Chapter 1

Question 1

The study of human past, combining the themes of time and change.

Answer 1

Archaeology

Question 2

a subdivision of geological time,millions of years long, representing units of an era.

Answer 2

Epoch

Question 3

a uniquely human means of nonbiological adaptation, a repertoire of learned behaviors for coping with the physical and social environments

Answer 3

culture

Question 4

the process of change over time resulting from shifting conditions of the physical and cultural environments, involving mechanisms of mutation and natural selection

Answer 4

Evolution

Question 5

the study of the biological nature of our nearest relatives and ourselves.

Answer 5

Biological anthropology

Question 6

the stud of living people and shared aspects of human experience.

Answer 6

cultural anthropology

Question 7

investigation that seek to answer fundamental questions about humans and human behavior

Answer 7

anthropological archaeology(prehistory)

Question 8

archaeology in combinations with the written record.

Answer 8

historical archaeology

Question 9

any object or item created or modified by human action

Answer 9

artifact

Question 10

the search for archaeological sites in the landscape through surveys and excavations.

Answer 10

fieldwork

Question 11

the accumulation of artifacts and or ecofacts, representing a place where people lived or carried out certain activities

Answer 11

Site

Question 12

a systematic search of the landscape for artifacts and sites on the ground through aerial photography, field walking, soil analysis, and geophysical prospecting.

Answer 12

Survey

Question 13

the exposure and recording of buried materials from the past.

Answer 13

excavation

Question 14

an instrument for remote sensing or prospecting for buried structures using radar maps of subsoil features.

Answer 14

ground-penetrating radar (GPR or geodar)

Question 15

Activities of plants and animals in the earth, disturbance of archaeological materials.

Answer 15

bioturbation

Question 16

a computerized surveying and mapping instrument that uses a laser beam or radio waves to measure the distance and angle between the instrument and the target and then calculates the exact position of the target.

Answer 16

total station

Question 17

the body of material and information that survives for archaeologists to study.

Answer 17

archaeological record

Question 18

the association and relationships between archaeological objects that are in the same place.

Answer 18

context

Question 19

an object found where it was originally located in antiquity, not redeposited.

Answer 19

primary context

Question 20

the place of origin for archaeological materials, including location, association, and context

Answer 20

provenience

Question 21

Any of the remains of plants, animals, sediments, or other unmodified materials that result from human activity.

Answer 21

Ecofact

Question 22

an immovable structure or layer, pit, or post in the ground having archaeological significance.

Answer 22

feature

Question 23

the study of human cultures through firsthand observation

Answer 23

ethnography

Question 24

the combination of knowledge and manufacturing techniques that enables people to convert raw materials into finished products.

Answer 24

technology

Question 25

the management and organization of the affairs of a group, community, or establishment to ensure their survival and productivity.

Answer 25

economy

Question 26

the arrangemetns between individuals and groups in human society that structure relationships and activities.

Answer 26

organization

Question 27

A term that refers to societies lacking clearly defined status differences between individuals, except for those due to sex, age or skill.

Answer 27

egalitarian

Question 28

a relationship of inequality between members of society in which status is determined by kinship relations of birth order and lineage.

Answer 28

rank

Question 29

a relationship of inequality between members of society in which status is determined by membership in a level or class.

Answer 29

Class

Question 30

referring to societies that have a graded order of inequality in ranks, statuses, or decision making

Answer 30

hierarchical

Question 31

a conceptual framework by which people structure their ideas about the order of the universe, their place that universes, and their relationship among themselves and with objects and other forms of life around them.

Answer 31

ideology

Question 32

the worldview of a group or society, encompassing their understanding of the universe, their origins and existence, and nature

Answer 32

cosmology

Question 33

a written or painted symbol that more or less portrays the represented object.

Answer 33

pictograph

Question 34

a drawing tha has been carved into rock

Answer 34

petroglyph

Question 35

an anthropological term for a spiritualist, curer, or seer.

Answer 35

shaman

Question 36

an alliance or association among some members of a society, often based on age and sex, a specific function.

Answer 36

sodality

Question 37

Archaeological investigations that seek to answer fundamental questions about humans and human behavior.

Answer 37

Anthropological Archaeology

Question 38

What is the name of the current geological era?

Answer 38

Cenozoic (comprised of 4 epochs)

Question 39

what is the name of the current geological epoch?

Answer 39

Holocene

Question 40

Archaeologist rely on information from who, prior to starting work?

Answer 40

maps local amateur archaeologist written materials historical societies

Question 41

systematic search of the landscape for artifacts and sites.

Answer 41

Archaeological Survey

Question 42

what do archaeologist do once a site has been located?

Answer 42

dig test pits or bore for samples of sediments before

Question 43

what is done when a site is threatened by modern construction?

Answer 43

a rescue excavation

Question 44

what are types of informations derived from fieldwork?

Answer 44

artifacts ecofacts features sites

Question 45

what are the 4 subfields of anthropology?

Answer 45

1. Cultural Anthropology 2. Biologicial Anthropology 3. Linguistic Anthropology 4. Archaeology

Question 46

Fieldwork: participant observation, culture shock, ethnography & ethnology

Answer 46

Cultural Anthropology

Question 47

Fieldwork: Human Biological variation, human evolution, primatology, human growth & development, and behavior, health & disease.

Answer 47

Biological Anthropology

Question 48

Fieldwork: human linguistic variation, historical linguistics, evolution of language, ethnography of speech, socio-linguistics.

Answer 48

Linguistic Anthropology

Question 49

This maps the relationship and change in languages through time?

Answer 49

Historical Linguistic

Question 50

Fieldwork: cultural history, reconstruct past life ways, study culture process, pattern of long term social change.

Answer 50

Anthropological Archaeology

Question 51

A behavior that is learned and shared?

Answer 51

Culture

Question 52

Culture is?

Answer 52

a way of thinking ways of feeling way of acting

Question 53

this means "to circumnavigate humankind"- Eric Wolf

Answer 53

The goal of anthropology

Question 54

the study of all dimensions of human behavior.

Answer 54

Holistic

Question 55

the study of all forms of human society.

Answer 55

Global

Question 56

the study of the characteristics of various peoples and the differences and relationships between them.

Answer 56

Ethnology

Question 57

The earliest human ancestors are now thought to be how old?

Answer 57

6 million years ago

Question 58

The first tools and other artifacts date back to when?

Answer 58

2.6 mya

Question 59

the order of animals that includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans. we are part of it because we have grasping hands, flexible limbs, and highly developed sense of vision.

Answer 59

primate

Question 60

the taxonomic group that includes the human and ape members of the primates, both fossil and modern forms we are part of it because of our teeth, the absence of a tail and swinging arms.

Answer 60

hominoidea

Question 61

When did the first primates exist?

Answer 61

65mya at the beginning of the ceozoic geological era.

Question 62

how do archaeologist study culture?

Answer 62

through fieldwork, they use participant observation, the observe members of a society and attempt to participate in that society.

Question 63

what are the 3 parts of culture?

Answer 63

1. infrastructure 2. superstructure 3. structure

Question 64

who was the first hominin discovered?

Answer 64

Lucy, female-small in stature, small brain and about 20yrs old when she died.

Question 65

Base or physical world you live in, the material conditions of social life.

Answer 65

infrastructure

Question 66

Ideology, the way you explain the social world to yourself. understanding of the world. The system of meaning.

Answer 66

Superstructure

Question 67

The pattern of social life, societies are made up with patterns and expectations.

Answer 67

Structure

Question 68

The first intact skull was discovered when and where?

Answer 68

In 1994 in the Hadar Region, known as the Australopithecus Afarensis- dating to 3mya. It confirmed the upright posture.

Question 69

having more than one mate

Answer 69

polygynous

Question 70

what are the 3 distinctions of being human?

Answer 70

1. upright posture 2. a large brain 3. tool use

Question 71

the first period of human prehistory, extending from the time of the first tools, more than 2.5mya, until the end of the pleistocene, 10kya.

Answer 71

Paleolithic

Question 72

the period of time of early farmers with domesticated plants and animals, polished stone tools, permanent villages, and often pottery.

Answer 72

Neolithic

Question 73

a cold episode of the pleistocene, also called an ice age.

Answer 73

glacial

Question 74

a warm period of the pleistocene

Answer 74

interglacial

Question 75

the expansion of continental glacial ice during a period of cold climate.

Answer 75

glaciation

Question 76

the ratio of different isotopes of oxygen in ocean water, varying with the temperature of the water.

Answer 76

oxygen isotope ratio

Question 77

a term describing the phenomenon considered to be the prime reason for glacial fluctuations and climate change.

Answer 77

Milakovitch forcing

Question 78

term for any human or ape, past or present characterized by teeth shape, absence of tail, and free swinging arms.

Answer 78

Hominoid

Question 79

term for human, chimpanzee, & gorilla members of primates, both fossils & living forms.

Answer 79

Hominin

Question 80

Old term sometimes used for humans and bipedal ancestors

Answer 80

Hominid

Question 81

The oldest fossils

Answer 81

adipitheus

Question 82

allow us to establish sequence of events

Answer 82

relative dates

Question 83

a large, tear drop shaped stone tool bifacially flaked to a point at one end and a broader base at the other.

Answer 83

handaxe

Question 84

a manufacturing process involving the removal (as opposed to the addition) of materials from a core that becomes the finished product

Answer 84

reduction technique

Question 85

a major archaeological culture of the lower paleolithic, named after the st. Achel in France.

Answer 85

Acheulean

Question 86

a percussion technique for making stone tools by striking one stone, or core, with another stone or hammer

Answer 86

hard-hammer technique

Question 87

a flintknapping technique that involves the use of a hammer of bone, antler, or wood, rather than stone.

Answer 87

soft-hammer technique

Question 88

a tool with a broad leading edge.

Answer 88

cleaver

Question 89

a stone tool with right-angle edges used for planing and engraving.

Answer 89

burin

Question 90

a term used for assemblages from the lower paleolithic, lacking handles and characterized by large flakes with heavy retouching and notches.

Answer 90

Clactonian

Question 91

a trace left on bone by a stone or metal tool used in butchering a carcass,

Answer 91

cutmark

Question 92

when did the first primates appear?

Answer 92

65mya

Question 93

The first early group to leave Africa?

Answer 93

Homo erectus

Question 94

where was the first family discovered?

Answer 94

Hadar

Question 95

The half-life of potassium-argon is?

Answer 95

1.3 Billion years

Question 96

Fossilized footprints dating to 3.6 m.y.a. were found at

Answer 96

laetoli

Question 97

One of the most prominent features at Swartkrans is the presence of

Answer 97

Breccia

Question 98

The Leakey family is most closely associated with which of the following sites?

Answer 98

Olduavi

Question 99

Kenyanthropus platyops would best be classified as

Answer 99

Hominin

Question 100

What is the name of the famous prehistoric site in East Africa where the Zinj specimen was discovered in 1959?

Answer 100

Olduavi

Question 101

When did the first human ancestors appear outside of Africa?

Answer 101

about 2mya

Question 102

The stone tools typically associated with Homo erectus are referred to as

Answer 102

Lower Paleolithic

Question 103

Eugene Dubois discovered Homo erectus specimens in

Answer 103

Java

Question 104

The most recent glacial stage is known as the

Answer 104

Wurm

Question 105

Where are the hominid fossil Zhoukoudian remains today?

Answer 105

Lost while being transported from china to US

Question 106

Why did human ancestors settle in Asia long before settling in Europe?

Answer 106

Europe may have been too cold

Question 107

The earliest site in Europe dates to

Answer 107

1.2 mya

Question 108

Sima de los Huesos and Gran Dolina are layers from which important site?

Answer 108

Atapuerca

Question 109

Acheulean handaxes were basically used for

Answer 109

Cutting, sawing, digging, bashing

Question 110

The brain size of Homo erectus was approximately?

Answer 110

1000cc

Question 111

Homo heidelbergensis is the designation used for early occupants of?

Answer 111

Europe

Question 112

Individuals were intentionally placed here after they died.

Answer 112

in Sima de los Huesos at Atapuerca

Question 113

The name given to the assemblages of early pebble tools and flakes belonging to the Basal Paleo lithic, derived from Olduvai.

Answer 113

Oldowan

Question 114

An absolute dating technique based on the principle of decay of the radioactive isotope of potassium, 40K. Also called potassium-argon dating.

Answer 114

Radiopotassium dating

Question 115

In archaeology, a manufacturing process involving the removal (as opposed to the addition) of materials from a core that becomes the finished product.

Answer 115

reduction technique

Question 116

A technique used to estimate the antiquity of archaeological materials, generally based on association with materials of known age or simply to say that one item is younger or older than another.

Answer 116

relative dating

Question 117

The similarities and differences

Answer 117

Comparative

Question 118

what are the three goals of anthropology?

Answer 118

1. holistic 2. Globla 3. Comparative