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Archaeology > Chpt 1- Final > Flashcards

Chpt 1- Final Flashcards

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1
Q

a uniquely human means of nonbiological adaptation, a repertoire of learned behaviors for coping with the physical and social environments

A

Culture

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2
Q

What are the three parts of culture?

A
  1. infrastructure
  2. superstructure
  3. structure
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3
Q

What are the three goals of Anthropology?

A
  1. holistic
  2. Global
  3. Comparative
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4
Q

what are the 4 subfields of Anthropology?

A
  1. Cultural Anthropology
  2. Biologicial Anthropology
  3. Linguistic Anthropology
  4. Archaeology
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5
Q

Fieldwork: participant observation, culture shock, ethnography & ethnology

A

Cultural Anthropology

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6
Q

Fieldwork: Human Biological variation, human evolution, primatology, human growth & development, and behavior, health & disease.

A

Biological Anthropology

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7
Q

Fieldwork: human linguistic variation, historical linguistics, evolution of language, ethnography of speech, socio-linguistics.

A

Linguistic Anthropology

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8
Q

Fieldwork: cultural history, reconstruct past life ways, study culture process, pattern of long term social change.

A

Anthropological Archaeology

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9
Q

The study of human past, combining the themes of time and change.

A

Archaeology

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10
Q

any object or item created or modified by human action

A

Artifact

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11
Q

a basic law of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. - Law of things on top

A

The Law of Superposition

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12
Q

Potassium-Argon Dating Potassium-Argon dating is the only viable technique for dating very old archaeological materials. Geologists have used this method to date rocks as much as 4 billion years old. It is based on the fact that some of the radioactive isotope of Potassium, Potassium-40 (K-40) ,decays to the gas Argon as Argon-40 (Ar-40). By comparing the proportion of K-40 to Ar-40 in a sample of volcanic rock, and knowing the decay rate of K-40, the date that the rock formed can be determined.

A

Potassium -Argon Dating
40-K/40AR
half life- that breaks down into Argon

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13
Q

term for any human or ape, past or present characterized by teeth shape, absence of tail, and free swinging arms.

A

Hominoid

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14
Q

term for human, chimpanzee, & gorilla members of primates, both fossils & living forms.

A

Hominin

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15
Q

Old term sometimes used for humans and bipedal ancestors

A

Hominid

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16
Q

What are the biological skeletal differences between a general quadruped and a hominin biped?

A

The skeletal is designed for upright walking.
They walk on two legs as opposed to 4.
The brain is larger, we have a pronounced nose, small flat teeth and lack the large pronouncing canines. we lack fur and have more sweat glands than hair follicles.

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17
Q

the characteristics of being human.

A

upright posture
larger brains
short and broad ilium on humans/ long and narrow on chimpanzee
the use of tools

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18
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

4.2 -2.8mya- Hadar Omo Laetoli(site)
Cranial Cap- 380-500cc/ average was 400cc
3’6 at 50lb for female/ 100lb for males
large teeth, pointed canines, hint of crest
long arms, short thumbs, curved fingers and toes-bipedal.

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19
Q

is relatively rare. This is the form of bipedalism that is assumed as a regular (i.e., habitual) means of locomotion. Today, only humans and birds demonstrate habitual bipedalism. However, many early hominins (i.e., a classification term that includes modern humans and all their bipedal fossil relatives) show a combination of characteristics that indicate both habitual bipedalism and some arboreal behavior.

A

Habitual Biped

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20
Q

Suspensory behavior, exhibited by primates and sloths, is a form of arboreal locomotion or a feeding behavior which involves hanging or suspension of the body below or among the branches, rather than moving or sitting on top of the branches.

A

Arboreal Behavior

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21
Q

a method of assigning archaeological dates in calendar years so that an age in actual number of years is know or can be estimated. allows us to speak about how long ago events took place.

A

absolute dating

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22
Q

allows us to establish sequence of events, but don’t permit us to speak of duration, so no superposition, or cross-dating, magnetic reversal

A

relative dating

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23
Q

the oldest fossils

A

ardipitheus

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24
Q

how do we date sediments containing fossils?

A

arcaheofaunal dating and chronological type artifacts

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25
an absolute dating technique based on the principle of decay of the radioactive isotope of potassium, also know as potassium-argon dating.
radiopotassium dating
26
A type of stone artifact produced by removing a piece from a core through chipping.
Flake
27
The process of making chipped stone artifacts; the striking of stone with a hard or soft hammer.
Flintknapping
28
A large, teardrop-shaped stone tool bifacially flaked to a point at one end and a broader base at the other.
handaxe
29
The mineralized bone of an extinct animal.
Fossil
30
The human method of locomotion, walking on two legs.
Bipedalism
31
what was the first evidence of cultural behavior?
Stone tool use
32
Oldest Stone tool was found where?
Gona River Region- Ethiopia- 2.6-2.5 mya | Dikika Site, a bone with a stone tool cut marks
33
Flakes and cores are how old?
2.5mya
34
the name given to the assemblages of early pebble tools and flakes belonging to the basal paleolithic, derived from Olduvai.
Oldowan 2.5-1.6mya
35
how do you recognize tools?
by the way they are shaped, you could see that flakes were removed
36
what were the tools used for?
cutting through skin of the animal, breaking things
37
hard rock, doesn't break easily- 1.66mya China
Hammer Stone
38
were found in Kenya, 2.3 mya
Core & Flake tools
39
1.8 may in Olduvai Gorge
Chopper Tool- they turn the stone over a few times, instead of just getting all of the flakes from one side.
40
Found in Kenya, 1.6mya fossil of 10yr old or 12yrold | Homo-erectus aka Homoergaster. was one of the most complete fossil skeletons found. Cranial Cap was 800cc
Nariokotome Skeleton used to be known as the Turkana Boy
41
``` Trunk shape, Narrow hips, human like proportions, Longer legs Shorter arms Straighter fingers 800 CC Cranial Capacity allometric increase adult height was 6''1 ```
Commitment to Terrestrial life
42
many different species is known as what?
Bush evolution
43
Found in Africa
Homo ergaster
44
Found in Asia
Homo erectus
45
Found in Europe
Homo antecesor
46
A tool found 1.7mya, like a swiss army know, used for everything- cutting bone, leather, meat, digging...
Acheulean handaxe
47
the oldest acheulean handaxes are found where?
Konso- gardula in ethiopia 1.9mya
48
1.7mya, oldowan tools, highly variable were found in what site?
Dmanisi, Georgia
49
170ft down to the bottom of the surface, large cave site,800kya, excavated in the 20's, the presence of homo-erectus- 40 individuals were found,what site is this?
Zhoukoudian, China
50
``` Gran Dolena -780 kya Flake retouch Animal remains with cut marks Pigs, deer, horses, bison Skeletal remains with cut marks! At least 6 individuals ```
Atapuerca, Spain
51
400kya, wooden throwing spears, works a javalant, had group hunts, was a below a cold deposit.
Schoningen, Germany
52
``` 1.8 mya to 600 kya 65% of modern size After 600 kya 90% of modern Brains are expensive 2% of mass 20% of energy ```
Brain Size
53
``` Not cave Vertical shaft 13 m drop 32 individuals 1390 cc largest Culture? they had rituals The red handaxe ```
Sima de los Huesos
54
``` 0 greater than 35 2 – age 26 - 34 10 – age 20 – 25 17 – age11 – 19 3 – age <10 ```
Sima de los Huesos
55
``` Homo antecessor: 800kya Homo heidelbergensis: 500 kya Homo neanderthalensis: 250 kya What happens? Homo sapiens sapiens 45 kya ```
The Neanderthal Side Trip-European Hominins
56
250 kya | mean 1620 cc cranial capacity
Homo neanderthalensis
57
Homo neanderthalensis: 250 kya used what kind of technique to carve their tools?
Levallois technique – Prepared Core | Tools made by flaking large flakes
58
Homo neanderthalensis: 250 kya the flakes become the basis of this tool.
Mousterian Tools
59
Homo neanderthalensis: 250 kya | Shanidar(iran) Cave – 80 kya
Burials site
60
Homo neanderthalensis: 250 Kya
Language: with it you have efficient communication Brain: Anatomy:
61
Culuturally modern defined by:
1. infrastructure:base 2.Structure: social pattern 3. Superstructure: Ideology when all these aspects are clearly present thats when its behaviorally modern.
62
Infrastructure has to do with what?
1. Environment 2. Technology 3. Demogrpahy
63
What is the spear thrower/ dart?
Atl.atl
64
The technique used to move into new areas?
Punch blade -technology
65
Evidence of clothes was found here?
Sungir,Russia 23,000BP
66
Foraging societies had what 3 points?
1. Low population density- 1 person/500km 2. Small groups- 25 to 50 ppl in then settlement 3. Birth spacing- 3-4 yrs apart/ used breast feeding as contraception
67
How many foragers must stay in. Contact in order to be demographically viable?
500
68
What was the kiln used for?
To make shapes
69
Where did they find work groups?
Dolni vestonke, Czech Republic
70
Where did they find amber beads, fur, marine shells
Mezirich, Ukraine
71
Art work found all around Africa, Europe, Russia that were representation of the women?
Venus figurine - kostenki
72
Requires micrograms of carbon
Accelerator dating
73
Allows us to correct radio carbon dates? Tree ring dating Calibrated dates
Dendrochronology
74
Where they found limestone cliffs
Dordogne region, France
75
Where they found the sale des taureaux ( room of the bulls)
Lascaux 14,000bP
76
What are the 5 punctuations?
1. Initial bipedalism 2. stone tool use 3. Commitment to terrestrial life 4. Increased brain size 5. fully cultural

Archaeology (4 decks)

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