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my a-level classes year 12 > research methods in psychology > Flashcards

research methods in psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what is an aim

A

a general statement of what the researcher intendeds to study

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2
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated

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3
Q

what is a directional hypothesis

A

clear difference between the two conditions or people

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4
Q

what is a non-directional hypothesis

A

there is a difference but doesn’t state what difference there is

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5
Q

what is the independent variable

A

variable that the researcher changes or manipulates

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6
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

the variable that the researcher measures

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7
Q

what is operationalisation

A

clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

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8
Q

what are extraneous variables

A

any variable other than the IV that might effect the DV if not controlled

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9
Q

what are confounding variables

A

other variables that have an effect on the DV that makes the DV uncertain

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10
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

any cue from the researcher where the participants try to act accordingly

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11
Q

what are the investigator effects

A

any effect of the investigators behaviour on the DV

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12
Q

what is randomisation

A

the use of chance in order to control the investigation to reduce the effects of bias

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13
Q

what is standardisation

A

using the same formalised procedures and instructions for all pts

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14
Q

what are the different experimental designs

A

independent groups
repeated measures
matched pairs

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15
Q

what are the types of experiments

A

lab
field
natural
quasi

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16
Q

what are the strengths of using a lab experiment

A

high internal validity
control over variables
replicable

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17
Q

what are the strengths of a field experiment

A

high mundane realism
high external validity

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18
Q

what are the strengths of a natural experiment

A

high external validity
real-life application

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19
Q

what are the strengths of the independent groups design

A

order effects

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20
Q

what are the strengths of a quasi experiment

A

controlled conditions
strengths of a lab

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21
Q

what are the strengths of a repeated measures design

A

participant variables are controlled

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22
Q

what are the strengths of the matched pairs design

A

order effects and demand characteristics are low

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23
Q

what are the limitations of the lab experiment

A

lack generalisability
low external validity
demand characteristics
low mundane realism

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24
Q

what are the limitations of the field experiment

A

costly
low control over extraneous variables
ethical issues (consent)

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25
Q

what are the limitations of the natural experiment

A

low generalisability
unable to establish cause and effect

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26
Q

what are the limitations of the quasi experiment

A

confounding variables
can’t establish cause and effect

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27
Q

what are the limitations of the independent group design

A

less economical

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28
Q

what are the limitations of the repeated measures design

A

order effects
confounding variables
demand characteristics

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29
Q

what are the limitations if the matched pairs design

A

order effects
demand characteristics
time-consuming and costly (less economical)

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30
Q

types of sampling

A

random
systematic
stratified
opportunity
volunteer

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31
Q

what are the strengths of the random sample

A

free from researcher bias
researcher has no influence over selection of pts

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32
Q

what are the strengths of systematic sampling

A

avoids researcher bias
fairly representative

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33
Q

what are the strengths of the stratified sample

A

acids researcher bias
representative

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34
Q

what are the strengths of the opportunity sample

A

convenient
saves time and money

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35
Q

what are the strengths of volunteer sample

A

minimal imput
less-time consuming

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36
Q

what are the weaknesses of the random sample

A

time-consuming
pts may refuse
difficult to obtain list of target population

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37
Q

what are the weaknesses of the satisfied sample

A

cannot reflect all the ways individuals are different

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38
Q

what are the weaknesses of the opportunity sample

A

unrepresentative of the target population
researcher bias

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39
Q

what are the weaknesses of the volunteer sample

A

volunteer bias

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40
Q

ethical issues in psychological studies

A

informed consent
deception
protection from harm
privacy and confidentiality

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41
Q

ways of dealing with ethical issues

A

BPS code of conduct
consent letter
debrief
anonymity

42
Q

what is a pilot study

A

a small-scale trial run of the actual investigation

43
Q

what is a single-blind procedure

A

participants are not told the aim of the study at the beginning but the researcher knows

44
Q

what is a double-blind procedure

A

both the researcher and pts don’t know the aim but a third party knows the aim

45
Q

types of observations

A

naturalistic and controlled
covert and overt
partipant and non-participant

46
Q

what are the strengths of a naturalistic observation

A

high external validity

47
Q

what are the strengths of the controlled observation

A

low extraneous variables
replicable

48
Q

what are the strengths of the covert observation

A

high validity
natural

49
Q

what are the strengths of the overt observation

A

ethically acceptable

50
Q

what are the strengths of the participant observation

A

increased insight to pts
increased validity

51
Q

what are the strengths of the non-participant observation

A

non-objective

52
Q

what are the limitations of the naturalistic observation

A

difficult to replicate
uncontrolled extranous variables

53
Q

what are the limitations of the controlled observation

A

cannot be easily applied to real life situations

54
Q

what are the limitations of the covert observation

A

unethical

55
Q

what are the limitations of the overt observation

A

demand characteristics

56
Q

what are the limitations of the participant observation

A

low objectivity

57
Q

what are the limitations of the non-participant observation

A

lose insight to pts

58
Q

what is an unstructured observation

A

researcher writes down everything they see

59
Q

what is a structured observation

A

the reearchers quanitfies their obseervations by using pre-determined behaviours and sampling methods.

60
Q

what is a behavioural checklist

A

breaking target behviour into a set of behavioural categories

61
Q

what is event sampling

A

coutning the number of times a particular behaviour occus in a taget group or individual

62
Q

what is time sampling

A

recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame

63
Q

what are the advantags of an unstructures observation

A

rich in detail
insight to pts view and life

64
Q

what are the weaknesses of structured interviews

A

observer bias
objectivity

65
Q

what are the dvantages of structured observations

A

easier and systematic to carry out and gather data
easy to compare and analyse data

66
Q

what are the weaknesses of time sampling

A

unrepresentative of behaviour througout th whole period
missing out of information or behaviour

67
Q

types of questions in an questionnaire

A

open and closed

68
Q

types of interviews

A

structured
unstructured
semi-structured

69
Q

advantages of questionnaires

A

cost-effective
completed without the researcher beng involved
straighforward to analyse

70
Q

weaknesses of quesitonnaires

A

not always truthful
demand characteristics
social desireability bias
acquiscence bias

71
Q

advantages of structured interviews

A

replicable

72
Q

advantages of unstructured interviews

A

flexible
insight to the pts
suficient rapport with pts

73
Q

what are the weaknesses of a structured interview

A

canno elaborate on points, miss out on information

74
Q

what are the weaknesses of unstructured interviews

A

sit through irrelevant information
colnclusions difficult to draw
social desireability bias

75
Q

different ways to design a questionnaire

A

liekrt scales
rating scales
fixed choice option

76
Q

what shouldn’t be used to write good questions for interviews and observations

A

jargon
emotive language
leading questions
double negatives
double-barrelled questions

77
Q

types of correlation

A

positive
negative
zero

78
Q

advantages of correllations

A

precise quantifiable measure of variables
starting point to see if the study would be work investigating
quick and economical

79
Q

weaknesses of correlations

A

cannot establish cause and effect
third variable problems

80
Q

what is qualitative data

A

detailed, worded data

81
Q

what is quantitative data

A

numerical data

82
Q

what is primary data

A

researchers own data that didn’t exist before

83
Q

what is secondary data

A

pre-existing data

84
Q

what is the advantage of qualitative data

A

rich in detail
greater external validity
insight to pts worldview

85
Q

what is the advantage of quantitative data

A

simple to analyse
easy comparisons

86
Q

what is the advantage of primary data

A

authentic data
generalisable

87
Q

what is the advantage of secondary data

A

inexpensive
easily accessed

88
Q

what is the disadvantage of qualitative data

A

difficult to analyse
data hard to identify
subjective interpretations
bias

89
Q

what is the disadvantage of quantitative data

A

narrower in scope
application in real-life

90
Q

what is the disadvantage of primary data

A

more time and effort
careful planning, preparation and rescources

91
Q

what is the disadvantage of secondary data

A

out-dated or incomplete information
data might not mmet needs of investigation

92
Q

what is the mean

A

all numbers added together and divided by the amount of scores

92
Q

what is the median

A

middle value of in-order numbers

92
Q

what is the mode

A

the most frequently occuring number

93
Q

what is the range

A

the biigest number take away the smallest

94
Q

what is standard deviation

A

sophisiactd measure of dispersion in a set of scores

95
Q

types of displays of quanitative data

A

bar chart
scattergram
normal distribution
skewed ditribuition

96
Q

what is normal ditribution

A

a symmetrical spread of prequency data that forms a bell-shaped pattern

97
Q

what is skewed distribution

A

a spread of frequency data that is not symmetrical

98
Q

what is the sign test

A

a statistical test used to analyse the difference in scores between related items

99
Q

main aims of peer review

A

allocate research funding
validate the quality and relevance of research
amendments or improvements need to be made.

100
Q

what are the limitations of peer review

A

anonymity
publication bias
burying ground-breaking research.

my a-level classes year 12 (17 decks)

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