelling to occur

Answer 49

Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation

Question 50

What are the strengths of the social learning theory

Answer 50

Lab experiments Explains complex behaviours

Question 51

What are the weaknesses of the social learning theory

Answer 51

Artificial experiments Individual differences not accounted for Ignores the role of biology

Question 52

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach

Answer 52

Information received from our senses is processed which directs the way we behave

Question 53

What is a schema

Answer 53

A cognitive framework that helps us learn organise and interpret information based on past experiences

Question 54

What is a computer model

Answer 54

Compute analogy focuses on how the brain inputs, stores and Retrieves information like a computer

Question 55

What is a theoretical model

Answer 55

Used to explain in observable processes in a concrete testable way

Question 56

What mental processes does a theoretical model show

Answer 56

Multi-store memory Working memory

Question 57

How is cognitive neuroscience used in psychology

Answer 57

FMRI and PET scans are used to show the influence of brain structures on mental processes

Question 58

What are the strengths of the cognitive approach

Answer 58

Lab experiments Real-life application

Question 59

Weaknesses of the cognitive approach

Answer 59

Low ecological validity Machine reductionism Low internal validity Doesn’t consider human emotion

Question 60

What are the assumptions of the biological approach

Answer 60

Must look at biological processes and structures to understand human behaviour

Question 61

What is a genotype

Answer 61

Recessive or dominant genes which is written in the DNA

Question 62

What is a real phenotype

Answer 62

The way the genetic code is expressed through physical, behavioural characteristics

Question 63

What can genes be influenced by

Answer 63

Nature and nurture

Question 64

What are monozygotic eggs

Answer 64

Same genes and have a higher rate of concordance

Question 65

What are dizygotic eggs

Answer 65

Twins that share 50% of genes and have characteristics influenced by genetic factors

Question 66

How many eggs are involved in monozygotic twins

Answer 66

1

Question 67

How many eggs are involved to n dizygotic twins

Answer 67

2

Question 68

What is evolution is psychology

Answer 68

Understanding human behaviour as the result of psychological adaptation and natural selection

Question 70

Strengths of the biological approach

Answer 70

Real-life application Scientific methods Clear predictions about behaviour

Question 71

Weaknesses of the biological approach

Answer 71

Deterministic view of behaviour Not ethical to study twins Approach is reductionist