Art COPY COPY Flashcards by Dylan Tran

This field of study centers on the
social, cultural, and economic
backgrounds of a work of art.

art history

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This historical discipline is closely
linked with anthropology, history,
and sociology.

art history

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This philosophical field centers on
the expression of beauty.

aesthetics

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Art criticism uses this tool to explain
current art events to the public.

press

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Tattoos are an example of this type
of art.

body art

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This method of art analysis centers
on the visual aspects of the artwork.

formal analysis

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Formal analysis requires excellency
in these two skills.

observation and description

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This method of art analysis
examines the context of an artwork
for understanding.

contextual analysis

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Art historians using this method
would analyze matters such as the
physical location and cost of an
artwork.

contextual analysis

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Art historians emphasize this type of
development when analyzing a work
of art.

chronological

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This method of art study compares
two artworks to understand stylistic
differences between them.

comparative

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This method of examination is highly
preferred by historians when first
analyzing an artwork.

direct examination

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Art historians cannot accurately
examine the scale and three-
dimensional properties of this artistic
style in reproductions.

sculpture

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Art historians will consult these two
draft materials to further their
analysis.

sketches and preparatory
models

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Art historians use this method of
study for cultures that have a more
oral history.

interviews

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Art historians can study masquerade
traditions in this location.

West Africa

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Art history as an academic discipline
emerged in this century.

mid-eighteenth

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This ancient Roman historian
analyzed historical art in his work
Natural History.

Pliny the Elder

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Pliny the Elder created this text that
examined historical and
contemporary art.

Natural History

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This Renaissance artist compiled
biographies of Italian artists in The
Lives of the Artist.

Giorgio Vasari

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This German scholar focused on
stylistic development and historical
context.

Johann Joachim
Winckelmann

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Feminist historians claim that
traditional art history focused on this
demographic.

white men

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Art history has included these three
ideologies in recent years.

Marxism, feminism, and
psychoanalytic methods

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Art historians consider these three
materials to be enduring.

stone, metal, and fired clay

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Art historians consider these two materials to be perishable.

wood and fibers

This coastal North African country has the ideal conditions for art preservation.

Egypt

Egypt’s climate has these conditions which make it favorable for art preservation.

hot and dry

The humid climate of this region of Africa makes art preservation very difficult.

West Africa

Art in the sites of these two regions of the Americas is largely unexplored.

Central and South America

Cave paintings in this cave are considered the one of the oldest works of art.

Chauvet Cave

Chauvet Cave paintings date from this period.

Old Stone Age

These two materials were used to depict animals in the Chauvet Cave.

ochre and charcoal

Art in the Lascaux and Altamira caves depicts these five animals.

horses, bears, lions, bison, and mammoths

Female figures in the Old Stone Age tended to have exaggerated characteristics in these three areas.

bellies, breasts, and pubic

This Old Stone Age statue exemplifies the stone female figure of the era.

Venus (or Woman) of Willendorf

The Venus of Willendorf is this height.

four and one-eighth inches

Cave dwellers tended to relocate from their caves in this stone age.

Middle Stone Age

This subject of rock shelter paintings differentiates them from cave paintings.

humans

Art historians date formations of rings of rough-hewn stones to as early as this time.

4000 BCE

Megaliths could measure up to this height.

seventeen feet

Megaliths could weigh up to this amount.

fifty tons

Art historians coined this word to describe “great stones”.

megaliths

This location features one of the most well-known megalith arrangements.

Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England

This form of sandstone is used to create the rings of Stonehenge.

sarsen

The heel-stone of Stonehenge is in this direction.

northeast

Many surviving artifacts have come from these three structures.

burial chambers, caves, and tombs

Mesopotamian civilizations arose between these two rivers.

Tigris and Euphrates

Sumerian life revolved around this cultural feature.

religion

This term refers to the stepped pyramids of Sumerian.

ziggurats

This ruler conquered the cities of Sumer around 2334 BCE.

Sargon of Akkad

Rather than centering around a king, Akkadian culture was based on this entity.

city-state

The Guti ruled over Mesopotamia for this number of years.

fifty

Ziggurats primarily served as these institutions.

temples

This ruler led the city-state of Babylonia around 1800 BCE.

Hammurabi

This Babylonian law is the oldest legal code in human history.

Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi is preserved in this museum.

Louvre Museum

Hammurabi claimed inspiration from this god when creating the Code of Hammurabi.

Shamash

The Assyrians dominated this geographical era during the rise of Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations.

North Mesopotamia

Assyrian artwork mostly took the form of this artistic style.

relief carvings

The ziggurat of the temple of Bel is known by this name.

Ishtar Gate

The Persian Empire ruled in this present-day country.

Iran

The palace at Persepolis includes these three materials.

stone, brick, and wood

This civilization created the portrait head of Queen Nefertiti.

Ancient Egyptian

This art style bases the relative sizes of objects based on status.

hierarchical scale

This Egyptian relic demonstrates hierarchical scale.

Palette of King Narmer

King Narmer holds this part of a fallen enemy in the Palette of King Narmer.

hair

This art style represents figures so that each body part is clearly visible.

fractional representation

This Egyptian king’s tomb remained intact until 1922.

Tutankhamun

These two types of materials decorated King Tutankhamun’s tomb.

blue glass and semiprecious stones

The kingdom of Nubia is in this direction in relation to Egypt.

south

These three major cultures thrived on the Aegean Island.

Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean

The art of this culture featured simplified, geometric nude female figures.

Cycladic

This culture replaced the Cycladic culture on the island of Crete.

Minoan

The Minoans were primarily known for this artistic style.

naturalistic pictorial

These three qualities characterized Minoan palaces.

light, flexible, and organic

This ancient Greek culture was skilled in creating elaborate tombs and relief sculptures.

Mycenaean

Greeks in the Archaic Period created sculptures using these two materials.

marble and limestone

This style of Greek vase featured figures set against a floral background.

Corinthian

Early Classic Period sculpture is significant for these three characteristics.

solemnity, strength, and simplicity

This Greek term means “counter positioning”.

contrapposto

This Greek pose features a standing figure with its weight shifted to one leg.

contrapposto

This Middle Classical structure was restored in 447 BCE.

Parthenon

This Greek period mixed Greek styles with those of Asia Minor.

Hellenistic

These two freestanding sculptures exemplified the Hellenistic Period.

Venus de Milo and Laocoon Group

This civilization’s art mixes Greek and Roman styles.

Etruscan

In Etruscan ceramic models, temple roofs have these two characteristics.

tiled and gabled

Many Etruscan paintings depict figures doing these two activities.

playing music and dancing

The Romans were one of the first civilizations to make advances in these two civic design areas.

architecture and engineering

Roman discovery of this material greatly advanced the field of architecture.

concrete

The Romans used this architectural form to build bridges and aqueducts.

curved arch

The Colosseum and the Pantheon are engineering marvels of this civilization.

Roman

Roman relief sculptures frequently portrayed these two subjects.

emperors and military victories

This style often characterized Roman funerary sculptures.

idealistic

Byzantium is best known for this type of art.

mosaic

Art historians are particularly interested in studying the mosaics of this Italian city.

Ravenna

This piece of Byzantine architecture is considered one of the great architectural works in history.

Hagia Sophia

This group preserved most of the art of the medieval period.

Church

In the medieval era, only these two social classes had formal education.

noble and clergy

The Book of Kells and the Coronation Gospels are examples of this type of medieval art.

illuminated manuscripts

Nomadic Germans of the early medieval period were known for this art form.

metalwork

Medieval German metalwork was most notable for these three characteristics.

abstract, decorative, and geometric

This medium was central to Viking art.

wood

This term refers to the combination of Viking, Anglo-Saxon England and Celtic Ireland artistic styles.

Hiberno-Saxon

This architectural style refers to the use of Roman arches in medieval churches.

Romanesque

The church of Saint-Sernin is in this French city.

Toulouse

This arch-shaped architectural structure is used as a ceiling or support for a roof.

vault

This type of vault is a tunnel of arches in Romanesque churches.

barrel

This European art style was popular from the twelfth century to the sixteenth century.

Gothic

This architectural feature provided an upward sense to Gothic interiors.

pointed arches

This type of vault is a framework of thin stone ribs or arches.

ribbed

Gothic architects developed this technique to counteract the downward and outward pressures of the barrel vault arches.

flying buttresses

This French Gothic cathedral exemplifies the flying buttress.

Chartres Cathedral

This artist mastered the transition between the Gothic and Renaissance styles.

Giotto di Bondone

Giotto di Bondone used this type of perspective in his works.

simple

Giotto di Bondone specialized in this art form.

frescoes

This Renaissance development led to accumulation of fortunes by wealthy families.

paper money

This often-condescending term referred to painters and sculptors prior to the Renaissance.

artisans

In 1401, this artist won the city of Florence’s competition to design the doors for the new baptistery.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Lorenzo Ghiberti depicted this biblical event in his door panel design.

sacrifice of Isaac

Michelangelo referred to Ghiberti’s second set of doors by this name.

Gates of Paradise

This artist first developed linear perspective.

Filippo Brunelleschi

The painter Masaccio used these two perspectives in his frescoes.

linear and aerial

This Renaissance artist is considered the founder of modern sculpture.

Donatello

Donatello is best known for this bronze statue.

David

This painting is Botticelli’s best- known work.

The Birth of Venus

These two Renaissance artists are considered models for the “Renaissance Man”

Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo

These two Leonardo di Vinci paintings are considered icons of modern culture.

The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa

Leonardo di Vinci pioneered this painting technique.

sfumato

“Sfumato” stems from this root word.

fumo

Michelangelo created this marble sculpture as part of a contest in Florence.

David

Michelangelo’s David was sculpted out of this material.

marble

This Pope asked Michelangelo to design his tomb in 1505.

Julius II

Michelangelo sculpted these three statues for the Pope.

Moses, The Dying Slave, and The Bound Slave

This papal action was one of the biggest disappointments of Michelangelo’s career.

cancellation of the commission to design the Pope’s tomb

Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to decorate the ceiling of this chapel.

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo spent this number of years to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. four

four

The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel covers this number of square yards.

seven hundred

This artist was considered Raphael Sanzio’s older rival.

Michelangelo

Raphael painted this fresco as tribute to the great Greek philosophers and scientists.

School of Athens

The Sistine Madonna depicts this biblical character.

Virgin Mary

This Giorgione painting featured the landscape as the subject of the painting.

The Tempest

This artist is considered to have been the greatest colorist of the Renaissance.

Titian Vecelli

These two objects are examples of Titian’s the backdrop elements.

column and curtain

Tintoretto is often associated with this artistic style.

Mannerism

This artistic technique refers to dramatic contrasts between light and dark.

chiaroscuro

This sixteenth-century religious event greatly influenced art of the time.

Reformation

Dominikos Theotokopoulos is commonly known by this nickname.

El Greco

El Greco moved from Italy to this location in 1576.

Toledo, Spain

The detail of Northern Renaissance artists could be described with this adjective.

realistic

The realistic detail of northern European artists was mainly due to the use of this new medium.

oil paints

These two figures are considered the greatest artists of the Northern Renaissance.

Matthias Grünewald and Albrecht Dürer

This number of Grünewald’s works still exist today.

ten

Grünewald depicted this biblical event in the Isenheim Altarpiece.

Christ’s crucifixion

The Isenheim Altarpiece consisted of this number of panels.

nine

Albrecht Dürer created this woodcut in 1498.

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

This artist is one of the greatest Renaissance portraitists.

Hans Holbein the Younger

Holbein was a court painter to this English king.

Henry VIII

This artistic period included artwork from the late sixteenth century through the mid-eighteenth century.

Baroque

The ruling class in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries believed their power to be this type of right.

divine

This Austrian ruler dominated the lives of her subjects during the Baroque era.

Maria Theresa

This Enlightenment thinker documented the social inequality of the Baroque era.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The name of this art period alludes to the rich colors and great ornamentation of the art of the period.

baroque

Baroque painters used this technique to make subjects appear to be in the spotlight.

chiaroscuro

This Baroque painter was widely known for his dramatic contrasts of light and dark.

Caravaggio

Caravaggio was from this country.

Italy

This term often refers to Caravaggio’s extreme contrasts of dark and light.

caravaggesque

Caravaggio often depicted these two biblical figures.

Virgin Mary and apostles

This female artist was one of the most prominent Baroque artists.

Artemisia Gentileschi

Artemisia Gentileschi often painted these two subjects.

herself and Old Testament women

The Pope recognized this Baroque artist at the age of seventeen.

Gianlorenzo Bernini

This artwork is considered Bernini’s most important masterpiece.

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa stands in the altar of this chapel.

Cornaro Chapel

Peter Paul Rubens established a huge workshop in this location.

Flanders

This 1642 portrait is considered Rembrandt van Rijn’s best-known work.

The Night Watch

This ruler built the grand palace at Versailles in 1669.

Louis XIV

This system refers to Louis XIV’s method of selecting artists to support.

Salon

This court painter served the Spanish court of King Philip IV.

Diego Velázquez

This subsequent artistic style is considered an extension of the Baroque period.

Rococo

Rococo works emphasized these ideas.

gaiety, romance, and frivolity

Jean-Antoine Watteau is considered the creator of this genre of painting.

fête galante

Madame Pompadour favored this Rococo painter.

François Boucher

This artist studied with Boucher and found favor with Madame Pompadour.

Jean Honoré Fragonard

This 1789 revolution emphasized democratic ideals that the artwork of the time reflected.

French Revolution

This artistic style represented a revival in classical Greek and Roman art.

Neoclassicism

Jacques-Louis David painted this work that demonstrated republic values.

Oath of the Horatii

This artist painted Oath of the Horatii in 1784.

Jacques-Louis David

David became a dedicated painter to this leader.

Napoleon Bonaparte

This pupil of Jacques-Louis David was also a prominent Neoclassical artist.

Jean-Dominique Ingres

Jean-Dominique Ingres demonstrated these four Neoclassical characteristics.

sharp outlines, unemotional figures, geometric composition, and rational order

This artistic style shared characteristics with the emotional Baroque style but with a differing subject matter.

Romanticism

This Romantic artist was considered Ingres’s rival.

Eugène Delacroix

Romantic artists valued this idea over reason.

feeling

These two artists also exemplified the Romantic style.

Théodore Gericault and William Blake

This artistic style was considered a reaction to Neoclassicism and Romanticism.

Realism

This Realist artist showed a painting of ordinary workmen repairing a road at the Salon.

Gustave Courbet

Gustave Courbet created this conventional painting beginning in 1849.

The Stonebreakers

The Stonebreakers alluded to the series of revolutions in Europe that began in this year.

1848

These two artists frequently used the Realist style.

Honoré Daumier and Jean François Millet

This artistic style developed from dissatisfaction with the rules of the Salon.

Impressionism

This artist is considered to be the first Impressionist.

Édouard Manet

Manet included this painting in the Salon des Refusés in 1863.

Luncheon on the Grass

The woman in the Luncheon on the Grass is in this state of dress.

nude

This 1872 Monet work gave Impressionism its name.

Impression, Sunrise

Impressionist artists captured this type of stroke to capture quickly changing light.

rapid

Paul Cézanne attempted to redefine art in terms of this artistic element.

form

This artistic element unified most Post-Impressionists.

color

This artist emphasized the scientific rules regarding colors.

Georges Seurat

Vincent van Gogh focused on capturing the light in this region of France.

southern France

Van Gogh believed that artist’s colors should portray this feature of life.

inner human emotion

Paul Gauguin spent time in this profession before pursuing art.

stockbroker

Gauguin traveled to this location in pursuit of more intense colors and an “unschooled” style.

Tahiti

Edgar Degas utilized this type of perspective in his work.

Japanese-like

This group of artists mixed Romantic, archaic, and moralistic elements to create a unique style.

Pre-Raphaelites

This artistic style featured leaves and flowers with flowing and curvy lines.

Art Nouveau

Post-Impressionists that emphasized arbitrary color were given this name.

fauves

These two artists collaborated to pioneer Cubism.

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque

Cubists drew inspiration from the art of this continent.

Africa

Die Brücke consisted of these two artists.

Ernst Ludwig and Emil Nolde

This artistic style refers to when the inner functions of the mind can be seen in a work of art.

Expressionism

Piet Mondrian utilizes this type of canvas consisting of primary color.

De Stijl

The Barnes Foundation arranged this major display of modern art in 1913.

Armory Show

This Marcel Duchamp artwork appeared at the Armory Show.

Nude Descending a Staircase

These two adjectives describe the figures in Brancusi’s The Kiss.

abstracted and block-like

This New York City neighborhood became a hub for African-American innovation during the 1920s.

Harlem

This post-World War I movement arose from disillusionment with the war.

Dada

Duchamp’s LHOOQ in 1919 was a reproduction of this famous artwork.

Mona Lisa

This category of art created by Duchamp refers to ordinary objects with new contexts.

ready-mades

The theories of this psychologist influenced Surrealists.

Sigmund Freud

This school of design developed in Germany between the First and Second World Wars

Bauhaus

This graphic artist and designer of the Bauhaus faculty travelled to the United States to teach.

Josef Albers

Government-sponsored art during World War II mainly served for this purpose.

propaganda

This 1940s style of art emphasized direct feelings, dramatic colors, and sweeping brushstrokes.

Abstract Expressionism

These types of Abstract Expressionist paintings consisted of broad areas of color and simple geometric forms.

Color Field paintings

These two artists are well-known for their color field paintings.

Mark Rothko and Josef Albers

Jasper John’s work often included these four common elements.

flags, numbers, maps, and letters

This twentieth-century artist created sculptures from objects around him and coined them “combines”.

Robert Rauschenberg

Rauschenberg created this work in 1959 featuring many “found” items.

Monogram

This style of art included images of mass culture in the 1960s.

Pop Art

This pop artist recreated comic book imagery on a large-scale using patterns of dots.

Roy Lichtenstein

This artistic style focused on simple form and monochromatic colors.

Minimalism

Dan Flavin used this medium in his minimalist works.

neon tubing

This version of realism emphasizes a sharp focus on the subject.

Photorealism

This artist famously worked with Christo to create environmental art.

Jeanne-Claude

Christo built a cloth fence in California that was this number of miles long.

twenty-four

This performance art group utilizes guerrilla-warfare tactics to fight against the art world they see as dominated by white men.

Guerrilla Girls

The Guerrilla Girls wear these types of masks to conceal their identities.

gorilla

Architect Philip Johnson is a proponent of this art style.

Postmodernism

Philip Johnson was at one time considered one of the leading modern architects of this style.

International Style

Philip Johnson added a finial for decoration to this building.

the AT&T building (1984), now 550 Madison Avenue

This Bauhaus idea dominated architecture before Philip Johnson and the International Style.

form follows function

The remains of painted wares from China date back to approximately this date.

the fourth millennium BCE

This person was the first to unite the Chinese kingdom.

the Emperor of Qin

The sculptures the Emperor of Qin had created of his soldiers were made of this material. clay

The dynasties succeeding Qin were known for these types of artworks.

bronze statues and ceremonial vessels

This dynasty is often referred to as the Chinese Golden Age.

Tang Dynasty

Art historians still do not understand this aspect of the intricately designed vessels from ancient China.

the methods of casting

Traditional Chinese art placed a high value on this type of drawing.

ink drawings

After the communist revolution in China, art was primarily used for this purpose.

political propaganda

India has more than this number of spoken languages and dialects.

1,600

This ancient civilization influenced images of Buddha in India.

Greece

Indian art shows influence from these two religions.

Buddhism and Hinduism

Images from India show this god dancing with multiple arms.

Shiva

This major religion influenced the art of both Japan and China.

Buddhism

During the Impressionist movement, Japan sent a group of artists to this country.

France

The Japanese artists that returned from France introduced these three artistic techniques to Japan.

linear perspective and the colors and subjects of Impressionism

Japan is best known in the Western world for this type of art.

printmaking

Artists from this country imitated Japanese prints in the late nineteenth century.

France

This part of Africa is incorporated into the history of Western art.

northern Africa

Some of the oldest examples of African art are cave paintings from this country.

Namibia

The Nok civilization had an influence on later groups such as this one, most numerous in Nigeria.

Yoruba

This cultural group created the Benin Kingdom.

the Edo people

The Benin king has this title.

the oba

The Benin Kingdom made this type of art for ancestral altars.

bronze portrait heads

During this year, the British destroyed or confiscated many artworks from the Benin Kingdom.

1897

Many artworks from Africa are made from these two perishable materials.

fiber and wood

Western colonists used to see African artworks as symbols of this religious idea and destroyed them as a result.

paganism

The functionality of African art challenges this Western art idea.

art for art’s sake

African cultural groups such as these two are well-known for their masks.

the Dan and the Bwa

Oceania is the name for the thousands of islands that make up these three areas.

Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia

In Polynesia, tattoos and other body arts express this idea.

social stature

This type of art preserved Polynesian body art before the invention of photography.

engraving

Melanesian cultures used these types of artworks to summon the spirits of ancestors and honor the dead.

masks

Pacific islanders, such as those from this New Zealand group, are reviving old traditions in a new context.

the Maori

Practitioners of Islam follow the teachings of this prophet.

Muhammad

This building is one of the oldest examples of Islamic architecture.

the Dome of the Rock

Some of the most valued art objects in Islam are beautiful copies of this book.

the Koran

Jews, Muslims, and Christians believe this city in Israel is sacred.

Jerusalem

Great civilizations in the Americas include these five nations.

Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca

This pyramid, located in Mexico, is one of the best known in the Americas.

the Pyramid of the Sun

There is now evidence of people living in present-day Canada and the United States dating back to this number of years.

12,000

The Native Americans of the Southwest built this kind of building that often contained over one hundred rooms.

pueblo complexes

These are the six basic elements of art.

line, shape, form, space, color, and texture

This element of art is defined as the path of a point moving through space.

line

A line consisting of a series of interrupted dots or lines is called this type of line.

implied line

Using these two types of lines creates a stable and static feeling.

horizontal and vertical

An artist can create a sense of activity with these types of lines.

curving and jagged lines

This element of art is the two- dimensional area of an object.

shape

This element of art is three- dimensional objects.

form

This type of shape/form can be defined mathematically and is precise and regular.

geometric

This type of shape/form is irregular and freeform.

organic

This term refers to the area that the shapes and forms in an artwork occupy.

positive space

High and bas are the two types of this form of sculpture.

relief

This type of sculpture is made fully in the round.

freestanding

This element of art is the illusion of depth.

perspective

This technique makes objects that are farther away appear lighter and more neutral in color.

aerial/atmospheric perspective

Artists invented mathematical techniques to create the illusion of space during this time period.

Renaissance

This technique is founded on the visual phenomenon that lines appear to converge into a point on the horizon.

linear perspective

This term is defined as the name of a color.

hue

Red, blue, and yellow make up this group of colors.

primary

Mixing two primary colors creates this group of colors.

secondary

Combining a primary and an adjacent secondary color creates this group of colors.

tertiary

This physicist developed the underlying concepts of the color wheel.

Sir Isaac Newton

This term refers to the lightness or darkness of a color or of gray.

value

Black and white are not hues and are instead referred to by this term.

neutrals

This term refers to the brightness or purity of a color.

intensity

This type of color is the most intense or pure.

primary

Adding equal parts of two complements creates a dull tone of this color.

brown

Scientists discovered the relativity of color in this century.

nineteenth

Red, orange, and yellow are considered this type of color in Western art because they are associated with heat.

warm

This type of color is the “true” color of an object without the effects of distance or reflections.

local

This type of color refers to the effect of lighting on the color of objects.

optical

Artists use this type of color for its emotional or aesthetic impact.

arbitrary

This element of art refers to how things feel, or how we think they would feel, when touched.

texture

Two-dimensional artworks use this type of texture, which gives an illusion of a textured surface.

visual

This art term refers to the artist’s organization of the elements of art

composition

Artworks that can literally be touched or felt use this type of texture.

actual

Repeating elements in an artwork creates this principle of art.

rhythm

This term refers to the repetition of certain elements or motifs and is an aspect of rhythm.

pattern

This term refers to a single element of a pattern.

motif

This type of balance occurs when both sides of an artwork are exactly the same.

symmetrical

This type of balance includes slight variations on both sides of the central axis.

approximate symmetry

This type of balance occurs through the organization of unlike objects.

asymmetrical balance

To create asymmetrical balance, artists place heavier objects in this area of an artwork.

the center

This term refers to the point at which our eye tends to rest.

focal point

This term refers to the size relationships of the parts of an artwork.

proportion

This term refers to the size relationship of the parts of a work to the work in its entirety.

scale

The Greeks established the standards for the size relationships of the human body during this period of Greek sculpture.

the Classical Period

In Greek art theory, the ideal human figure is this number of heads high.

seven and one-half

According to the ancient Greeks, the bottom of our lips falls on a line halfway between the chin and the bottom of this body part.

nose

Drawing is primarily based on the use of this element of art.

line

This type of pencil makes thick lines that vary considerably from light to very dark.

white soft

In this process, lines are placed closely side by side to create shading.

hatching

This technique is the process in which lines are crisscrossed to make shading.

crosshatching

This technique uses a pattern of dots to create shading.

stippling

Colored pastels became popular during this century.

eighteenth century

The surface of a pastel drawing is often sprayed with this type of material to reduce smearing.

fixative

These four techniques make up the principal printmaking processes. t

relief, intaglio, lithograph, and screen prin

In printmaking, this term refers to the plate on which the image is made.

the matrix

In this printmaking process, the artist cuts parts from the surface of the plate.

relief

In relief printmaking, the matrix can be made of these three materials.

wood, linoleum, or a synthetic material

In relief printmaking, the artist rubs the plate and paper with this tool to force the ink onto the paper.

burnisher

This printmaking process works in the opposite manner from relief printmaking.

intaglio

In this printmaking process, the artist creates the design using a layer of wax or varnish.

etching

In etching, the artist incises the design using this substance.

acid

In this printmaking process, the artist draws the image with a waxy pencil or crayon.

lithography

In lithography the plate is made of one of these three materials.

stone, zinc, or aluminum

Unlike woodcutting or engraving, anyone can perform this simple printmaking process.

lithography

This printmaking process is used to print most T-shirts.

screen printing

In silk-screening, the artist forces the ink through the fabric using this tool.

squeegee

Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press in this century.

Fifteenth

Oil paints first became widely used during this century.

Fifteenth

This part of paint gives the paint its color.

Pigment

This component of paint holds the pigment together and allows the paint to adhere to surfaces.

binder

This component of paint changes the consistency and drying time of the paint.

solvent

In a buon (“true”) fresco, the artist applies the paint to this type of plaster.

wet

In a fresco secco, the artist applies paints to this kind of plaster.

dry

Diego Rivera created murals using this painting technique.

Fresco

Before oil paints, this kind of paint was the most common.

tempera

This term refers to the technique of applying oil paints in thick or heavy lumps.

impasto

Hot irons fuse this type of wax- based paint to surfaces.

encaustic

Scientists created this type of paint after World War II.

acrylic

Scientists developed photography during this time period.

mid-nineteenth century

This sculpture-making process is subtractive, meaning parts of the material are removed.

carving

This sculpture-making process is additive, meaning materials are added to the surface to make the sculpture.

modeling

This sculpture-making process allows more than one copy of the original to be made.

casting

Alexander Calder made mobiles suspended by this material.

wire

Environmental art first emerged during this decade.

1960s

Artists use this technique to preserve the image of their temporary Earthworks.

photography

This term refers to a category of artworks in which the artist uses several art media.

mixed media

This term refers to artworks that combine various materials that can be adhered to a surface.

collage

These two artists are credited with introducing collages to the high-art sphere.

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque

Robert Rauschenberg is known for his mixed media works that combine silkscreen images with this material.

paint

This artist is known for filling open boxes with a variety of objects to represent a metaphoric statement.

Joseph Cornell

This art form is based upon the use of natural materials to build three- dimensional works.

pottery

This pottery term refers to liquid clay.

slip

This term refers to pots that have been made using a potter’s wheel.

“thrown” pots

This pottery tool removes all the moisture from clay to make the clay harden.

kiln

This material, made of clay and minerals, provides color to pottery works.

glaze

Glass was first made in this area of the world.

the Middle East

Glass is primarily made of this material.

silica

Stained glass became a dominant art form during this time period, when it was used to create windows for cathedrals.

the medieval period

Northwest Coast Indians carve boxes and house boards with traditional designs out of this material.

wood

This term refers to the science and art of designing and constructing buildings.

architecture

In this architectural technique, a long beam lies horizontally across upright posts.

post-and-lintel construction

The use of columns in the Greek Parthenon exemplifies this ancient architectural technique.

post-and-lintel construction

The Romans developed this key construction material that is still used today.

concrete

This architectural technique refers to an external arch that counterbalances the outward thrust of a high ceiling.

flying buttress

This building, located in London, is made of glass walls held in place by slim iron rods.

the Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace was built for this major event in 1851.

the World’s Fair in London

Antoni Gaudi created buildings of stone without any flat surfaces or straight lines in this country.

Spain

These two materials are the most common for large public, commercial, and multi-family housing.

steel and concrete

These two materials are the most common for residential homes.

wood and brick

The Puritans settled in New England during this time period.

early to mid-seventeenth century

Puritans used this type of art to establish identity and record family lineages.

portraiture

Puritans rejected this kind of painting because they believed it to be associated with excess and idolatry.

religious painting

The Puritans believed in this doctrine, which said that God rewarded the hardworking and faithful with wealth.

Calvinist

This artist’s court paintings inspired the Grand Manner style.

Anthony van Dyck

Puritans preferred this style of portraiture.

Elizabethan

The portraits of John Freake and Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary show this portraiture style.

Elizabethan

The portraits of John Freake and Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary show this portraiture style.

Elizabethan

This term refers to painters that moved from place to place painting signage and portraits.

itinerant limner

In the portrait of her and baby Mary, Elizabeth Freake wore pearls imported from this country.

China

Thomas Smith’s “Self-Portrait” depicts a seascape with ships from these two European countries.

Netherlands and England

Thomas Smith’s wealth is most apparent from this piece of clothing in his portrait.

the fine ruffled lace on his neck

This Latin phrase translates to “remember that you will die.”

memento mori

Thomas Smith likely had this job.

sea captain/mariner

These two qualities characterize colonial folk portraiture.

flatness and linearity

This Scottish artist helped introduce modeling and naturalism to the colonies.

John Smibert

This man gave John Singleton Copley an introduction to painting, drawing, and printmaking.

Peter Pelham

Copley taught himself to paint using these two resources from his stepfather as guides.

anatomy books and art prints

Copley purchased the contents of this Scottish artist’s studio.

John Smibert

Copley became highly sought after in Boston for this type of art.

portraits

Copley submitted this painting to the annual exhibition of the Society of Artists of Great Britain.

Boy with a Squirrel

Copley’s Boy with a Squirrel attracted the attention of this artist, who invited Copley to London.

Benjamin West

Copley and his wife bought a house next to John Hancock in this location.

Beacon Hill

Paul Revere’s father originally went by this name before he anglicized it.

Apollos Riviore

Paul Revere had this number of siblings.

eleven

Paul Revere briefly worked as a soldier during this war.

French and Indian War

Paul Revere performed these three services in his shop.

engraving silverware, engraving plates for printing, and operating a printing press

Paul Revere famously engraved a drawing of the Boston Massacre originally by this man.

Henry Pelham

After the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere served as a courier, bringing news from Boston to these two cities.

New York and Philadelphia

Paul Revere was best known during his lifetime for this job.

silversmith

The removal of British tea taxes led to increased post-Revolutionary War demand for items such as these two.

teapots and sugar bowls

Paul Revere made his teapots using silver from this country.

Mexico

Examples of Paul Revere’s silver work can be found in these two museums.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Paul Revere became famous thanks to this poet’s poem “Paul Revere’s Ride.”

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

The poem “Paul Revere’s Ride” was published in this newspaper.

The Atlantic Monthly

While Revere was detained by British forces, this man alerted the residents of Concord of the incoming British.

Samuel Prescott

Copley knew Revere before painting him because Revere made these items for Copley’s portrait miniatures.

silver frames

In Copley’s portrait of him, Revere is holding this item that he crafted himself.

a silver teapot

In Copley’s portrait of him, Paul Revere’s right hand is touching this part of his body.

chin

The Townshend Acts taxed these six items.

tea, oil, lead, paper paint, and glass

This man was Copley’s father-in-law and owned one of the ships involved in the Boston Tea Party.

Richard Clarke

The portrait of Paul Revere focuses on the nobility of these three ideas.

work, thoughtfulness, and egalitarianism

During the years before the Revolutionary War, Americans limited rights to this group of people.

white, landowning men

This Boston location held portraits of Samuel Adams and John Hancock.

Faneuil Hall

Revere’s portrait was mostly unknown until it was lent to this museum in 1928.

Museum of Fine Arts

Phillis Wheatley came to America aboard this slave ship.

the Phillis

During the 1760s, this many enslaved people lived in Boston.

one thousand

This merchant bought Phillis Wheatley when she came to America.

John Wheatley

Phillis was taught to read these three languages by her enslaves.

Greek, Latin, and English

Phillis Wheatley published her first poem in this newspaper.

the Rhode Island Newport Mercury

Phillis Wheatley’s work shows she was familiar with the works of these five writers.

Alexander Pope, John Milton, Virgil, Ovid, and Homer

Phillis Wheatley gained attention after writing a poem about this Anglican preacher.

Reverend George Whitefield

This woman helped Phillis Wheatley secure a publisher and printer in London.

Selena Hastings

With the help of her patron Selena, Phillis Wheatley published this poetry book when she was twenty.

Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral

Selena Hastings held this noble title.

Countess of Huntingdon

In this year a legal judgement ruled that enslaved people could not be moved out of England against their will.

1772

Phillis Wheatley was born in this West African nation.

Gambia

After she sent him a poem, George Washington invited Phillis Wheatley to meet him at this location.

Cambridge

Before meeting George Washington, Phillis Wheatley met these two men while in London.

Benjamin Franklin and Sir Brook Watson

Phillis Wheatley commemorated the end of the Revolutionary War with this poem.

Liberty and Peace, A Poem

Phillis Wheatley married this man in 1778.

John Peters

Phillis Wheatley died at this age after giving birth to her third child.

This book used the Moorhead portrait of Wheatley as its frontispiece.

Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral

This man printed the portrait of Wheatley by Moorhead.

Archibald Bell

In the portrait of her, Phillis Wheatley is wearing this type of hat.

mobcap

This African American artist painted the portrait of Phillis Wheatley.

Scipio Moorhead

In the Moorhead portrait, Phillis Wheatley held a quill pen in this hand.

her right hand

In 1772 Copley painted a portrait of this woman, who had a similar pose to Wheatley in Moorhead’s portrait.

Dorothy Quincy (Mrs. John Hancock)

Women in portraiture were typically shown in this type of posture.

passive

This man was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence and the first governor of Massachusetts.

John Hancock

In the portrait of Dorothy Quincy by Copley, Dorothy is shown wearing this color gown.

pink

The text inscribed on the border of the portrait of Phillis Wheatley reads this.

“Phillis Wheatley, Negro servant to John Wheatley, of Boston.”

The oval frame around Phillis in the portrait of her symbolizes this about her.

she was defined and confined by her circumstances

Scipio Moorhead was an enslaved person in the household of this man.

Reverend John Moorhead

Scipio Moorhead probably learned to draw from this woman, who was an art teacher.

Sarah Moorhead

Scipio Moorhead advertised his artistic services in this newspaper, saying he had an “extraordinary genius.”

the Boston Newsletter

The original portrait of Phillis Wheatley by Moorhead was this kind of artwork.

ink drawing

Wheatley dedicated this poem to Scipio Moorhead.

“To S.M., a young African painter on seeing his works”

This number of Scipio Moorhead’s original paintings remain today.

zero

Most women during the eighteenth century were taught handicrafts like these three.

sewing, weaving, and embroidery

This term refers to a piece of needlework that displays various stitches and often shows the alphabet or an embroidered verse.

sampler

In private academies during the eighteenth century, middle-class girls learned needlework along with these two skills.

music and watercolor painting

Before women could join the National Academy of Design, their only opportunity to show their creativity was through exhibitions in these places.

private academies

Prudence Punderson’s embroidered picture is just under this number of inches tall.

In her embroidered picture, Prudence Punderson depicts a room in this state.

Connecticut

The title of Prudence Punderson’s embroidered picture is signed in this material.

black ink

In the picture inside Prudence Punderson’s embroidered picture, a woman is standing beside a man of this profession.

soldier or guard

In the center of her embroidered picture, Prudence Punderson shows herself performing this activity.

working on an art project

Prudence Punderson depicted a tea table of this style in her embroidered picture.

Chippendale-style

The average life expectancy for a woman in New England during the eighteenth century was this many years.

forty-two years

Outbreaks of these three diseases were common in the colonies during the eighteenth-century.

smallpox, typhus, and yellow fever

Prudence Punderson died at this age after giving birth to her first child.

Prudence Punderson was born in this place in 1758.

Preston, Connecticut

Prudence Punderson had this many siblings.

seven

Prudence Punderson married this man.

Dr. Timothy Wells Rossiter

Wright was born in this city.

Bordentown, New Jersey

This waxwork sculptor was born to Quaker parents in 1725.

Patience Wright

Wright married this cooper after she moved to Philadelphia.

Joseph Wright

Wright went into business with her sister creating portraits in this medium.

wax

Wright had sculpted with this medium as a hobby since childhood.

modeling clay

Wright moved to this state so that her business could reach a wider clientele.

New York

Wright’s portrait sculpture of this famous evangelist toured the East Coast

Reverend Whitefield

Waxworks were not considered fine art because they were exhibited at these venues.

fairs

One of Wright’s clients held this official position in New York.

lieutenant governor

Wright’s New York studio caught fire in this year.

1771

While in London, Wright modeled a portrait bust of this famed expatriate artist.

Benjamin West

This phenomenon causes wax to develop breakage and be damaged over time.

temperature changes

Wright’s portrait statue of Sir William Pitt, Earl of Chatham can be found in this collection.

Westminster Abbey

Pitt defended colonial rights against this legislation.

Stamp Act

Pitt is wearing these clothes in Wright’s portrait sculpture of him.

parliamentary robes

Wright referred to Pitt with this nickname.

guardian angel

Wright advocated these two causes.

American Independence women ’s rights

Wright would pass notes with political information hidden in this part of her sculptures.

head

Pine was a British portrait painter born in this city.

London

The British Royal Academy of Art excluded Pine for this reason.

his radical politics

In Pine’s painting, this object is in Wright’s lap.

lump of wax

Wright used heat from this source to warm her wax for sculpting.

her thighs

Wright’s sculpting process, as described by these sources, gives the impression of giving birth.

contemporary accounts

This title appeared on a published print of Wright lifting a sculpted bust from her skirts.

“Mrs. Wright Finishing a Busto”

Pine’s portrait of Wright emphasizes this hand.

right

Wax and clay modeling involve this kind of sculptural process.

additive

Marble and word carving involve this kind of sculptural process.

subtractive

This kind of wax is easily tinted when mixed with pigments.

beeswax

The earliest wax figures come from this time and place.

ancient Egypt

This worldwide chain of wax museums is associated with popular entertainment.

Madame Tussaud’s

Stuart was born in this city in 1755.

Newport, Rhode Island

Stuart’s Scottish immigrant father manufactured this product.

snuff

Stuart apprenticed with a local of this profession.

limner

Stuart studied art in England with this instructor.

Benjamin West

Stuart established his critical reputation when he exhibited this painting.

The Skater

Stuart’s The Skater has this kind of brushwork.

impressionistic

Stuart fled England for Ireland in order to escape these people.

his debtors

After fleeing Ireland because of debt, Stuart arrived at this American city.

Philadelphia

Stuart painted more than a hundred portraits of this person between 1795 and 1825.

George Washington

This portrait is Stuart’s most recognizable painting.

Athenaeum portrait

This institution acquired the Athenaeum portrait shortly after the artist’s death.

Boston Athenaeum

The Athenaeum portrait was used as the engraving that appears on this object.

dollar bill

Stuart charged this amount for each of his copies of the Athenaeum portrait.

$100

Stuart referred to the copies of the Athenaeum portrait with this nickname.

$100 bills

The Athenaeum portrait’s neutral background gives the painting this quality.

timelessness

Stuart’s depiction of Washington emphasized these three qualities.

moderation, restraint, resolve

The commissioner of Stuart’s Lansdowne Portrait was a senator of this state.

Pennsylvania

This 1796 Stuart painting depicts Washington in full-length.

Lansdowne Portrait

One copy of the Lansdowne Portrait has hung in this room of the White House since 1800.

East Room

These two people rescued the Lansdowne Portrait during the burning of Washington in the War of 1812.

Dolley Madison, Paul Jennings

Stuart based the Lansdowne portrait’s pose on a 1723 engraving by this artist.

Pierre Drevet

Ancient Roman statues of these figures commonly had an upright posture and extended arm

Republican senators

In the Lansdowne Portrait, these two items allude to Washington’s signing bills into law.

quill pen and inkwell

In the Lansdowne Portrait, the thirteen stars and stripes appear on this object.

medallion

The legs of Washington’s desk in the Lansdowne Portrait are carved with this animal.

bald eagle

This organizing body of the Six Nations used eagles and arrows as symbols.

Iroquois Confederacy

The table leg in the Lansdowne Portrait is carved to resemble these ancient Roman power symbols.

fasces

This item in the background of the Lansdowne Portrait alludes to Greek democratic ideals.

classical column

European Grand Manner portraits of nobility commonly used these two features as a backdrop.

column and drapery

This 1701 Rigaud painting demonstrates the European Grand Manner style.

Portrait of Louis XIV

This 1636 van Dyck painting demonstrates the European Grand Manner style.

Portrait of Charles I

This symbol of continuing hope appears to emerge in the background of the Lansdowne Portrait.

rainbow

The first fine art academies in Italy arose to replace these institutions.

guilds

This institution formed in 1648 and codified the curriculum and function of academies.

French Royal Academy

Before the Academy, French monarchs imported their artworks from these two countries.

Italy, Flanders

Instruction at fine art academies first focused on teaching this artistic technique.

drawing from etchings

Instruction at fine art academies finished with teaching this artistic technique.

drawing from life

Fine art academies propagated this idea to rank artistic genres.

hierarchy of genres

This genre ranked highest in the Academic hierarchy of genres.

history painting

This genre ranked lowest in the Academic hierarchy of genres.

still life

This Academy prized this genre for its complex figure drawing requirements.

history painting

History painting subjects usually come from these two sources.

the Bible, classical mythology

History painting required artists to exercise this skill to develop a scene they had not witnessed.

imagination

These types of art students were not allowed to study from nude models.

women

Women admitted to academies often had this kind of connection to an existing member.

familial

Female academicians found themselves guided towards these two genres.

floral painting, portraiture

This person founded the Royal Academy in London.

Sir Joshua Reynolds

After Reynolds’s death, this person became the president of the Royal Academy.

Benjamin West

This painting introduced the idea of history painting based on contemporary events.

“The Death of General Wolfe”

The French Royal Academy dissolved after this historical event.

French Revolution

The American Academy of the Fine Arts originally had this name.

New York Academy of the Fine Arts

Trumbull was president of the American Academy for this many years.

twenty

This person painted conflict-defining history paintings of the Revolutionary War.

John Trumbull

The American Academy’s conservativism led to dissatisfaction among this group of people.

young painters

These three people founded the National Academy of Design in 1825.

Morse, Durand, Cole

Indigenous Americans painted the Segesser Hides under the influence of this country.

Spain

Jesuit priest Segesser oversaw this mission from 1732 to 1735.

San Xavier del Bac

Segesser acquired three painted hides in New Spain from this prominent military family.

the Anzas

This museum acquired the Segesser hides in 1983.

New Mexico History Museum

The Segesser hides are most likely made of hide from this animal.

bison

This material binds the Segesser hides.

sinew

Segesser I shows a skirmish in the vicinity of these two cities.

El Paso, Ciudad Juarez

Segesser II measures this many feet in length.

seventeen

Segesser II depicts these two tribes defeating Spanish troops.

Skidi Pawnees, Otoes

This 1720 governor sent Spanish forces into the Great Plains over concern for French traders.

Antonio Valverde y Cosio

The Spanish troops in Segesser II set up camp near the confluence of these two rivers.

Loup, Platte

This number of Spaniards were killed in the battle depicted in Segesser II.

three dozen

This clothing item identifies the Spaniards in Segesser II.

wide-brimmed hats

The Pueblos in Segesser II wear their hair in this style.

buns

Frenchmen in Segesser II wore this kind of hat.

tricorne

The Pawnee and Otoe warriors in Segesser II each wear this vivid, individualized decoration.

body paint

This priest accompanied the expedition depicted in Segesser II.

Father Juan Mingez

This aspect of Segesser II implies that it was based on first-hand accounts of the battle.

amount of detail

Pueblo artists painted these decorated hides in workshops.

reposteros

The Indigenous artists of the Segesser hides likely drew on drawing conventions introduced by these people.

Spaniards

Techniques like foreshortening and overlapping figures in space originate from this continent.

Europe

In both Segesser hides, this decorative element is the same.

border

West was born in this kind of religious community in 1738.

Quaker

West’s parents owned this kind of establishment.

Inn

When he was seventeen, West entered this college.

College of Philadelphia

West was this age when he left the colonies to study art in Europe.

Twenty-one

This many Philadelphia families financially backed West to study art in Europe.

two

West traveled in this country before settling in London.

Italy

West was the official painter to this figure throughout the American Revolution.

King George III

West returned to the United States this many times after leaving to study in Europe.

zero

This painting is West’s best-known.

The Death of General Wolfe

The Death of General Wolfe commemorates the general’s death in this war.

French and Indian War

This institution exhibited The Death of General Wolfe in 1771.

Royal Academy

These two generals were killed in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

Montcalm, Wolfe

This person purchased The Death of General Wolfe.

Lord Grosvenor

The Death of General Wolfe was made into an engraving and was even displayed on these mundane objects.

ceramic mugs

West revolutionized history painting by insisting subjects wear this kind of clothing.

modern

General Wolfe was wounded this many times in battle.

three

West brought pathos to Wolfe’s death with body positioning from this Biblical subject.

lamentation

The “lamentation” refers to scenes of this person’s mourning.

Jesus

West transforms Wolfe into this kind of figure for the British cause.

martyr

The Death of General Wolfe attempted to remind the British and colonists that they used to be united against this group.

the French

West created this painting of Native Americans the same year as The Death of General Wolfe.

Penn’s Treaty with the Indians

West intended Penn’s Treaty with the Indians to commemorate this person’s arrival in Pennsylvania.

Penn

Penn sought the freedom to practice this religion.

Quakerism

This equality-focused Quaker tenet attracted negative attention in England.

egalitarianism

Penn’s Treaty with the Indians depicts this tribe’s chiefs.

Lenni Lenape

The meeting in Penn’s Treaty with the Indians occurs under an ancient tree of this species.

elm

The site of the meeting in Penn’s Treaty with the Indians is known by this name.

Shackamaxon

This treaty marked the first time colonists paid Native Americans for land granted by the British.

Treaty of Shackamaxon

Penn’s Treaty with the Indians promoted the idea that Penn maintained this kind of relation with local Indigenous people.

peaceful

This person eroded harmony between the Delaware tribes and settlers by 1737.

Penn’s son

This aspect of Penn’s Treaty with the Indians emphasizes balance and equal exchange.

horizontality

West embedded these kinds of tropes in Penn’s Treaty with the Indians.

racist

Penn’s Treaty with the Indians can be structurally divided into this many parts.

three

The main action takes place in this part of Penn’s Treaty with the Indians

middle ground

The three vertical sections in Penn’s Treaty with the Indians call to mind these types of Renaissance artworks.

triptychs

The division in Penn’s Treaty with the Indians emphasizes the competition of these three factions.

merchants, Quakers, Native Americans

West claimed that Native Americans showed him this painting technique.

pigment mixing

West’s portrayal of Native Americans embodies this generalizing trope.

“noble savage”

This philosopher and writer popularized the “noble savage” trope.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

These artworks shaped public opinion about the revolutionary cause.

cheap prints

These three popular art forms could circulate ideas quickly in urban areas.

prints, cartoons, broadsides

Artists used this cutting tool to create engravings.

burin

Print artists would combine humor with these two elements to make their points.

words, images

Prints helped make this demographic more aware of political debates and controversies.

general populace

In colonial America, these goods were easily available on the street and from bookstores.

prints

People could buy prints with this kind of recurring payment method.

subscription

This person was the original source of The Boston Massacre print.

Henry Pelham

At the Boston Massacre, the crowd threw these two projectiles at the soldiers.

snowballs, rocks

This dockworker of African and Native American descent died in the Boston Massacre.

Crispus Attucks

Historians believe Attucks may have been an escaped slave from this city.

Framingham, Massachusetts

The Boston Massacre print appeared this many weeks after the incident.

three

The issuing of The Boston Massacre print helped foment this feeling towards the British.

anger

The redcoats in The Boston Massacre stand in front of this building.

Customs House

This sign is present in The Boston Massacre print, even though it did not exist in real life.

Butcher’s Hall

The redcoats in The Boston Massacre stand with this leg extended forward.

left

The redcoats in The Boston Massacre hold this weapon.

musket

The woman in the crowd in The Boston Massacre calls to mind this mourning figure.

Virgin Mary

The Old State House had this name at the time of the Boston Massacre.

Towne House

The steeple of this building can be seen in The Boston Massacre.

First Church

This person created a print of the Boston Massacre that was copied from a Pelham design.

Paul Revere

Copley, who painted Pelham in 1765, was related to him in this way.

stepbrother

Pelham was this age when the Boston Massacre took place.

twenty-two

Pelham lived on this street, blocks away from the location of the Boston Massacre.

Congress Street

Revere captioned The Boston Massacre with this many lines of verse.

eighteen

Pelham responded to Revere’s copying of his design with this kind of correspondence.

angry letter

England established these kinds of laws to protect publishers around 1735.

Leutze was born in this country in 1816.

Germany

Leutze’s parents were political refugees who immigrated when he was this age.

nine

Leutze initially found work in this profession.

itinerant portraitist

Leutze pursued formal art training in this city in 1840.

Dusseldorf

Leutze studied history painting in Dusseldorf with these two people.

Schadow, Lessing

In the early 1840s, these two cities replaced London as the major draw for American artists.

Rome, Florence

This institution, led by Hunt, attracted painters internationally in the 1850s.

Dusseldorf Academy

Characteristics of this artistic approach included attention to drafting, dynamic compositions, and dramatic lighting.

Dusseldorf style

Leutze supported this 1848 German event.

uprising

Leutze returned to the United States from Germany in this year.

1851

This painting is Leutze’s most famous work.

Washington Crossing the Delaware

After 1851, Leutze moved between these three cities.

Dusseldorf, New York, Washington

Leutze’s Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way is this kind of artwork.

mural

Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way hangs in this stairwell of the House wing in the Capitol.

west

Leutze died in 1868 in this city.

Washington DC

Washington Crossing the Delaware commemorates this event.

fiftieth anniversary of Washington’s death

Washington Crossing the Delaware depicts the colonist victory against these mercenary soldiers.

Hessian

Washington Crossing the Delaware creates a visual equivalency between these two objects.

Washington, the flag

This artist was one of the most prominent Black artists of the early twentieth century.

Jacob Lawrence

Lawrence painted with this medium on hardboard.

egg tempera

Lawrence’s series Struggle… From the History of the American People contains this many pictures.

thirty

Lawrence’s version of Washington Crossing the Delaware has this many rowboats.

three

Lawrence’s version of Washington Crossing the Delaware emphasizes this kind of effort.

collective

This artist painted his own version of Washington Crossing the Delaware in 1975.

Robert Colescott

In Colescott’s version of Washington Crossing the Delaware, this person leads the group.

George Washington Carver

This Japanese American artist painted his own version of Washington Crossing the Delaware in 2010.

Roger Shimomura

Shimomura Crossing the Delaware has this many canvas panels.

three

Shimomura Crossing the Delaware is painted in this medium.

acrylic

Shimomura Crossing the Delaware depicts these people instead of colonial soldiers.

samurai warriors

Shimomura’s flattened pictorial composition recalls this earlier artist.

Hokusai

Hokusai was a Japanese artist from this period.

Edo

Shimomura Crossing the Delaware depicts this location.

San Francisco Harbor

This land mass appears in the background of Shimomura Crossing the Delaware.

Angel Island

Angel Island processed thousands of immigrants arriving from this continent.

Asia

Shimomura was detained in this United States state at an internment camp during World War II.

Idaho

Colonial women excluded from formal artistic training expressed complex narratives through these two art forms.

sewing, needlepoint

Colonial women often developed basic sewing skills by this age.

four or five

Wills often mentioned these female- created artworks.

quilts

Piecework (or patchwork) often takes this kind of pattern.

geometric

In the early nineteenth century, New England factories were manufacturing this kind of cloth.

roller-printed

This type of cotton is printed with small repeating patterns.

calico

One person makes this kind of quilt in honor of a special event.

presentation

A group of people make this kind of quilt, with each member contributing a square.

album

This popular quilting motif came from patterns found on palampores.

tree of life

Stiles’s Trade and Commerce Quilt shows this riverfront.

Delaware

In the 1980s, this artist created a genre called “story quilts.”

Faith Ringgold

This Alabama community brought renewed attention to Black quilting traditions in 2002.

Gee’s Bend

This museum first exhibited the Gee’s Bend quilts.

Museum of Fine Arts in Houston

Powers was born in this state in 1837.

Georgia

Harriet and Armstead Powers had at least this many children.

nine

Powers’ gravestone bears this date as her death date.

January 1, 1910

Powers created these two story quilts.

Pictorial Quilt, Bible Quilt

Bible Quilt appeared at this event in Athens, Georgia.

1886 Cotton Fair

This 1780 event occurred when smoke from forest fires darkened the skies.

Black Friday

A panel in Pictorial Quilt tells the story of this animal running five hundred miles from Georgia to Virginia.

hog

Bible Quilt has this many panels.

eleven

These people gave Pictorial Quilt to Dr. Hall upon his retirement.

faculty ladies of Atlanta University

Powers’s quilts recall the textiles of this Western African kingdom.

Fon kingdom of Dahomey

Archaeological excavations at these two locations inspired Neoclassicism.

Herculaneum, Pompeii

Neoclassicism revived these three ideals of Greco-Roman art.

balance, symmetry, harmony

Neoclassicism visually expressed this movement’s emphasis on rationality.

Enlightenment

Jefferson spent his free time on this amateur hobby.

architecture

Jefferson designed this building while he was a minister to the French court in Paris.

Virginia State Capitol

This Charlottesville building was one of Jefferson’s architectural projects.

University of Virginia

Jefferson embraced the buildings of this earlier society as an architectural ideal.

Roman Republic

This French architect advocated Neoclassicism and influenced Jefferson.

Charles-Louis Clérisseau

This Italian word means “little mountain.”

Monticello

Jefferson inherited this many acres of land from his father.

5,000

This style influenced Monticello’s initial design.

Palladian

This Italian Renaissance architect published several landmark treatises.

Andrea Palladio

The Palladian style relies heavily on this artistic element.

symmetry

Jefferson placed Monticello on top of a hill in order to gain a view of this environmental feature.

Blue Ridge Mountains

At the start of the second stage of construction on Monticello, Jefferson held this governmental office.

vice president

Jefferson changed the proportions of this part of Monticello so that the two stories appeared as one.

main pavilion

When Jefferson altered the main pavilion of Monticello, he added this kind of entablature across the house.

Doric

This scholar claims that Jefferson’s design for Monticello projects an unassuming narrative about himself.

Dell Upton

One typical characteristic of Jefferson’s architecture is the use of this shape.

octagon

Monticello is made of these local materials.

brick and wood

More than this many enslaved people worked at Monticello.

Thomas Jefferson owned this many enslaved people in his lifetime.

more than 600

Isaac Granger held these three occupations.

nail maker, tinsmith, and blacksmith

Thomas Jefferson served food and drinks to enslaved workers using this unobtrusive invention.

dumb waiter

Thomas Jefferson forbade the use of his image in this way to distinguish his rule from this British monarchy.

on coins

Along with being a politician, Thomas Jefferson held these three occupations.

scientist, farmer and architect

This act designated the District of Columbia as the site of the United States Capitol in 1790.

The Residence Act

Congress hired this French engineer to plan the District of Columbia.

Pierre L’Enfant

Thomas Jefferson's capitol design competition gave this award to the winner.

$500

This man won Thomas Jefferson's Capitol design competition.

Dr. William Thornton

Dr. William Thornton held these two occupations.

Physician and amateur architect

President Washington praised these three characteristics of the Capitol.

grandeur, simplicity, and convenience

President Jefferson later hired this architect to oversee the ongoing construction of the Capitol.

Benjamin Henry Latrobe

Benjamin Latrobe studied architecture and engineering with these two people.

Samuel Pepys Cockerell and John Smeaton

These buildings were the three former projects of Benjamin Latrobe.

St. John’s Church, D. C’s Lafayette Square, and the Bank of Pennsylvania

Benjamin Latrobe made these two additions to the Capitol.

grand staircase and Corinthian colonnade

Lack of funding paused the construction of the Capitol in this year.

1811

Benjamin Latrobe left the Capitol project but returned to restore the building after this war.

War of 1812

Benjamin Latrobe designed these three interior spaces at the Capitol.

National Statuary Hall, Old Senate Chamber, and the Old Supreme Court Chamber

The domed, top-lit halls in the Capitol resemble this temple in Rome

Pantheon

These types of spaces usually evoke the heavens and enlightenment.

expansive spaces

This architect replaced Benjamin Latrobe in the Capitol project in 1818.

Charles Bulfinch

This man was the first official architect of the Capitol to be born in the United States.

Charles Bulfinch

Charles Bulfinch is best known for the design of this building.

Massachusetts Statehouse

In 2012, the Capitol installed this object to acknowledge the contributions of enslaved workers.

a sandstone marker

The British troops who burned the Capitol were under the command of these two officers.

Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cockburn and Major General Robert Ross

American troops burned this country's capital in 1813.

Canada

The British set fire to these three locations during their attack on Washington.

The Capitol, the White House, and the Navy Yard.

Benjamin Latrobe used these five fireproof materials, which managed to survive the Capitol fire.

iron, marble, sandstone, zinc, and copper

Congress members advocated moving the federal government to this established city after the Capitol fire.

Philadelphia

On the Capitol columns, Benjamin Latrobe replaced traditional acanthus leaves with these two American agricultural staples.

corncobs and tobacco leaves

The four sandstone relief panels above the rotunda in the Capitol mythologize this relationship.

the relationship between the settler colonialists and the native North Americans

The four sandstone relief panels above the rotunda in the Capitol feature these three artists.

Antonio Capellano, Nicholas Gevelot and Enrico Causici

These architectural details of the Capitol symbolize the unity and consensus of the nation.

the geometric, symmetrical, and harmonious architecture.

Liberty caps are traditionally associated with these people.

freed Roman slaves

This headgear replaced the liberty cap on the Statue of Freedom atop the Capitol dome.

a feathered Native American headdress

This architect designed the Statue of Freedom sitting atop the Capitol dome.

Thomas Crawford

This Senator and future president of the Confederacy objected to the liberty cap on the Statue of Freedom.

Jefferson Davis

Thomas Crawford cast the model of the Statue of Freedom in this alloy.

bronze

Enslaved laborer Phillip Reid devised this invention to disassemble the Statue of Freedom.

a pulley system

Thomas Crawford’s Statue of Freedom arrived from Italy in this many pieces.

five

Phillip Reid’s emancipation coincided with this event.

the installation of the Statue of Freedom

Horatio Greenough created a chalk statue of this man at twelve.

William Penn, the Quaker founder of Pennsylvania

This man taught Horatio Greenough to carve marble.

Alpheus Cray

This man taught Horatio Greenough to model with clay.

Solomon Willard

Before enrolling at Harvard University, Horatio Greenough studied at this academy.

Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts

While at Harvard, Horatio Greenough met this mentor who encouraged his interest in classical sculpture.

Washington Allston

Horatio Greenough was the first American sculptor to live and train in this city.

Florence, Italy

This Danish sculptor mentored Horatio Greenough in Rome.

Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen

Horatio Greenough wrote this book based on his experiences in Florence.

The Travels, Observations and Experiences of a Yankee Stonecutter

Horatio Greenough’s writings on architecture drew from this architectural principle.

functionalism

Horatio Greenough died of a fever at this age in 1852.

forty-seven

Horatio Greenough created a sculpture of this person in 1832 after being given the first major federal government art commission.

George Washington

Horatio Greenough's first government art commission awarded him this amount of money.

$20,000

Horatio Greenough based Washington’s pose on his sculpture of this ancient Greek statue by the sculptor Phidias.

statue of Zeus at Olympia

Horatio Greenough fully embraced this architectural style in his sculpture of George Washington

neoclassical style

This 1806 portrait by French painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres employed the same frontal pose as the Greek statue of Zeus at Olympia.

Napoleon on his Imperial Throne

The statue of Zeus at Olympia was this many feet tall.

forty-one feet tall

The statue of Zeus at Olympia and the temple that housed it were both destroyed by this year.

425 CE

Horatio Greenough derived Washington’s sculpture’s head from this French artist’s portrait of Washington.

Jean-Antoine Houdon’s

In Jean-Antoine Houdon’s portrait of Washington, these two details show the blend of Neoclassicism and realism.

personalized facial features and contemporary civilian dress

In his portrait, Jean-Antoine Houdon represented Washington in this profession.

a gentleman farmer

These two words describe Washington’s expression in Horatio Greenough’s sculpture.

stern and foreboding

Relief sculptures on the sides of Horatio Greenough’s Washington sculpture depict these two Greek figures.

infant Hercules and Apollo, the Greek Sun god

According to the Latin inscription on the back of Horatio Greenough’s Washington sculpture, Greenough made the sculpture as an example of this right.

freedom

The base of the chair back in Horatio Greenough’s Washington sculpture represents these two figures.

a Native American and Christopher Columbus

This location first hosted Horatio Greenough’s eleven-foot-tall Washington sculpture in 1841.

the rotunda of the Capitol

This museum currently holds Horatio Greenough’s George Washington sculpture.

the National American History Museum in Washington, D.C.

Horatio Greenough blamed the poor reception of his Washington sculpture on these two external factors.

poor lighting and an unstable pedestal

This art institute installed a gravestone with a portrait and a quote at Robert Duncanson’s unmarked grave.

Detroit Institute of Arts

Horatio Greenough’s Washington sculpture weighed this many tons.

twelve

Mary Edmonia Lewis was born on this date.

July 4^th, 1844

Edmonia Lewis’s mother, Catherine Lewis, is of this Native American descent.

Ojibwa (Chippewa)

Edmonia Lewis had this Chippewa name.

Wildfire

Both of Edmonia Lewis’s parents died when Edmonia was this age.

nine

Edmonia Lewis’s older brother left for California following this historic event.

the Gold Rush

Edmonia and her family sold these types of crafts to tourists.

Native American crafts

Edmonia Lewis was cleared of this first crime in 1862.

poisoning the wine of two classmates with “Spanish fly”

Oberlin College was the first college in the United States to admit these three demographics.

African Americans, Native Americans, and women

Edmonia Lewis could not graduate despite being cleared of this second crime.

theft

These two abolitionists helped Edmonia Lewis to become a sculptor.

William Lloyd Garrison and Lydia Maria Child

Edmonia Lewis studied with this sculptor, who also helped set up her own studio.

Edward Brackett

Edmonia Lewis achieved financial success after selling her portrait of these two abolitionists.

John Brown and Colonel Robert Gould Shaw

Edmonia Lewis traveled to these three European cities before settling in Rome.

London, Paris, and Florence

This sculptor welcomed Edmonia Lewis into a community of American women sculptors in Rome.

Harriet Hosmer

Harriet Hosmer unofficially led a group that included these three female sculptors.

Emma Stebbins, Louisa Lander, and Vinnie Ream

Many people in the nineteenth century thought this aspect of sculpting too “masculine” for women.

physicality

The cult of true womanhood in the United States emphasized these four traits above all other qualities.

domesticity, piety, purity, and submissiveness

Edmonia Lewis did not want to find a reminder of this human variation in social situations.

color

Plentiful sculpture, marble, assistants, and wealthy clients made this European country a popular location for sculptors.

Rome

This is Edmonia Lewis’s first major work, finished the year after she first arrived in Rome.

Forever Free

Edmonia Lewis’s Forever Free has this original title.

The Morning of Liberty

The words “forever free” inscribed on the base of Edmonia Lewis’s Forever Free sculpture allude to this executive order.

Emancipation Proclamation

The classical pose of the bare- chested man in Edmonia Lewis’s Forever Free has this name.

contrapposto

This detail in Edmonia Lewis’s Forever Free implies that the subjects have not fully attained freedom.

an intact manacle on one of their arms

Critics of Edmonia Lewis’s Forever Free argue that the man and woman in the sculpture reinforce these stereotypes.

male aggression and female passivity

This feature of the Edmonia Lewis’s sculpture Forever Free could allude to sexual assault.

lack of distinctly African features

Edmonia Lewis embraced this architectural style.

Neoclassicism

Edmonia Lewis's 1872 work Old Arrow Maker is based on this Longfellow poem.

The Song of Hiawatha

Hiawatha was from this Native American group.

Ojibwa

Edmonia Lewis’s Old Arrow Maker counters this myth.

“vanishing Indian” myth

Edmonia Lewis’s Old Arrow Maker espouses these two values, which appealed to middle-class audiences.

values of hard work and family

These types of sculptures use nature as both material and subject matter.

totem poles

These peoples carved totem poles in Alaska in the nineteenth century.

Haida and Tlingit people

British artist and mapmaker John White accompanied expeditions to this location.

Roanoke Island, North Carolina

John White’s watercolors focused on this aspect of marine life and agriculture.

the abundance of natural resources

This artistic movement flourished in Europe and North America in the nineteenth century.

Romanticism

American artists celebrated the country’s identity and freedom from tradition by focusing on these two natural aspects of their nation in their art.

the wilderness and dramatic landscapes

This man popularized the genre of landscape painting in the United States.

Thomas Cole

Thomas Cole’s Oxbow depicts this landscape.

The Connecticut River near Northampton

Thomas Cole’s followers adopted this name.

the Hudson River School

These two artists painted sublime depictions of the western United States that encouraged settlement and westward expansion.

Albert Bierstadt and Alfred Jacob Miller

This painter documented natural wonders for eastern audiences and inspired the modern conservation movement.

Thomas Moran

This painter's 1871 landscapes persuaded Congress to establish Yellowstone as a national park.

Thomas Moran

The ancestral Pueblo people inhabited the Four Corners region during these centuries.

ninth and twelfth centuries

These four states meet in the Four Corners.

southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado.

The name “Pueblo” refers to this community.

the region’s Indigenous people and their stone or adobe dwellings

This is the ancient culture that lived at the Four Corners.

the Anasazi

The word “Anasazi” comes from Navajo and translates to this.

“enemy ancestors”

The ancestral Pueblo developed farming communities sometime between these Common Era years.

700 and 1000 CE

This term describes Pueblo Bonito’s massive, multi-story stone buildings constructed directly from the natural landscape.

great houses

Pueblo Bonito was one of nine great houses in this area in present-day New Mexico.

Chaco Canyon

The Spanish name “Pueblo Bonito” translates to this English phrase.

“pretty village”

This expedition first recorded the name “Pueblo Bonito.”

Washington Expedition of 1849

The name “Pueblo Bonito” may have come from this expedition leader's Mexican guide.

. Lieutenant James Simpson’s Mexican guide, Carabajal

The Navajo name for Pueblo Bonito, “tse biyaa anii’ahi,” translates to this English phrase.

“leaning rock gap”

A slab of sandstone crushed part of Pueblo Bonito in this year.

1941

Pueblo Bonito held temporary clan gatherings for these three events.

religious ceremonies, trading. and knowledge sharing.

The oldest sections of Pueblo Bonito consist of these types of stones.

rough stones staked to the ground

Between 1903 and 1904, Governor Brady personally visited Tlingit and Haida coastal villages in the vicinity of this Southeast Alaskan island.

Prince of Wales Island

The expansive structure of Pueblo Bonito formed a semi-circle with somewhere between this many rooms.

600 to 800 rooms

Although only the outlines of the first floor of Pueblo Bonito are visible, some sections were this many stories high.

four stories

In Pueblo Bonito, these circular, below-ground rooms hosted ceremonies political gatherings.

kivas

Pueblo Bonito contained three large kivas and this many smaller kivas.

thirty-two

Rock carvings also have this name.

petroglyphs

Many buildings in Pueblo Bonito align with these astronomical events.

solstices

Pueblo Bonito has this distinct door design.

T-shaped doors

A network of wide, straight roads connects more than this many great houses in the larger region of Pueblo Bonito.

150

The trees used for the roofs of the buildings in Pueblo Bonito are native to these two locations.

San Mateo and Chuska Mountains

Building a great house requires about this many trees.

240,000

The native trees used to construct the roofs of buildings in Pueblo Bonito came from more than this many miles away.

fifty miles

Structures of this material kept people cool during the summer and insulated inhabitants in the winter.

stone

Archaeologists have uncovered this many artifacts in Pueblo Bonito.

15,000

Pueblo Bonito held remains of this bird, native to a region a thousand miles south of Mexico.

scarlet macaw

Traces of this Mexican plant suggest trade networks between Mesoamerican and Southwestern communities.

cacao

Pueblo Bonito traded this gemstone for other items.

turquoise

This far south peninsula contained turquoise from the region of Pueblo Bonito.

Yucatan peninsula

As Chaco Canyon receded from prominence, this area took on greater significance.

Mesa Verde, Colorado

Around 1150 CE, people from Pueblo Bonito moved from the valley floor into these easier to defend natural features.

side of cliffs

Summer rain fell regularly and plentifully between these two centuries in Pueblo Bonito.

tenth and twelfth centuries

Puebloans and these two tribes view Pueblo Bonito as sacred land.

Zuni and Hopi

President Theodore Roosevelt passed this act establishing Chaco as a national monument.

Antiquities Act of 1906

Charles Willson Peale originally studied to become this occupation in Annapolis, Maryland.

saddler

Charles Willson Peale met this artist in Boston in 1765.

John Singleton Copley

Peale convinced several lawyers and merchants to fund a trip for him to study painting in London with this artist in 1767.

Benjamin West

After studying abroad for two years, Charles Willson Peale established himself as a portrait painter in this region.

Mid-Atlantic region

Peale moved to this city in 1776.

Philadelphia

In 1779, Peale painted a full-length portrait of this man on the battlefield as a commission.

George Washington

Charles Willson Peale coordinated the first group exhibition of American art and artists in the United States in this year.

1795

Charles Willson Peale promoted this subject as art.

science

Charles Willson Peale opened the first natural history museum in America in this year.

1786

Charles Willson Peale’s collection included more than ninety mammals, seven hundred birds, and this many insects.

four thousand

Charles Willson Peale's national museum integrated into this museum in 1822.

Philadelphia Museum

These two national museums opened in 1759 and 1793, respectively.

British Museum and the Louvre

Charles Willson Peale viewed art and this ideology as profoundly connected.

nationalism

Charles Willson Peale stayed in the United States despite these two artists moving to England permanently.

John Singleton Copley and Benjamin West

Charles Willson Peale named several of his many children after these four famous artists.

Angelica Kauffman, Rembrandt, Titian and Raphael

Charles Wilson Peale devoted himself to this political party.

Whig

Charles Wilson Peale attempted to establish a first American fine arts academy by this name.

Columbianum

Charles Willson Peale led an expedition in New York’s Hudson Valley to exhume this animal's skeleton that he eventually displayed in his museum.

mastodon

With this name, Peale’s self-portrait shows Peale’s shared passion for art and science.

The Artist in His Museum

Charles Willson Peale died in this city in 1827.

Philadelphia

Charles Willson Peale purchased the fossils and secured the rights to excavate the mastodon for this much money.

three hundred dollars

A farmer from this city discovered mastodon fossils on his property in 1798.

Newburgh, New York

Charles Willson Peale excavated the mastodon in August 1801 with this many workers.

Thirty-five

These are the dimensions of Charles Willson Peale’s Exhumation of the Mastodon.

Four by five-foot

Despite only having a team of thirty- five workers, Charles Willson Peale’s Exhumation of the Mastodon includes this many people.

seventy

Only Peale’s son Rembrandt was on the mastodon site, yet the painting includes most of his children and these two women.

Peale’s second and third wives

The dark storm clouds in Charles Willson Peale’s Exhumation of the Mastodon could refer to these experiments.

Benjamin Franklin’s electricity experiments

Charles Willson Peale holds this item with the help of his family in The Exhumation of the Mastodon.

oversized drawing of a mastodon bone

The wooden scaffold at the center of the Exhumation of the Mastodon painting forms a pyramid that draws the eye to this feature.

the water pit at the base of the scaffold

The verticality of the pulley in the Exhumation of the Mastodon painting leads the eye upwards into this region.

the sky

The wooden scaffold and the verticality of the pulley in Peale’s Exhumation of the Mastodon imply that the excavation is this type of journey.

a journey from darkness to enlightenment

This location hosted the first mastodon skeleton assembled for display.

Madrid, Spain

Charles Willson Peale tasked this man with creating substitutes for the missing mastodon bones.

Rembrandt Peale

Rembrandt Peale, William Rush, and Moses Williams created substitute bones for the mastodon from these two materials.

carved wood and papier- mâche

This prominent French scientist claimed that North American animals were inferior versions of European animals.

Georges-Louis Leclerc

In 1785, this man refuted Georges- Louis Leclerc’s claims of North American animals being inferior to European animals.

Thomas Jefferson

Robert Seldon Duncanson was born around this year in Fayette, New York.

1821

Both Robert Duncanson’s father and grandfather were free tradesmen who worked in these two occupations.

house painters and carpenters

This man was the first African American to attain international acclaim as an artist.

Robert Seldon Duncanson

Robert Duncanson launched his career by advertising these two services in a local newspaper in Monroe, Michigan.

housepainter and glazier

Robert Duncanson taught himself to draw with these two methods.

copying prints and painting portraits

Robert Duncanson moved to this city to pursue a career as a fine artist.

Cincinnati, Ohio

Robert Duncanson’s art improved during the 1840s as he traveled as an itinerant artist between these three locations.

Cincinnati, Detroit, and Monroe

Robert Duncanson, T. Worthington Whittredge, and William Sonntag defined this art style.

Ohio River Valley style

This character from Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1852 novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, crossed the icy Ohio River with her infant daughter in search of freedom.

Eliza

Nicholas Longworth commissioned Robert Duncanson to paint a series of murals in this location.

Nicholas Longworth’s home, the Belmont Mansion

After returning from a European tour in 1853, Robert Duncanson gained a new interest in the painterly landscapes and atmospheric effects of these two artists.

Claude Lorrain and J.M.W. Turner

These two men painted the panoramic abolitionist painting Mammoth Pictorial Tour of the United States Comprising Views of the African Slave Trade.

Robert Duncanson and James Presley Ball

Robert Duncanson colored photographic prints and retouched portraits in this studio.

Ball’s studio

Racial strife and turmoil of the Civil war caused Robert Duncanson to flee to this city and country.

Montreal, Canad

This photographer emigrated to Liberia in search of equal rights.

Augustus Washington

Robert Duncanson left Montreal for these two countries in 1865.

England and Scotland

Soon after returning to the United States, Robert Duncanson started suffering from this condition.

dementia

This magazine described Robert Duncanson’s work as “delicious” and called him a master.

London Art Journal

Exposure to house paint may have led to Robert Duncanson’s dementia via this cause.

lead poisoning

This museum devoted an exhibition to Robert Duncanson in 1972.

Cincinnati Art Museum

These two structures fill the Cincinnati skyline in Robert Duncanson's View of Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington, Kentucky.

factory buildings and smokestacks

Robert Duncanson based View of Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington, Kentucky on an engraving of a daguerreotype that appeared in this magazine in June 1848.

Graham’s Magazine

Robert Duncanson changed this detail on the figures of View of Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington, Kentucky.

their race (from white to black)

This river separated slave-state Kentucky from the more industrialized and abolitionist Ohio.

Ohio River

Enslaved people would attempt to flee Kentucky in this way during the winter.

crossing the Ohio River on foot

The rivers in Robert Duncanson's landscapes correlate with these two concepts

freedom and escape

Harriet Beecher Stowe featured the Ohio River prominently in this 1852 novel.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

This Robert Duncanson painting features characters from Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Uncle Tom and Little Eva

This style is a second-generation school of landscape painting.

Ohio River Valley style

These three artists embarked on several sketching tours searching for inspiring views.

Robert Duncanson, T. Worthington, and William Sonntag

This artist influenced the large expanses of sky in Robert Duncanson’s 1850s paintings.

Claude Lorrain

Robert Duncanson created his own style of the Ohio River Valley landscape with literary allusions to these three writers.

Henry Longfellow, Lord Alfred Tennyson, and Harriet Beecher Stowe.

While leaving Canada for Britain in 1865, Robert Duncanson stopped here to exhibit his work.

Dublin, Ireland

These three aristocrats and royals received Robert Duncanson.

Duchess of Sutherland, Marquis of Westminster, and the Duchess of Argyll

The King of Sweden purchased this painting by Robert Duncanson

The Land of the Lotus Eaters

Totem poles require these types of trees.

red cedar trees

Most totem poles have this height range.

nine to fifty-nine feet tall

These three Indigenous tribes use similar graphic design elements in their wood carvings.

the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian people

Common motifs on totem poles include these art elements.

formlines

This United States President designated Stika National Historical Park as a park in 1890.

Benjamin Harrison

This area is the home of the Tlingit people.

Southeastern panhandle of Alaska

This incident caused the Tlingit to withdraw from their near victory against the Russians in the Battle of Sitka in 1804.

their gunpowder reserves exploding

The United States bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, approximately this much money per acre.

two cents

This governor of Alaska assembled a collection of totem poles for the Alaskan display in the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, or World's Fair, held in St. Louis in 1904.

John G. Brady

The original Gaanax.ádi/Raven Crest Pole was one of this many Tlingit and Haida totem poles sent to St. Louis.

The two totem poles that John G. Brady sold ended up in these two museums.

Milwaukee Public Museum and Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art in Indianapolis

After the St. Louis fair closed, the Alaskan totem poles traveled to this exposition in 1905.

Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland

This practice remains controversial within Tlingit and Haida communities.

restoring and repairing totem poles

John G. Brady and this photographer selected the locations of the totem poles in the Sitka National Park.

Elbridge W. Merrill

This Tuxekan chief donated the original Raven Crest Pole to Governor John G. Brady and the Alaskan government in 1903.

Chief Gunyah

This United States president created the Civilian Conservation Corps, or CCC, work program in his New Deal.

President Franklin Roosevelt

This many people visited the Alaskan exhibition at the St. Louis World’s fair.

between 18 million and 19 million people

The CCC employed this master carver to train younger CCC recruits in traditional carving practices.

Lkeináa (George Benson)

The Civilian Conservation Corps employed nearly this many young Native people.

200

Sitka National Park collected this many totem poles from uninhabited villages.

100

These two artists carved the 1983 reproduction of the Raven Crest Pole.

Nathan Jackson and Steve Brown

The Raven, or totem animal, refers to this type of group in Raven Crest Pole.

the moiety or social group

The Tlingit and Haida people belong to either one of these two moieties.

Raven or Eagle

A whale is present in this area of the Raven Crest Pole.

near the center

The whale on the Raven Crest Pole may refer to this tale.

the legend of the raven and the whale

In the legend of the raven and the whale, the raven is this kind of figure.

a trickster figure/transformer