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Psychology > April 21 > Flashcards

April 21 Flashcards

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0
Q

Each type of memory has four components

A

Storage capacity, duration of code, nature of code, and how information is lost

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1
Q

Modal model

A

Memory is divided into three separate storage areas: sensory, short term and long term

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2
Q

Sensory memory

A

Gateway btwn perception and memory

Limited

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3
Q

Iconic

A

Info in the sensory memory only if it is visual

Only lasts for a few tenths of a second

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4
Q

Echoic

A

Info in the sensory memory only if it is auditory

Lasts for three or four seconds

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5
Q

Items in the sensory memory are constantly being

A

Replaced by new input, with only certain items entering into short term memory

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6
Q

Visual persistence

A

Quickly moving fan- perception of fan being at many points in its rotation at once

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7
Q

George Sperling

A

Experimented on memory and partial report
He first presented participants with the matrix three rows of four letters each purchase of the second one he paired each line with either high medium or low pitched sound and ask participants to recall what they had seen their memories of the letters increased significantly from the first test

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8
Q

Short-term visual memory for iconic memory

A

Sperling called this ability to recall these lines of letters

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9
Q

Short term memory

A

holds information for a few seconds to a bout a minute
Information stored here is primarily acoustically coded, despite the nature of the original source
Can hold about seven items plus or -2
Items here are maintained by rehearsal

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10
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

A simple repetition to keep an item in the short-term memory until it can be used

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11
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Involves organization and understanding of the information that has been encoded in order to transfer the information to the long-term memory
Or effective than maintenance rehearsal for ensuring short-term memory information is sent to long-term memory and as a preferred way to study

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12
Q

Encoding

A

Stored and able to recall later

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13
Q

Items that are forgotten exit the short-term memory either by decay or interference

A

Decay: the passage of time
Interference: displaced by new information

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14
Q

Retro active interference

A

New information pushes old information out of the short-term memory

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15
Q

Primacy

A

Remembering the first items

Tends to persist longer

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16
Q

Recency

A

Remembering the last items

Tends to fade in about a day

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17
Q

Serial position effect

A

Overall effect of primacy and recency

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items of information into units

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19
Q

Semantically encoded

A

Encoded in the form of word meanings

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20
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory for events that we ourselves have experienced

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21
Q

Semantic memory or declarative

A

Comprises facts, figures, and general world knowledge

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22
Q

Procedural memory

A

Consisting of skills and habits

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23
Q

Declarative (or explicit) memory

A

A memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve, such as episodic and semantic memory

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24
Non-declarative (or implicit) memory
Beyond conscious consideration and would include procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning
25
State dependent memory
States that information is more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation in which it was encoded
26
Flashbulb memory
A very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally arousing event
27
Working memory
Used to process new information and it's relationship to relevant information in the long term store Located in the prefrontal cortex
28
Reconstruction
Occurs when we fit together pieces of an event that seem likely
29
Source amnesia
One likely cause of memory reconstruction | We attribute an event to a different source than it actually came from
30
Elizabeth Loftus
Study existence false memories They have demonstrated that repeated suggestions and misleading questions can create false memories also known as framing
31
Pro active interference
When previously mispriced information interferes with the ability to learn and memorize new information
32
First key feature of language
Language is arbitrary: words rarely sound like the ideas that they convey
33
Second key feature of language
Language has a structure that is added to any certain sense
34
Third key feature of language
Language has multiplicity of structure, meaning that it can be analyzed and understood in a number of different ways
35
Fourth key feature of language
Language is productive, meaning that there are nearly endless meaningful combinations of words
36
Fifth key feature of language
Language is dynamic, meaning that it is constantly changing and evolving
37
Phonemes
List unit of speech sounds in a given language that are still distinct and sound from each other Combine to form morphemes
38
Morphemes
The smallest semantically meaningful parts of language
39
Grammar
The set of rules by which language is constructed, is governed by syntax and semantics
40
Syntax
The set of rules used in the arrangement of morphine into meaningful sentences; this can also be thought of as word order
41
Semantics
Refers to word meaning or word choice
42
Prosody
Rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech
43
Holo phrases
Single words filled with meaning
44
Over extension
Results from the infant not knowing enough words to express something fully
45
Under extension
The child thinks that his or her mama is the only mama
46
Telegraphic speech
Two or three word group | lacks many parts of speech
47
Overgeneralization
Errors in which the rules of language are overextended, such as in saying I goed to the store
48
Noam Chomsky
Postulated a system for the organization of language based on the concept of what he referred to as transformational grammar
49
Transformational grammar
Differentiate between surface structure of language: the superficial way in which words are arranged in a text or in speech, and the deep structure of language: the underlying meaning of the words
50
Language acquisition device
Noam Chomsky | That facilitates acquisition of language in children, and the critical period for the learning of language
51
Benjamin lee wharf and Edward Sapir
Theory of linguistic relativity
52
Theory of linguistic relativity
Speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of the differences in language
53
Concept
A way of grouping or classifying the world around us
54
Typicality
Degree to which an object fits the average
55
Prototype
the typical picture that we envision
56
Suuperordinate concept
Very broad and encompasses a large group of items, such as the concept of food
57
Basic concept
Smaller and more specific, bread
58
Subordinate concept
Even smaller and more specific, rye bread
59
Cognition
Encompasses the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, remembering, using, and constructing knowledge
60
Reasoning
Drawing of conclusions from evidence, can be further divided into deductive and inductive reasoning
61
Deductive reasoning
Process of drawing logical conclusions from general statement
62
Syllogisms
Deductive conclusion drawn from two premises
63
Inductive reasoning
The process of drawing general inferences from specific observations
64
Divergent thinking
If many correct answers are possible we use this process | An example is brainstorming
65
Convergent thinking
The problem can be solved by only one answer | Requires narrowing of the many choices available
66
Heuristic
Intuitive rules of thumb that may or may not be useful in a given situation
67
Availability heuristic
The rule of thumb is judged by what events come readily to mind
68
Representativeness heuristic
we judge objects and events in terms of how closely they match the prototype of that object or event
69
Algorithms
Systematic mechanical approaches that guarantee an eventual answer to a problem
70
Insight
Sudden understanding of a problem for a potential strategy for solving a problem that usually involves conceptualizing the problem and a new way
71
Wolfgang Kohler
Combining sticks
72
Mental set
Fixed frame of mind that we use when approaching problems
73
Functional fixedness
The tendency to assume that a given item is only useful for the task for which it was designed
74
Confirmation bias
The search for information that supports a particular view, also hinders problem-solving, by distorting objectivity
75
Hindsight bias
Tendency after-the-fact to think you knew what the outcome would be, also distorts our ability to view situations objectively
76
Belief perseverance
A person only sees the evidence that supports a particular position, despite evidence presented to the contrary
77
Framing
The way a question is phrase, can alter the objective outcome of problem-solving or decision-making
78
Creativity
The process of producing something novel yet worthwhile

Psychology (11 decks)

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