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Psychology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

(82 cards)

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0
Q

Variable ratio

A

Similar to fixed ratio, but the number of responses vary unpredictably around some average

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1
Q

Fixed ratio

A

A reinforcer occurs after every nth response

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2
Q

Fixed interval

A

Fixed period of time must elapse between one reinforced response and the next

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3
Q

Variable interval

A

Time varies unpredictably

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4
Q

What are the two areas that psychology came from in the 19th century

A

Philosophy and science

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5
Q

Loftis/Palmer

A

Wording influences what people think about the crash

  • hit = lower speed
  • smash = higher speed
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6
Q

Principle of association by contiguity

A

Some concepts are associated because they have occurred together in the persons previous experiences

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7
Q

Modal model of the mind

A

General framework for thinking and talking about the mind

- memory stores: sensory memory, working memory (short term), and long term memory

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8
Q

Experiment

A

Test hypotheses about cause and effect relationships, in which the researcher manipulates one variable (independent) in order to assess its effect on another variable (dependent)

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9
Q

Observation

A

Any data collection procedure in which the researcher directly observes the behavior of interest rather than relying on subjects self descriptions

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10
Q

Self report

A

People being studied are asked to rate or describe their own behaviors or mental state

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11
Q

Tolerance

A

(Drug tolerance) the phenomenon by which a drug produces successively smaller physiological and behavioral effects, at any given dose, if it is taken repeatedly

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12
Q

Withdrawal

A

Effects from not using drugs

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13
Q

Importance of Clever Hanz

A

Value of skepticism, value of careful observations under controlled conditions, problem of observer expectancy effect

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14
Q

Positive correlation

A

Increases in one thing tend to be related with another variable increasing

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15
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Something added/ given to reinforce behavior

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16
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Something taken/ removed to reinforce behavior

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17
Q

Punishment

A

Punishing to stop behavior

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping things so they will be remembered easier

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19
Q

Random assignment

A

Unbiased results

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20
Q

Sensory memory

A

Vision audio that stays very shortly

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21
Q

Working memory

A

Where information is processed (short term memory)

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22
Q

Long term memory

A

Can be recalled but is stored

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23
Q

Sensory memory to working memory

A

Attention

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24
Working memory to long term memory
Encoding
25
Long term memory from working memory
Retrieval
26
Cocktail party phenomenon
Being able to listen to something while there are other noises around
27
Differences in working, sensory, and long term memory
Working is short, only for processing Sensory is shortest and is visual/audio Long term I'd longest but isn't constantly present
28
Defense mechanisms
``` Repression Displacement Sublimation Reaction formation Projection Rationalization ```
29
Displacement
Shifts desires, feelings, or impulses from their proper object to a substitute
30
Projection
Unconsciously transferring ones own undesirable attitudes, feelings, or thoughts to others
31
Denial
A defense copying mechanism in which a person refuses to admit that a problem exists
32
Sublimation
Process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire
33
Rationalization
An individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve self esteem
34
Reaction formation
Ego unconsciously replaces an unacceptable feeling or undesirable memory
35
Repressing
Exclusion from conscious awareness of a painful, unpleasant or undesirable memory
36
Regression
An individual retreats to an earlier stage of development or pattern of behavior in order to deal with a threatening or stressful situation
37
According to dualism, what is behavior controlled by
The soul
38
What is the preservation and protection theory of sleep
Sleep evolved on an evolutionary level to preserve and protect the body when there was not a need for it
39
Body restoration of sleep
Sleep evolved on an evolutionary level to be a time to restore the body
40
Non-regulatory drives
Sex, safety, social drive, educative drives
41
Classical conditioning
Neutral stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response through it's being paired with another stimulus that already elicits that reflexive response
42
Generalization
A stimulus will elicit the conditioned response even though it has never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus
43
Spontaneous recovery
The return of a conditioned response that had previously undergone extinction
44
Habituation
Decline in negative response when a stimulus is repeated
45
Discrimination
A stimulus that served as a signal that a particular response will produce a particular reinforcer
46
Stroop effect
The mind determines which stimuli are worth passing into working memory
47
A priori
Built in the brain
48
Posteriori
Gained through experience
49
Pavlov originally studied
Digestion in dogs
50
Traits
Permanent
51
States
Temporary
52
Why are placebos used
For double blind studies and determining a drugs chemical properties
53
Who founded psychology
Wundt
54
Psychology
Science and behavior of the mind
55
Five factors of personality
Neuroticism: vulnerability to emotional upset Extraversion: tendency to be outgoing Openness to experience Agreeableness
56
Cognition
Mental action or process for acquiring knowledge and understanding trough thought
57
Priming
Implicit memory process by which a stimulus activates one or more memory
58
Reliability
Capacity of a measurement to yield similar results
59
Semantic memory
Explicit memory that is not tied mentally to a particular past experience
60
Episodic memory
Explicit memory of ones own past experience
61
Procedural
Motor skills, habits, unconsciously learned rules
62
Independent variable
Expected to cause some effect on another/ what causes change
63
Dependent variable
What is to be affected/ measured
64
Eckmans facial feedback theory
Smiling makes you happier even if you aren't particularly happy
65
According to psychodynamic theories what characteristics of the mind cause personality differences?
Subconscious motives
66
Capsid and mofit said personality differences are clearly revealed in
Stressful/ ambiguous situations
67
Theory
An idea, or conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that may be discovered
68
Hypothesis
Any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory
69
Conditioned counteractive effect
After being conditioned to something repeatedly reaction when being taken away is much more definite
70
Observer expectancy effect
Observer gives off clues to the answer they want
71
Effect of context
The environ,metal context that we find ourselves in at any given moment provides retrieval cues that primes out memories for our past experiences in that context. This is usually adaptive, because our past experiences are often relevant to our future
72
Schema
Ones generalized mental representation, or concept, of any given class of objects, scenes, or events. Bartlett used this term especially in relation to concepts that may vary from culture to culture and that involve spatial or temporal relationships among the individual units of the object
73
Localization of function
Means that the type of sensation you experience depends on the area of the brain activated
74
Stroop interference effect
Stroop presented words in colored ink to subjects and asked them to name the ink color ask quickly as possible. Subjects were the slowest at naming to ink colors for words that named a color different from that of the ink
75
Naturalistic observation
(Instrumental conditioning)?a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of response affects the future rate of production of that response
76
Shaping
Successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced
77
Over justification effect
The reward presumably provided an unneeded justification for engaging in behavior. The result is that he person comes to regard the task as work rather than play and consequently, stop doing it when they no longer receive am external reward
78
Amygdala
Increased neural activity in the amygdaloid correlates strongly with increases in fear, anger, or disgust.
79
Frontal lobes
Is essential for the full concious experience of emotions and the ability to act in deliberate, planned ways based on those feelings. Right-negative, left- positive
80
Best way to remember new information
Association
81
Natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding

Psychology (11 decks)

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