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my a-level classes year 12 > research methods in psychology > Flashcards

research methods in psychology Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

what is an aim

A

a general statement of what the researcher intendeds to study

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2
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated

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3
Q

what is a directional hypothesis

A

clear difference between the two conditions or people

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4
Q

what is a non-directional hypothesis

A

there is a difference but doesn’t state what difference there is

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5
Q

what is the independent variable

A

variable that the researcher changes or manipulates

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6
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

the variable that the researcher measures

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7
Q

what is operationalisation

A

clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

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8
Q

what are extraneous variables

A

any variable other than the IV that might effect the DV if not controlled

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9
Q

what are confounding variables

A

other variables that have an effect on the DV that makes the DV uncertain

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10
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

any cue from the researcher where the participants try to act accordingly

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11
Q

what are the investigator effects

A

any effect of the investigators behaviour on the DV

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12
Q

what is randomisation

A

the use of chance in order to control the investigation to reduce the effects of bias

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13
Q

what is standardisation

A

using the same formalised procedures and instructions for all pts

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14
Q

what are the different experimental designs

A

independent groups
repeated measures
matched pairs

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15
Q

what are the types of experiments

A

lab
field
natural
quasi

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16
Q

what are the strengths of using a lab experiment

A

high internal validity
control over variables
replicable

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17
Q

what are the strengths of a field experiment

A

high mundane realism
high external validity

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18
Q

what are the strengths of a natural experiment

A

high external validity
real-life application

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19
Q

what are the strengths of the independent groups design

A

order effects

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20
Q

what are the strengths of a quasi experiment

A

controlled conditions
strengths of a lab

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21
Q

what are the strengths of a repeated measures design

A

participant variables are controlled

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22
Q

what are the strengths of the matched pairs design

A

order effects and demand characteristics are low

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23
Q

what are the limitations of the lab experiment

A

lack generalisability
low external validity
demand characteristics
low mundane realism

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24
Q

what are the limitations of the field experiment

A

costly
low control over extraneous variables
ethical issues (consent)

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25
what are the limitations of the natural experiment
low generalisability unable to establish cause and effect
26
what are the limitations of the quasi experiment
confounding variables can't establish cause and effect
27
what are the limitations of the independent group design
less economical
28
what are the limitations of the repeated measures design
order effects confounding variables demand characteristics
29
what are the limitations if the matched pairs design
order effects demand characteristics time-consuming and costly (less economical)
30
types of sampling
random systematic stratified opportunity volunteer
31
what are the strengths of the random sample
free from researcher bias researcher has no influence over selection of pts
32
what are the strengths of systematic sampling
avoids researcher bias fairly representative
33
what are the strengths of the stratified sample
acids researcher bias representative
34
what are the strengths of the opportunity sample
convenient saves time and money
35
what are the strengths of volunteer sample
minimal imput less-time consuming
36
what are the weaknesses of the random sample
time-consuming pts may refuse difficult to obtain list of target population
37
what are the weaknesses of the satisfied sample
cannot reflect all the ways individuals are different
38
what are the weaknesses of the opportunity sample
unrepresentative of the target population researcher bias
39
what are the weaknesses of the volunteer sample
volunteer bias
40
ethical issues in psychological studies
informed consent deception protection from harm privacy and confidentiality
41
ways of dealing with ethical issues
BPS code of conduct consent letter debrief anonymity
42
what is a pilot study
a small-scale trial run of the actual investigation
43
what is a single-blind procedure
participants are not told the aim of the study at the beginning but the researcher knows
44
what is a double-blind procedure
both the researcher and pts don't know the aim but a third party knows the aim
45
types of observations
naturalistic and controlled covert and overt partipant and non-participant
46
what are the strengths of a naturalistic observation
high external validity
47
what are the strengths of the controlled observation
low extraneous variables replicable
48
what are the strengths of the covert observation
high validity natural
49
what are the strengths of the overt observation
ethically acceptable
50
what are the strengths of the participant observation
increased insight to pts increased validity
51
what are the strengths of the non-participant observation
non-objective
52
what are the limitations of the naturalistic observation
difficult to replicate uncontrolled extranous variables
53
what are the limitations of the controlled observation
cannot be easily applied to real life situations
54
what are the limitations of the covert observation
unethical
55
what are the limitations of the overt observation
demand characteristics
56
what are the limitations of the participant observation
low objectivity
57
what are the limitations of the non-participant observation
lose insight to pts
58
what is an unstructured observation
researcher writes down everything they see
59
what is a structured observation
the reearchers quanitfies their obseervations by using pre-determined behaviours and sampling methods.
60
what is a behavioural checklist
breaking target behviour into a set of behavioural categories
61
what is event sampling
coutning the number of times a particular behaviour occus in a taget group or individual
62
what is time sampling
recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame
63
what are the advantags of an unstructures observation
rich in detail insight to pts view and life
64
what are the weaknesses of structured interviews
observer bias objectivity
65
what are the dvantages of structured observations
easier and systematic to carry out and gather data easy to compare and analyse data
66
what are the weaknesses of time sampling
unrepresentative of behaviour througout th whole period missing out of information or behaviour
67
types of questions in an questionnaire
open and closed
68
types of interviews
structured unstructured semi-structured
69
advantages of questionnaires
cost-effective completed without the researcher beng involved straighforward to analyse
70
weaknesses of quesitonnaires
not always truthful demand characteristics social desireability bias acquiscence bias
71
advantages of structured interviews
replicable
72
advantages of unstructured interviews
flexible insight to the pts suficient rapport with pts
73
what are the weaknesses of a structured interview
canno elaborate on points, miss out on information
74
what are the weaknesses of unstructured interviews
sit through irrelevant information colnclusions difficult to draw social desireability bias
75
different ways to design a questionnaire
liekrt scales rating scales fixed choice option
76
what shouldn't be used to write good questions for interviews and observations
jargon emotive language leading questions double negatives double-barrelled questions
77
types of correlation
positive negative zero
78
advantages of correllations
precise quantifiable measure of variables starting point to see if the study would be work investigating quick and economical
79
weaknesses of correlations
cannot establish cause and effect third variable problems
80
what is qualitative data
detailed, worded data
81
what is quantitative data
numerical data
82
what is primary data
researchers own data that didn't exist before
83
what is secondary data
pre-existing data
84
what is the advantage of qualitative data
rich in detail greater external validity insight to pts worldview
85
what is the advantage of quantitative data
simple to analyse easy comparisons
86
what is the advantage of primary data
authentic data generalisable
87
what is the advantage of secondary data
inexpensive easily accessed
88
what is the disadvantage of qualitative data
difficult to analyse data hard to identify subjective interpretations bias
89
what is the disadvantage of quantitative data
narrower in scope application in real-life
90
what is the disadvantage of primary data
more time and effort careful planning, preparation and rescources
91
what is the disadvantage of secondary data
out-dated or incomplete information data might not mmet needs of investigation
92
what is the mean
all numbers added together and divided by the amount of scores
92
what is the median
middle value of in-order numbers
92
what is the mode
the most frequently occuring number
93
what is the range
the biigest number take away the smallest
94
what is standard deviation
sophisiactd measure of dispersion in a set of scores
95
types of displays of quanitative data
bar chart scattergram normal distribution skewed ditribuition
96
what is normal ditribution
a symmetrical spread of prequency data that forms a bell-shaped pattern
97
what is skewed distribution
a spread of frequency data that is not symmetrical
98
what is the sign test
a statistical test used to analyse the difference in scores between related items
99
main aims of peer review
allocate research funding validate the quality and relevance of research amendments or improvements need to be made.
100
what are the limitations of peer review
anonymity publication bias burying ground-breaking research.

my a-level classes year 12 (17 decks)

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