Approaches Theories Flashcards
Origins of Psychology-Wundt’s lab
Wundt opened his lab in Leipzig, Germany. He introduced structuralism and allowed studied to be done in a controlled environment. This allowed psychology to develop as a science
Evolution of Psychology-17th to 19th Century
Psychology is a branch of philosophy. It is understood as experimental philosophy
Evolution of Psychology-1879
Wundt’s lab opens, Psychology emerges as an independent discipline
Evolution of Psychology-1900’s
Freud developed his psychodynamic approach, empathises the influence of unconscious thoughts on our behaviour
Evolution of Psychology-1913
Watson and Skinner establish the behaviourist approach, this becomes the dominate field in psychology for the next 50 years
Evolution of Psychology-1950’s
Rogers and Maslow develop the humanistic approach which rejects the ideas of the behaviourist and psychodynamic approaches
Evolution of Psychology-1960’s
The cognitive revolution occurs. The digital computer allowed psychologists to have a metaphor for the human mind. The cognitive approach is created
Evolution of Psychology-1960’s 2
Bandura proposes Social Learning Theory, a mixture of behaviourist and cognitive approaches which build a bridge between the two
Evolution of Psychology-1980’s
Due to technological advances, the biological approach is established and becomes the dominant perspective in psychology
Evolution of Psychology-21st Century
Cognitive neuroscience emerges as a link between the cognitive approach and the biological approach. It investigates how biology effects and influences mental states
Behaviourism-Assumptions
- All behaviour is observable and learned from experience
- The basic processes are the same in all species
Behaviourism-Classical Conditioning
Created by Pavlov. It involves the association of a Neutral Stimulus with and Unconditioned Response to create a Conditioned Stimulus (The old NS) and a Conditioned Response
Behaviourism-Operant Conditioning
Created by Skinner. It involves the learner learning behaviour by its consequences, in the form of reinforcement
Behaviourism-Operant Conditioning- Positive Reinforcement
Receiving a reward or something positive when the behaviour is done, it increases the likelihood of that behaviour reoccurring
Behaviourism-Operant Conditioning- Negative Reinforcement
Doing a behaviour to prevent a negative thing from happening, it increases the likelihood of that behaviour reoccurring
Behaviourism-Operant Conditioning-Punishment
A unpleasant consequence to the behaviour, this decreases the likelihood of that behaviour reoccurring
Social Learning Theory-Assumptions
- All behaviour is observable and learned from experience
- Learning occurs directly and indirectly
Social Learning Theory-Vicarious Reinforcement
Observation of a same sex role model being rewarded causes that behaviour to be vicariously reinforced, which increases the likelihood of the behaviour being intimated
Social Learning Theory-Identification
We are more likely to imitate role model who we identify with, as they have similar characteristics or features as us
Social Learning Theory-Mediational Processes
These "bridge the gap" between the behaviourist theory and the cognitive theory They are: 1-Attention 2-Retention 3-Motor Reproduction 4-Motivation
Cognitive Theory-Assumptions
- Internal mental processes can be studied scientifically
- These studies are done indirectly by making inferences about the processes
Cognitive Theory-Theoretical and Computer Models
These models state that the mind works like a computer
Cognitive Theory-Roles of Schema
Schemas are beliefs and/or expectations that can affect thoughts and behaviour. They can be inmate or learned, and they act as a mental short cut, which can lead to us not seeing the “whole picture” of a place or event
Cognitive Theory-Cognitive Neuroscience
First studied by Paul Broca, who linked mental states to biological structures. In recent years, due to the advancement of science and technology, we can use brain imaging devices, like fMRI to read and understand the brain
