Psychopathology

Question 1

what are the different types of phobias

Answer 1

specific
social
agraphobia

Question 2

what is the specific phobia

Answer 2

fear of a specific object or situation

Question 3

what is a social phobia

Answer 3

fear of humiliation in public places

Question 4

what is agoraphobia

Answer 4

fear of public spaces

Question 5

what is a phobia

Answer 5

a fear that negatively impacts on a person’s everyday life.

Question 6

what are behavioural characteristics

Answer 6

peoples avoidance behaviours of their phobia

Question 7

what is a emotional characteristics

Answer 7

the intense fear and emotional during a phobia

Question 8

examples of behavioural characteristics in phobias

Answer 8

anxiety
unpleasant feelings
fear

Question 9

examples of emotional characteristics in phobias

Answer 9

panic
crying
avoidance
screaming
freezing

Question 10

examples of cognitive characteristics in phobias

Answer 10

reacting quickly
struggle concentrating

Question 11

what is cognitive characteristics

Answer 11

the realisation the fear is irrational and unable to control their irrational thoughts

Question 12

what is depression

Answer 12

a mood disorder that involves a prolonged disturbance of mood and emotion

Question 13

examples of behavioural characteristics in depression

Answer 13

poor appetite/increased
weight loss/gain
tiredness
loss of energy
slowed down
agitated

Question 14

examples of emotional characteristics in depression

Answer 14

loss on interest
self-reproach
inappropriate guilt

Question 15

examples of cognitive characteristics in depression

Answer 15

inability to concentrate or think clearly
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Question 16

what is OCD

Answer 16

`an anxiety-related condition where someone experiences obsessional thoughts and impulsive actions

Question 17

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD

Answer 17

depression
irrational guilt or fear
obsessions and complusions

Question 18

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 18

obsessive thoughts
aware of the abnormal behaviour

Question 19

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

Answer 19

repeating behaviours
avoidance
irrational anxiety

Question 20

how does classical conditioning explain phobias

Answer 20

phobias are learnt through association

Question 21

example of classical conditioning being used to associate phobias

Answer 21

watson and rayner (1920) little albert experiment

Question 22

how does operant conditioning explain phobias

Answer 22

phobias are maintained through consequences of our actions.

Question 23

what are the limitations of the behaviourist explanation of phobia

Answer 23

-alternative explanation to phobias
-limited explanation

Question 24

what are the research going against the behaviourist explaination

Answer 24

-Boulon (2007) evolutionary factors
-Selligman (1971) biological preparedness

Question 25

what are the strengths of the bhaviourist approach explaining phobias

Answer 25

good explainatory power (why and how)

Question 26

what are the treamments for phobias

Answer 26

systematic deviation flooding

Question 27

what is the procedure of systematic deviation

Answer 27

anixety hierachy reciprocal inhibition relaxation techniques slow exposure

Question 28

weaknesses of using systematic deviation

Answer 28

-symptom substitution -quicker alternative

Question 29

advantages of using systematic deviation

Answer 29

-research support by Gilroy (2003) -appropiatness for patients

Question 30

what is the procedure of flooding

Answer 30

inescapable exposure lasts until fear response dissapears relaxation techniques

Question 31

weaknesses of using flooding

Answer 31

symptom substitution highly traumatic less effective for different types of phobias

Question 32

strengths of using flooding

Answer 32

cost effective less time consuming

Question 33

what are the cognitive approach to explaining depression

Answer 33

Beck's Negative triad (1967) Ellis' ABC model

Question 34

how does the cognitive triad explain depression

Answer 34

holding negative schemas causes depression and are trapped in a cycle

Question 35

what does the negative cognitive triad consist of

Answer 35

negative views of: the world the self and the future

Question 36

how does the ABC model explain depression

Answer 36

finds out how someone deals with events with depression

Question 37

what does ABC stand for in the model

Answer 37

A-activating event B-belief C-consequence

Question 38

what are the strengths of the cognitive triad

Answer 38

-practical explanations to CBT -supporting evidence from Grazioli and Terry (2000)

Question 39

what are the weaknesses of the cognitive triad

Answer 39

-cause and effect is unclear -doesnt explain all aspects of depression -blame is put on patients

Question 40

what are the strengths of the ABC model

Answer 40

practical explanation to CBT

Question 41

what are the weaknesses of the ABC model

Answer 41

-cause and effect is unclear -partial explanation of depression -doesnt explain all aspects of depression -blame is put on patients

Question 42

what are the cogntive treatments to depression

Answer 42

Beck's CBT Ellis' CBT

Question 43

what does Beck's CBT do

Answer 43

challenges the negative thoughts of someone to get the client to test the reality of their beliefs

Question 44

what does Elli's REBT do

Answer 44

both therapist and client challenges the thoughts and to think in an alternate way.

Question 45

what are the similarities between the two depression treatments

Answer 45

-both set homework -behavioural activation -physical activity

Question 46

what are the weaknesses of using CBT

Answer 46

-cannot treat all types of depression -therapist-patient relationship (patient becomes dependent on therapist) -overemphasis on cognition

Question 47

what are the strengths of using CBT

Answer 47

-its effective -research support (march 2007) -not physcially invasive -clients learn new skills and help themselves -client is actively involved in recovery

Question 48

what is the biological approach to explaning OCD

Answer 48

it is developed from genes and neural explanations

Question 49

what is the genetic explaination of OCD

Answer 49

candidate genes polygenic aetiologically heterogenous

Question 50

what is the research support for using genes to explain OCD

Answer 50

nestadt (2010) lewis (1936) taylor (2013)

Question 51

what is the neural explanations for OCD

Answer 51

low levels of serotonin can lead to negative decisons and thoughts in the frontal lobes and parahippocampul gyrus

Question 52

what is weakness of using genes to explain OCD

Answer 52

-twin studies are inaccurate (not treated the same, similar environment for identical twins only) -other factors (environment, genes are not a direct cause, caused naturally)

Question 53

weaknesses of using neural explainations of OCD

Answer 53

-cause of OCD is not specific (serotonin or depression) -cant establish cause and effect -neural mechanisms are still unknown

Question 54

strengths of using neural explaination of OCD

Answer 54

-drugs show serotonin is involved in OCD -technology shows OCD affected decision making -OCD is a biological basis too

Question 55

what are the different drug treatments to treat OCD in the biological approach

Answer 55

SSRI SNRI tricyclics