Arch Test 2 Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
also known as the ice age, however there were many ice ages or glacial as they are known. It was the time of the Homo erectus.
A
Pleistocene
2
Q
a cold episode of the Pleistocene in contrast to a warmer or interglacial period, also known as ice age.
A
Glacial
3
Q
a subdivision of geological time, millions of years long representing units of eras.
A
Epoch
4
Q
a warm period of the Pleistocene
A
Interglacial
5
Q
During the 1800 two Swiss geologists identified 4 periods of glaciations in Europe, from a series of alpine deposits and river terraces.
A
A.Penck and E. Bruckner
6
Q
Glacial stages named after local rivers in order from oldest to most recent-
A
the gunz, the mindel, the riss, and the wurm.
7
Q
The intervening warm periods were?
A
gunz/mindel mindel/riss and riss/wurm
8
Q
the expansion of continental glacial ice during a period of a cold climate.
A
Glaciation
9
Q
one of several atomic states for an element.
Isotope stages: for the Pleistocene, alternations between warmer and cooler periods defined by isotopes have been numbered sequentially.
A
Isotope
10
Q
the ratio of different isotopes of oxygen varying with the temperature of the water.
A
Oxygen Isotope Ratio
11
Q
are accumulations of dirt and rocks that have fallen onto the glacier surface or have been pushed along by the glacier as it moves. The dirt and rocks composing.
A
Moraines
12
Q
1920- Serbian mathematician argued that variation in the earths orbit changed climate in a cyclical fashion.
A
Milankovitch
13
Q
A term describing the phenomenon considered to be the prime reason for glacial fluctuations and climatic change.
A
Milankovitch Forcing
14
Q
the interval that we presently occupy- aka postglacial or the present interglacial.
A
Holocene
15
Q
Revealed a series of remarkable shrine and centers associated with large stone architecture. Major changes are taking place in the region before the domestication of plants and animals. Human society is undergoing a major transformation in economy, social relations, politics and religion. Revolution understanding of Eurasian Neolithic. Oldest Human made stone structure discovered and it was called first temple.
A
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey
16
Q
heavy chisel-like tool
A
Adze
17
Q
the movement of carbon isotopes through the food chain. The differences in the types of plants consumed or the presence of marine foods in the diet will result in changes in the carbon isotope ratio.
A
The information used to estimate the diet of prehistoric human groups?
18
Q
The carbon atoms in collagen occur in two major stable forms?
A
carbon -12 and carbon -13.
19
Q
The ratios from vedbaek range from ?
A
13.4 to -15.3 and are close to values for historical Eskimo skeletal material.
20
Q
Nitrogen isotope ratio is used for what?
A
to tell if they eat a lot of leguminous plants and trophic level.
21
Q
vegetables used as food
A
Leguminous plants
22
Q
an organism’s position in the food chain.
A
Trophic Level
23
Q
provided for the protection of archaeological resources located on public lands and Indian lands?
A
1979- archaeologist resources protection act
24
Q
the survey and or excavation of archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction and development.
A
Cultural resource management
25
was to be excavated before mining began, at carrier mills, Illinois dates back to middle archaic, 4000-3000 BC. A Cemetery was found with 154 burials from the middle archaic were found.
Black Earth Site
26
an accumulated pile of trash and waste materials near a dwelling or in other areas of archaeological sites. Three middens were found in the black earth site.
Midden
27
the items that are placed in graves to accompany the deceased.
Grave goods
28
Pre –Neolithic, in South Asia
Southwest Asia: The first evidence for plant domestication from anywhere in the world is found here. Reasonable amount of information available. Considered the cradle of western civilization. wild wheat and gazelle meat.
Ain Mallaha
29
the period just before agriculture, 11,000-9,000bc. It lies beside a natural spring on a hillside overlooking the swamps of lake Huleh in the upper Jordan valley of Israel. Population was estimated to be 200-300 people. carved limestone figures of human body face and tortoise found.
Ain Mallaha / natufian site
30
a mountainous region paralleling the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, including parts of the countries of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel.
Levant
31
a bowl shaped grinding tool, used with a wood or stone pestle for grinding various metals.
Mortar
32
a stone-grinding surface for preparing grains and other plant foods and for grinding other materials.
Quern
33
one of several pieces of small to medium swift and graceful antelopes native to Asia and Africa.
Gazelle
34
a small weight attached to fishing nets.
Net-sinker
35
a tool for cutting the stalks of cereals, especially wheat. Prehistoric sickles were usually stone blades set in a wood or antler handle.
Sickle
36
Two kinds of burials were found at Ain Mallaha:
1. Individual interments including child and infant burials beneath stone slabs under the house floor. 2. Collective burial in pits, either intact or as secondary reburials after soft tissue had disappeared.
37
when did the appearance of the first farmers in Southwest Asia happen?
at the end of the Pleistocene.
38
an upland zone in Southwest Asia that runs from the Levant to the Zagros Mountains.
Fertile Crescent
39
the classic region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is too dry for farming unless some form of irrigation is used.
Mesopotamia
40
way of obtaining food that involves domesticated plants and animals.
Agriculture
41
changes physical characteristics of plants or animals involved, oak tree(not domesticated).
Domestication
42
what are the 4 principles of agriculture?
Propagation, husbandry, harvesting, and storage
43
selection and sowing of seeds and breeding of animals.
Propagation
44
tending of plants or animals during growth period.
Husbandry
45
plants or slaughtering animals
Harvesting
46
seeds and maintenance of animals through non-productive periods for reproduction.
Storage
47
the human manipulation or fostering of a plant species (usually wild) to enhance or ensure production.
Cultivation
48
circumstance in which plants, animals and humans would have clustered in confined area near water.
Oasis Hypothesis
49
earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors should have lived.
Natural Habitat Hypothesis
50
The origin of agriculture was not a tortuous discovery but a last resort.
Population pressure hypothesis
51
the theory that the need for more food was initially felt at the margins of the natural of the ancestors of domesticated plants and animals.
Edge Hypothesis
52
the theory that domestication allowed certain individuals to accumulate food surplus and to transform those foods into more valued items such as rare stones, metals and even social alliances.
Social Hypothesis
53
living in a permanent year-round context such as a village
Sedentism
54
cradle of western civilization, earliest evidence for plant domestication of anywhere in the world is found there.
Southwest Asia
55
most important staple for half of the population today. Supplies 20% of the total calories consumed worldwide.
Rice
56
small edible fruit from asian tree
jujube
57
the region consisting of central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, el Salvador and the western parts of Honduras and Nicaragua.
Mesoamerica
58
the changing availability of resources according to the different seasons of the year.
seasonality
59
the process of arranging the extractions of resources according to their availability and the demands of completing substance activity.
scheduling
60
a wild grass with edible seeds
setaria
61
a mechanism by which seeds of a plant are dispersed naturally.
shattering
62
: a tall annual grass native to Mexico and Central America closest relative to maiz.
Teosinte
63
a mound composed of mud bricks and refuse, accumulated as a result of human activity.
Tell
64
a technique for the recovery of plant remains from archaeological sites. Sediments or pit contents are poured into water or heavy liquid; the lighter, carbonized plant remains float to the tope for recovery, while the heavier sediments and other materials fall to the bottom.
Flotation
65
the study of plant remains from archaeological sites
Archaeobotany
66
the stem that holds seeds to the stalk in wheat and other plants.
Rachis
67
the tough seed cover of many cereal kernels
Glume
68
the study of animal remains from archaeological sites
Archaeozoology
69
translucent, gray-to black or green, glass like rock from molten to sand.
Obsidian
70
11,000-10,000BP
located in Syria, one of the largest post glacial communities in South west Asia. has tells , largest community of its day. houses were rectangular with mud brick walls.
Abu Hureyra
71
rachis of a seed is brittle, to allow natural seed dispersal by shattering and the glumes covering the seeds are tough, to protect the grain until the next growing season.
Wild wheat
72
tough rachis and brittle glume.
Domesticated wheat
73
4 Major Criteria used to look for domesticate?
geographical evidence, abundance, morphological changes, and herd demographics.
74
the study of animal species outside their natural habitat and presumes human involvement.
Environment change dramatically so geography is a difficult criteria to use.
Geographical Evidence
75
increase in abundance of species in the layers at a site is often taken to indicate domestication.
Abundance
76
show change in size and body that provide direct evidence for domestication.
Morphological Changes
77
used to document early animal domestication.
Domesticated species are generally smaller than their ancestors.
Herd demographics
78
the process of transferring the young from the dependence on its mother’s milk to other forms of nourishment.
Weaning
79
the suppression of ovulation and menstruation during breast-feeding.
Lactational amenorrhea
80
a fence of posts or stakes erected around a settlement for defensive purposes.
palisade
81
a circular feature demarcated by large upright timbers, probably used by prehistoric groups as astronomical observatories.
woodhenge
82
the time of year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator, occurring about june 21 and december 22
Solstice
83
a collection of articles, often buried in or associated with constructed features, that has been deliberately stored for future use.
cache
84
a recurring thematic design element in a art style.
motif
85
a vault or building where human remains are stored.
charnel house.
86
the study of artistic representations or icons that usually have religious or ceremonial significance.
iconography
87
social status and prestige attributed to an individual according to skills
achieved status
88
social status and prestige attributed to an individual at birth.
ascribed status.
89
a clear polish that forms along the edges of the flakes and blades that are used to cut reeds, grass, wheat, and other long-stemmed plants.
sickle polish
90
a grave that does not contain a skeleton
cenotaph
91
inequality in human society in which certain individuals or groups have access to more resources, power and roles that others.
status differentiation
92
a large stone monument
megalith
93
a large standing stone, found either alone or collectively in lines.
menhir
94
a monument defined by the presence of an enclosure, usually made by a circular ditch and bank system up to 500m in diameter.
henge
95
a generic term for a megalithic tomb or chamber with a roof.
dolmen
96
a megalithic tomb entered via a long, low, narrow passage that opens into a wider room, generally near the center of the structure.
passage grave
97
a megalithic tomb lacking an entrance passage;the burial room or rooms form the entire internal structure.
gallery grave
98
an earthen mound covering a burial
barrow
99
a massive stone lintel
trilithon
100
what site functioned as part of an observatory to record the summer solstice?
Stonehenge
101
Ain Mallaha is located where in present-day?
Israel
102
he proposal that the earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived is referred to as the
Natural Habitat hypothesis
103
The earliest known domesticated cereal, rye, dates to?
10,000BC
104
A study of the bones of gazelles, goats, and sheep at Abu Hureyra revealed that?
goats and sheep were domesticated around 7,500 B.C.
105
Structures at Çatalhöyük were used for?
1. burials
2. houses
3. shrines
4. storages
106
Abu Hureyra contained both Natufian and Neolithic deposits.
True
107
what are 4 changes that take place?
1. Glacial retreat
2. sea level rise
3. vegetation change
4. faunal change
108
what are the material conditions?
environment
technology
population demography
109
Environment changes have to do with what?
Pollen analysis(palynology)
Migration of forest species
End of the tundra herds
110
migration of forest species includes what 3 parts?
pioneers
diplacers
climax
111
the willow, alder, birch
they had rapid migration-seed dispersal
poor soils
Pioneers
112
oak, elm, linden
| heavier crown-shade out
displacers
113
spruce, hemlock, beech
| chemical warfare
climax
114
solitary animals replace herd animals red deer, boar, aroch. Fish, fowl, and nuts
End of the tundra herds
115
what did they use for technology?
bow and arrow, yew wood, transverse arrowhead, 60pound pull
116
could only be used once because they are made of stone and they will shatter after they hit a tree.
transverse arrowhead
117
6,800BP, it was a permanent site, they found 23 burials there.
Vedbaek, Denmark
118
9,500BP, they had a lot of tuna, they fished of the coast. they had abundance of food.
Franchthi, Greece
119
11,000BP know as a camp, hunting camp
Star Carr, England
120
9,000BP, not a year round site
Mount Sandel, Ireland
121
which site may have had a population of several thousand?
Poverty point
122
used as mechanisms for exchange?
Hopewell peace pipes
123
People first occupied the American Southwest around?
9000BC
124
Permanent settlements of the large, hunter-gatherer community at Ozette were possible because residents could rely on what?
abundant marine resources.
125
what are 3 ways archaeology gets done in North America?
amateurs
university research
Cultural resource
126
these people have some interest in archaeology, but do it more as a hobby.
Amateurs
127
students who go out and study a specific region(which they choose) usually paid for by grants.
University Research
128
one of the earliest skulls found in North America, 7500BC in the colombia river, wa. he is from the east asian population.
Kennewick Man
129
use to tell characteristic of the environment?and an ex is: the abundance of nuts.
seasonality
130
characteristic of a society to be where food is abundant seasonal rounds.
scheduling
131
getting food had to do with what 2 things?
Technology & Environment
132
used to catch geese(water fowl) set at the edge of the wetland.
nets
133
what makes food abundant?
Technology
134
Exploration of a wide range of plant and animal resources characteristic of many hunter gather societies that preceded the shift to agriculture.
Broad Spectrum Adaptation
135
```
-Earliest known Neolithic village.
9500 BP
- 500 ppl lived in the same site
houses are square, not round with a back storage room for dead bodies.
domesticated wheat
```
Jericho
136
regional figure found among tribal horticulturalist and pastoralist. occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. neither his wealth nor his position passes to his heirs.
Big Man
137
in between tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure.
Chiefdom
138
where do we find contemporary foragers today?
Australian Aboringines
Inuit(eskimo)
Kalahari San
139
what were 3 characteristics seen through the coping with abundance?
mobility
fission/fusion
bilateral kinship
140
Move to seasonally abundance food
Mobility
141
able to adjust group size to food abundance
| settle disputes by leaving a group, they would split apart so that they were able to find food.
fission/fusion
142
two sides, both mother and father which made it easy to move to new group.
Bilateral Kinship
143
a site that had a lot of salmon, they would filet them, put them over wood fire and dry them in order to preserve them.
Colombia River, Washington
144
another site with abundance of food, they had fish, tubers, and water fowl. 3500 BC/ 200 meters across. people were sedentary, no burials, no agriculture, and no domesticated animals.
Bayou Macon, Louisiana
145
this site had an acorn storage pit made of stone 3ftx3ft used to preserve the acorns. they also had shell midden. and it was 15,000ya
this site was sedentary, they stayed near the coast.
Jomon, Japan (hunters & Gathers)
146
this site had wild wheat fields, not a habitation site, no domesticated plants or animals. 11,500BCE
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey
147
a kind of sculpture in which shapes are carved so that they are only slightly higher than the flat background.
Ba Relief
148
the sunrise marks a special time of year, it was used to create a calendar.
Winter Solstice
149
Supersite, 1650 -750 BCE, it was 3 quarters of a mile and located in North Eastern Louisiana. Main complex is a six concentric earthern ridges form semicircle, post molds, very little pottery found but thousands of small baked clay artifacts.
Poverty Point
150
occupied after the close of the pleistocene
mesolithic Denmark/ Scandinavia
151
important archaeological site of mesolithic graveyard, contains graves of 22 males and females, shows permanent settlements. Flint knives and two zones found.
Vedbaek, Denmark
152
was marked by a grover of birch trees, found in the vedbaek area, small specialized camp for mesolithic inhabitants whose permanent homes were along the shore line.
Vaengetnord
153
composed of organic and mineral compounds and water
human bone
154
more common in corn and ocean
Carbon-13
155
focus on organic portion primarily in form of protein collagen
isotopic studies of composition of bone
156
90% of diet was marine food
greenland eskimo
157
more positive value than -20 indicate what?
a predominance of marine food in human diet
158
nitrogen used in paleo diet studies uses? variation in nitrogen isotope, largely due to the role of leguminous plants and the trophic level of organisms.
mass spectrometer
159
in usa, return to similar grounds annually, first crop grown were gourds and used as containers.
archaic hunter and gathers
160
100BCE-400AD
exchange system for goods and information
Model of a big house found, places where rituals took place. alliances of group, mutual dependence among moleties.
Hopewell, Newark Ohio
161
the high and lowest in the worlds are found here. the fertile crescent is also found here.
Southwest Asia
162
measures the reaction of carbon isotope, used in the dating of domestication of plants by using remains such as seeds.
(AMS) Accelerator mass spectrum
163
seeds you plant for the next year
seed corn
164
this was a tell site, 9250 BP, spring located on a hillside(permanent) population of 5,000, they have 4 walls and no doors, shelves and storage area where grain is kept. domesticated wheat & barley, but wild cattle. house floors used for burials. no inequality
Catalhoyuk, Turkey
165
art work of vultures in this specific area signified death in the catalhoyuk?
the west wall
166
art work of bulls in this specific area signified fertility and birth in the catalhoyuk?
the east wall
167
what were the social strategies used to solve problems?
Kinship
household
workgroups
community
168
What mediates between the base and ideology because they're not in agreement?
Structure
169
Political complexity is broken up into what 4 parts?
Part of structure
Mediates conflict
Infrastructure
Superstructure
170
Political change is seen through what?
Foragers
Villagers
Chiefdom
States
171
What are the questions that organize the lectures?
```
How do humans adjust to the end of ice age
How do they live in temperate forests
How do foragers cope with abundant food
How do recognize agriculture
Sedentism
Social inequality emerge
```
172
Ecological meddling, modifying the environment to habitat.
Cultivation
173
Genetic meddling, evidence of genetic change, human reproduction
Domestication
