Arthrology Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
What is arthrology?
A
The study of joints
2
Q
What are joints?
A
Areas were two or more bones meet
3
Q
What are the 3 characteristics of joints
A
- enhance movement of certain bones and the entire body
- either permit movement or limit movement
- degree of movement varies from joint to joint
4
Q
How does the range of movement of a joint relate to the risk of injury and strength of a joint?
A
ROM= high, risk of injury = high
risk of injury = high, joint strength= reduced
5
Q
What is syndesmology/desmology
A
study of ligaments and their articulation with joints
6
Q
What does a ligament do?
A
Connects bone to bone
7
Q
What does a tendon do?
A
Connect muscle to bone
8
Q
What are the three ways joints can be classified?
A
- Based on number of bones that articulate to form it
- Based on uniting medium (fibrous tissue, cartilage, or a synovial membrane)
- Based on degree of movement
9
Q
How are joints classified based on the number of bones that articulate to form it?
3 classifications
A
- simple joints- only two bones
- compound joints- three or more bones
- complex joints- minimum of two bones coming together as well as an articular disc/meniscus
10
Q
What are 2 examples of a simple joint?
A
Shoulder and hip
11
Q
What are examples of a compound joint?
1 whole joint that consists of 3 joints
A
Elbow joint
(humeroradial, humeroulnar, and proximal radioulnar joints)
12
Q
What are 2 examples of a complex joint?
A
Knee/stifle joint and temporomandibular joint
they are both complex synoval joints
13
Q
How are joints classified based on their uniting medium?
3
A
- fibrous joints- united by fibrous tissue
- cartilaginous joints- united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- synovial joint- united by a joint capsule (also called ‘true joint’)
14
Q
What are 4 characteristics of a fibrous joint?
A
- no joint cavity
- Little or no movement
- called a temporary or ossified joint
- suture joints such as bones of the skull; usually joints that are not fused at birth but become fused at some point
15
Q
What are the characteristics of a cartilaginous joint?
A
- no joint cavity
- allows a slight amount of movement
16
Q
What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?
A
- has a joint cavity
- freely movable
17
Q
How are joints classified based on their degree of movement
3 types
A
- synarthrosis- no movement; goes along with fibrous joints
- amphiarthrosis- slight amount of movement; goes along with cartilaginous joints
- diarthrosis- freely movable; goes along with synovial joints
18
Q
What is a syndesmosis joint?
A
- The ligamentous joints united by fibrous tissue that permits a little to no movement
- usually found where we have parallel bones such as the radius and ulna or tibia and fibula
- can be either synarthrodial or amphiarthrodial
- amphiarthrosis in these joints allows for supination and pronation
19
Q
What are the characteristics of a suture joint?
A
- fibrous joints between bones of the skull
- has a stitch like appearance due to bones interlocking with one another
- bound together by fibrous tissue
- synarthrodial joints in adults but amphiarthrodial joint in young animals because they haven’t fused yet
20
Q
What is a gomphosis joint?
A
- specialized fibrous joint
- articulation in the teeth with the mandible and maxilla
- peg and socket joint
- synarthrodial
- periodontal membrane has the collagen and fibrous tissue
21
Q
Describe synchondrosis:
A
- type of cartilaginous joint in which the uniting medium is hyaline cartilage
- Fusion of epiphysis and diaphysis portions of a bone via epiphyseal growth plates
epihysis= one of the rounded ends or tips of a long bone
diaphysis= the shaft or central part of a long bone.
22
Q
Describe symphyses:
A
- type of cartilaginous joint that is united by flattened discs of fibrocartilage
- examples include the mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis, or intervertebral joint spaces
23
Q
What type of joint is referred to as true joints and why?
A
Synovial joints because of the diarthrodial classification that allows free movement
24
Q
What are the two layers of the joint capsule of a synovial joint
A
- Inner layer of synovial membrane that allows for the production of synovial fluid that lubricates the joint
- Outer layer of fibrous capsule that is thicker than the synovial membrane and connects adjacent bones
25
What are the 3 functions of synovial fluid?
- lubricate joints
- nourish the joint
- act as a shock absorber during impact
26
What are the different types of synovial joints?
| 5
- ginglymus (hinge) joint
- plane joint
- trochoid (pivot) joint
- spheroid (ball and socket) joint
- Condylar joint
27
Describe hinge (ginglymus) joints and give 2 examples:
- joint moves only in their sagittal plane;
- uniaxial allowing movements at right angles (flexion, extension, hyperextension)
- elbow, knee
28
Describe a plane joint. What are 2 examples of this kind of joint?
- slight gliding movement between relatively flat opposed surfaces
- carpal bones
- cranial and caudal articulations between vertebrae
29
Describe trochoid (pivot) joints and give an example:
- **rotary** movement occurring around **one axis**; *uniaxial*
- **atlantoaxial** joint
30
Describe spheroid (ball and socket) joints and give an example:
- a spheroidal head fitting in a socket
- universal movement
- shoulder and hip
31
Describe condylar joints and give 2 examples:
| what 3 actions can they perform?
- convex articular condyles articulate with concave articular surface
- can perform flexion, extension, and a little rotation
- temporomandibular joint, femorotibial joint
32
Describe how the patella forms both a tendon and a ligament:
- associates with the **quadriceps muscle** proximally to form the patellar **tendon**
- associates with the **tibial tuberosity** of the tibia distally to form the patellar **ligament**
| photo of human knee but you get the point
33
What are the two types of ligaments and what are examples of each
1. intracapsular/intraarticular: cruciate ligaments
2. extracapsular: collateral, dorsal, palmar, plantar, annular
34
What are the characteristics of menisci?
- fibrocartilaginous discs that are truly intracapsular in that they are not covered by synovial membranes
- prominent menisci are found in the stifle joint and temporal mandibular joint
- menisci can occasionally occur on other joints but they are considered to be an anomaly
- contribute to the bulk of the articular cartilage
35
What are the 6 different movements that synovial joints are capable of?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- rotation
36
What are the 5 joints of the forelimb?
1. **synsarcosis**: attachment of clavicle to scapula via muscle
2. **shoulder joint** (glenohumeral/scapulohemeral)
3. **elbow joint** (cubital or humeroradial)
4.** carpal joints**: antebrachiocarpal joint between radius/ulna and proximal carpal bones, middle carpal joint between both rows of carpal bones, carpometacarpal joint between distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones, and intercarpal plane joints between individual carpal bones
5. **digital joints**: metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, distal interphalangeal joint
37
Which joint has two palmar sesamoid bones embedded within the tendons of insertion of the interosseous muscle?
Metacarpophalangeal joint
38
What is unique about the distal interphalangeal joint in felines
- The two dorsal ligaments along this joint attach on the dorsal aspect of the proximal middle phalanx and extend to the ungual crest
- these ligaments are rich in elastic tissue and serve to keep the claw passively retracted; contraction of the deep digital flexor muscle overcomes this retraction and allows the claws to be unsheathed
39
# fix later
What are the 5 joints of the hindlimb?
1. **pelvic joint**
2. **hip joint**: coxofemoral joint
3. **knee (stifle/genual)joint**:
femoropatellar joint and femorotibial joint
4. **tarsal joints**: hock between tibia/fibula and proximal tarsal bones, proximal intertarsal joint between proximal row of tarsal bones and central tarsal bone and 4th tarsal bone, distal intertarsal joint between central tarsal bone and distal row of tarsal bones, and tarsometatarsal joint between distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones
5. **digital joints**: metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, and distal interphalangeal joint
40
What are the 2 pelvic joints?
- sacroiliac joint
- pelvic symphysis
41
What is this hip joint?
coxofemoral joint
42
What are the characteristics of the sacroiliac joint?
- **immobile** joint between the *wings of the sacrum* and the *ilium*
- combined **cartilaginous and synovial** joint
- connects **pelvis and vertebral column**
- important role in **shock absorption**
- can be **luxated** in situations of high impact; causes asymmetry in the sacral tuberosities where they articulate with the wing of the ileum
43
What are the characteristics of the pelvic symphysis?
- **fibrocartilaginous** joint between two hip bones
- bones are fused by cartilage in young animal, but **replaced by bone in adult**
- pubic symphysis *cranially*
- ischiatic symphysis *caudally*
44
What is the purpose of the cruciate ligaments within the stifle joint
- *cranial* cruciate ligament **prevents cranial movement of the tibia** in relation to the femur
- *caudal* cruciate ligament **prevents caudal movement of the tibia** in relation to the femur
45
What is the most common ligament tear in dogs?
cranial cruciate ligament
46
How many menisci are found within the stifle joint
two: one medial and one lateral
47
Which tarsal joint is fused in avian species?
Tarsometatarsal joint; birds have tarsometatarsal bones
48
What are intratarsal joints, and what type of joint are they?
- vertical joints between surfaces of the tarsal bones
- synovial, but have little to no movement
49
What are the characteristics of the temporomandibular joint?
- **condylar** joint between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyloid process of the mandible
- has a **meniscus**
50
What is carpal laxity?
looseness/instability of the carpal joints
- Hyperextension (most common)
- Hyperflexion
51
Where are the 6 most common areas for bone and joint pain in dogs?
* shoulders
* elbows
* carpus
* IVDD
* hips
* knees
52
What are bursae? Where are they found?
- small **fluid filled structures** that complement the joint capsule that are found in the **elbow, knee, and hock**
- **prevents friction** between muscle tendons and bones of a joint
- similar to a tendon sheath
- lined with a membrane that produces synovial fluid
| in equine, a navicular burse is present
53
What are navicular bursa?
- bursa between the **navicular bone** and the **tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle** in horses
- *common cause of lameness* in horses due to navicular bursitis; inflammation of the bursa due to infection, trauma, or penetrating injury
54
What is elbow hygroma? How is it caused and treated?
- inflamed bursa of the elbow due to repeated pressure from sitting/laying on hard surfaces
- treated by removal of the fluid, antiinflammatories, and laser therapy
- padded bedding to avoid recurrence
- surgical removal is an option
55
What is an intraarticular injection?
the intra-articular administration of **analgesic/antiinflammatory drugs** for both **lameness diagnosis** and **pain management**
osteoarthritis
inflammation
pain management
or for synovial fluid collection
## Footnote
Corticosteroids- used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, allergies and many other conditions
Platelet rich plasma
56
What are the indications for intra-articular injections? What can be injected?
- preoperatively for animals undergoing **arthroscopy** or **arthrotomy**
- used in **osteoarthritic** patients to treat joint pain
- *collection of joint fluid*
- **platelet rich plasma can be injected** to manage joint pain and inflammation
- **corticosteroids** are very commonly used as joint space injections
57
Why is surgical preparation necessary for intra-articular injections?
| 2 reasons
* so the joint space is not contaminated with anything from the skin or muscle
* so that the patient remains completely still and relaxed
58
What are the landmarks for the collection of synovial joint fluid from the shoulder joint? How is the collection performed?
- **acromion process** of the scapula
- **greater tubercle** of the humerus
- animal is placed in lateral recumbency
- flex the joint slightly
- needle goes d*istal to the acromion process* directed **mediocaudally**
59
What are the 3 landmarks for the collection of synovial joint fluid from the elbow joint? How is this performed?
- either **medial or lateral epicondyle** of the humerus depending on which side you are on
- **tendon of the triceps muscle**
- **proximal part of the olecranon**
- stabilize the joint by either flexing or extending it
- pull the two bones away from each other as much as possible to create space in the joint cavity
60
What are the landmarks/proceedure for the Collection of synovial joint fluid from the carpometacarpal joint?
Palpate the joint space by flexing the joint, then feel before inserting the needle
61
What are the landmarks/proceedure for the collection of synovial joint fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint
palpate the joint space by flexing the joint
62
What are the landmarks/proceedure for the collection of synovial joint fluid from the hip/coxofemoral joint?
- palpate the **greater trochanter** of the femur
- **adduct the limb** to open up the joint space and *insert the needle at 2 o'clock*
- difficult due to the amount of muscle in the area
63
What are the landmarks/proceedure for the collection of synovial joint fluid from the stifle joint?
- have to be careful to *avoid the patellar tendon/ligament and the menisci*
- palpate the **patella, patellar ligament, and tibial crest**
- insert the needle dorsally **away from the meniscus**
- *pull the tibia distally* to create space in the joint cavity
64
What are the landmarks/proceedure for the collection of synovial joint fluid from the hock joint?
- palpate the lateral malleolus of the tibia and calcaneus
- insert the needle just medial to the malleolus
| malleolus= bony prominences on the medial and lateral sides of the hock
65
How many bones make up a simple joint?
two bones
66
How many bones make up a compound joint?
three or more bones
67
How many bones make up a complex joint?
at least two bones as well as an articular disc/meniscus
68
Fibrous joints are united by:
*fibrous tissue*
69
Cartilaginous joints are united by:
| 2 types
*hyaline cartilage* or *fibrocartilage*
70
Synovial joints are united by:
a *joint capsule*
71
What type of movement do fibrous joints have?
little to none
72
Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
no
73
Fibrous joints are also called:
temporary or ossified joint
