April 17

Question 0

Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 0

Classical conditioning

Occurs when a neutral stimulus, with a previously meaningful stimulus, eventually take on some meaning itself

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

First described classical conditioning

Reflexes in dogs

Question 2

Conditioning equals

Answer 2

Learning

Question 3

Unconditioned response equals

Answer 3

Unlearned response

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

initially neutral stimuli, in our example, the light

Fish example

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

The initially meaningful stimulus

In our example the food

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

Naturally occurring response

Swimming to the top of the tank

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

Response to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning

Swimming to the top for food because of the light

Question 8

Forward conditioning

Answer 8

In which the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Delay conditioning

Answer 9

In which the conditioned stimulus is present until the unconditioned stimulus begins

Question 10

Trace conditioning

Answer 10

This conditioned stimulus is removed sometime before the unconditioned stimulus is presented

Question 11

The conditioned stimulus or neutral stimulus should

Answer 11

Come before the unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Answer 12

Demonstrated classical conditioning with the child known now as little Albert
Generalization

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

If Albert could distinguish among similar but distinct stimuli

Question 14

Acquisition

Answer 14

Takes place when the pairing of the natural and neutral stimuli (the loud noise and the rat) have occurred with enough frequency that the neutral stimulus alone will elicit the conditional response (cringing and crying)

Question 15

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 15

The original response disappears on it’s on, but then is elicited again by the previous condition stimulus at a later time
Occurs when the conditioned response reappears quickly but less strongly after the subject has been reexposed to the pairing of the original neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
No retraining

Question 16

Second order conditioning

Answer 16

A previous conditioned stimulus it now used as the unconditioned stimulus
New CS equals town eyes new US equals light

Question 17

Contiguity approach

Answer 17

Watson and Pavlov
Believed that the pairing of the neutral (eventual CS) and the natural (unconditioned stimulus) stimuli
occurred because they are paired in time

Question 18

Contingency approach

Answer 18

Robert Rescorla believe that day conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus get paired because the conditioned stimulus comes to predict the unconditioned stimulus
The fish come to expect food upon seeing the light
Demonstrated this effect through blocking, where natural stimulus was paired with two neutral stimuli and only one neutral stimulus elicited the conditioned response while the other did not, as it did not predict the unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning

Answer 19

Involves an organism’s learning to make a response in order to obtain a reward
The response is an action not typically associated with obtaining a particular reward
First discovered by Edward L Thornedike
BF Skinner pioneered the study

Question 20

Edward L Thornedike

Answer 20

Proposed the law of effect, which states that a behavior is more likely to recur if reinforced

Question 21

BF Skinner

Answer 21

Ran many experiments
Often use a specially designed testing apparatus known as an operant chamber, or a skinner box
Lover and food pellets plus rats

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

First receives a food reward for being near the lever, then for touching the lever and finally for pressing the lever
Also referred to as differential reinforcement of successive approximations

Question 23

Natural reinforcement

Answer 23

An example is food which doesn’t need to be learned to be reinforced

Question 24

Primary reinforcement

Answer 24

Types of natural reinforcers such as food, water, and sex

Question 25

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 25

Provided by learned reinforcers an example is money

Question 26

Omission training

Answer 26

Seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior, I would holding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

Question 27

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 27

Refers to how often an organism receives reinforcement for a given type of response

Question 28

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 28

Every correct response that is emitted results in a reward | Produces grappled learning, but also results in rapid extinction

Question 29

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 29

The reward always occurs after fixed number of responses | Produces long learning, but the learning extinguishes relatively quickly

Question 30

Variable ratio

Answer 30

The ratio of responses to reinforcement is variable and unpredictable Slot machine

Question 31

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 31

Reinforcement is presented as a function of fixed periods of time as long as there is at least one response

Question 32

Variable interval schedule

Answer 32

Presented at differing time intervals as long as there is at least one response

Question 33

Token economy

Answer 33

An artificial economy based on tokens. these tokens act as secondary reinforcers, in that the tokens can be used for purchasing primary reinforcers, such as food

Question 34

Learned helplessness

Answer 34

Occurs when a consistent effort fails to bring rewards If the situation persists, the subject will stop trying Martin Seligman

Question 35

Donald hebb

Answer 35

Proposed that human learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by strengthening of connections that are you

Question 36

Eric kandel

Answer 36

Found that when a strong stimulus, such as a shock, happens repeatedly, special neurons called modulatory neurons release neuromodulators

Question 37

Neuromodulators

Answer 37

Strengthen the synapses between the sensory neuron in the motor neurons involved

Question 38

Long term potentiation

Answer 38

A narrow basis for learning, namely, a physiological change that correlates with a relatively stable change in behavior as a result of experience

Question 39

Social learning also called observational learning

Answer 39

Learning based on observing the behavior of others as well as consequences of that behavior

Question 40

Vicarious learning

Answer 40

Learning that takes place by observing others

Question 41

Albert bandura

Answer 41

Kids watching adults attacking an inflatable clown

Question 42

Four condition for Albert

Answer 42

The learner must pay attention to the behavior in question, There must be retention of the observed behavior meaning that it must be remembered, there must be in motivation for the learner to produce the behavior at a later time and the potential for reproduction must exist

Question 43

Cognitive

Answer 43

Style and fashion related meanings

Question 44

Conditioned taste aversion or the Garcia effect

Answer 44

Demonstrated that animals that eat a food that results in nausea induced by a driver radiation will not eat that food if they ever encounter it again

Question 45

Stimulus generalization

Answer 45

Eat a peach, get sick, not want to eat it again

Question 46

Garcias research is profound for two reasons

Answer 46

One is that it shows that certain species are built to learn certain association more easily than others To it shows that classical conditioning might be occurring through the access of some concept

Question 47

Edward Tolman

Answer 47

Rats through Maze

Question 48

Cognitive map

Answer 48

Mental representation of the maze for the rats

Question 49

Latent learning

Answer 49

Learning that is not outwardly expressed until the situation calls for it