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Veterinary Anatomy 1 > Muscles of the Trunk > Flashcards

Muscles of the Trunk Flashcards

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1
Q

Contraction of the abdominal wall muscles brings about:

6 things

A
  • respiration
  • defication
  • parterition (birth)
  • haicturition/uresis
  • support
  • movement
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2
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the abdominal wall from outwards -> inwards (superficial -> deep)?

A
  • External abdominal oblique
  • Internal abdominal oblique
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Transverse abdominis

Rectus & transverse switch order depending on where you are in the body

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3
Q

Do the organs have direct contact with the abdominal muscles?

A

No. They are separated by fascia (_____ sheath)

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4
Q

What 4 reasons/procedures lead to incisions made in the abdominal cavity?

A
  • cs/ovariohysterectomy (spay)
  • Enterotomy
  • Cystotomy
  • Hernia

incisions are preferred to be done ventrally

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5
Q

The abdominal wall muscles arise from the:

A
  • cranial border of the pelvis
  • lumbar region
  • caudal region of the thorax
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6
Q

The abdominal wall muscles insert by the means of aponeurosis to the:

3

A

aponeurosis to the:
- linea alba in the midline
- prepubic tendon
- inguinal ligament caudally

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7
Q

What are the abdominal wall muscles innervated by?

A

the ventral branches of the thoracic and lumbar nerves

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8
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

The whiteish longitudinal line in the ventral middle abdomen that all the wall muscles attach to. Made of tendinous CT. Forms the umbilical opening (annuluss umbilicalis)
- It absorbs abdominal pressure
- color changes darker (linea nigra) during pregnancy due to hormonal changes

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9
Q

What is the origin of the linea alba?

A

xiphoid cartilage

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10
Q

What is the insertion of the linea alba?

A

The cranial border of the pelvis at the prepubic tendon

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11
Q

What is the mesh of yellowish elastic fibers that weaves the ventral part of the deep fascia of the trunk in large animals?

A

the yellow abdominal tunic

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12
Q

Prepubic tendon rupture is common in:

A

mares of ruminants and equine

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13
Q

12

A
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14
Q

What are 4 effects of the bilateral contraction of the abdominal muscles (abdomen tucking)?

A
  • back/spinal pain
  • GIT distress
  • arched back
  • bound gaits
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15
Q

The external abdominal oblique muscle fibers fan out _____.

A

caudally

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16
Q

The internal abdominal oblique muscle fibers fan out ______.

A

in a cranioventral direction

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17
Q

The transverse abdominal muscle fibers fan out _____.

A

transversely

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18
Q

The straight abdominal muscle fibers are directed ____ on both sides of the linea alba.

A

longitudinanlly

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19
Q

Which abdominal muscle does not form an aponeurosis?

A

straight abdominal muscle

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20
Q

Which 2 muscles form the external leaf of the rectus abdominus/sheath?

A
  • internal oblique
  • external oblique
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21
Q

What are the 2 parts of the external abdominal oblique m.?

A
  • pars lumbalis (lumbar)
  • pars costalis (costal)
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22
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the external abdominal oblique muscle?

A

medial ribs 4-12

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23
Q

What is the INSERTION of the external abdominal oblique muscle?

there are 2

A
  • linea alba
  • prepubic tendon
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24
Q

What is the INNERVATION of the external abdominal oblique muscles?

A

lateral branches of spinal nerves C5/6- L3

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25
What is the ACTION of the external abdominal oblique muscle? | there are 2
- compression the abdominal cavity (reducing space) - lateral flexion
26
What covers the external abdominal oblique muscle?
cutaneous trunci muscle
27
What structure passes through the superficial inguinal ring?
spermatic cord
28
18
29
What is the ORIGIN of the internal abdominal oblique (IAO) muscle? | 3
* The superficial leaf of the thoracolumbar fascia - tuber coxae- pelvis - inguinal ligament
30
What is the INSERTION of the internal abdominal oblique muscle? | 4
- costal arch - rib 13 - costal cartilage of rib 12 - linea alba
31
What is the INNERVATION of the internal abdominal oblique muscle? | 3
- Iliohypogastric n. - Ilioinguinal n. - Ventral branches of thoracic spinal nn.
32
What is the ACTION of the internal abdominal oblique muscle? | 1/2
to lift and compress the abdominal wall
33
What is the ORIGIN of the cremaster muscle?
caudal edge of internal abdominal oblique m. | (rarely, the m. transversus abdominis)
34
What is the INSERTION of the cremaster muscle? | 2
- spermatic fascia - parietal vaginal tunic
35
What is the INNERVATION of the cremaster muscle?
genitofemoral n.
36
What is the ACTION of the cremaster muscle?
draw testis closer to body wall (reflex elevation of testis)
37
What is the ORIGIN of the transverse abdominis muscle? | 6 origins
- thoracolumbar fascia - transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae - tuber coxae - costal cartilages 8 – 11 - all thoracic vertebrae - ribs 12 & 13
38
What is the INSERTION of the transverse abdominis muscle? | 1
Linea alba
39
What is the INNERVATION of the transverse abdominis muscle? | 2
- last few intercostal nn. - ventral branches of lumbar spinal nn.
40
What is the ACTION of the transverse abdominis muscle?
Enhance defecation and urination - lift and compress abdominal contents
41
What muscle forms the superficial inguinal ring?
The external abdominal oblique
42
What 2 muscles forms the deep inguinal ring?
internal oblique rectus abdominis
43
31
44
What is the ORIGIN of the Rectus abdominis m.? | 3
- first costal cartilage - first rib - sternum
45
What is the INSERTION of the Rectus abdominis m.? | 1
prepubic tendon on the pecten of the pubis
46
What is the INNERVATION of the Rectus abdominis m.? | 2
- medial branches of intercostal nn. - spinal nerves L1-L3
47
What is the ACTION of the Rectus abdominis m.? | 3
* Compression of abdominal cavity * ventral flexion of thoracolumbar vertebral column * bilateral contration
48
The rectus abdominus is surrounded by:
aponeurosis (rectus sheath) - apo. of external and internal oblique for the external sheath - apo. of the trans m. forms the internal sheath
49
What are the 3 regions of the abdominal wall?
- epigastric (cranial) - umbilical (middle) - hypogastric (caudal)
50
39 + 40
51
The muscles of the thoracic wall are also known as the muscles of _____.
respiration
52
What 4 procedures would require cutting through the thoracic muscles?
- thoracotomy - thoracoscopy - chest tube placement (hemothormer- pneumothorax) - diaphragmatic hernia repair
53
What are the 3 muscles & muscle group of the thoracic wall?
- Rectus thoracis - Serratus dorsalis - Intercostal muscles - Scalenus muscle
54
What is the ORIGIN of the rectus thoracis muscle? | 1
1st rib
55
What is the INSERTION of the rectus thoracis muscle?
Ventral part of ribs 2–4 (via an aponeurosis)
56
What is the INNERVATION of the rectus thoracis muscle? | 1
lateral branches of intercostal nn.
57
What is the ACTION of the rectus thoracis muscle?
inspiration- pulls ribs away from body
58
What are the actions of every thoracic muscle?
Either pulling the ribs toward or away from the body (toward= expiration, away= inspiration)
59
What is the ORIGIN of the serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle? | 2
- dorsal median raphe - dorsal spinous processes
60
What is the INSERTION of the serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle?
Proximal part of ribs 2-10
61
What is the INNERVATION of the serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle? | 1
intercostal nn.
62
What is the ACTION of the serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle?
Inspiration (pulls ribs away from body- cranially)
63
What is the ORIGIN of the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscle? | 2
- dorsal median raphe - dorsal spinous processes
64
What is the INSERTION of the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscle?
Proximal part of ribs
65
What is the INNERVATION of the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscle?
intercostal nn.
66
What is the ACTION of the serratus dorsalis caudalis muscle?
expiration (pulls ribs caudally- away from body)
67
What is the ORIGIN of the external intercostal muscles?
Caudal border of ribs 1 – 12
68
What is the INSERTION of the external intercostal muscles? | what border of which ribs?
Cranial border of ribs 2 – 13
69
What is the INNERVATION of the external intercostal muscles?
intercostal nn.
70
What is the ACTION of the external intercostal muscles?
Inspiration (draws the ribs closer together; contraction produces a lifting of the thoracic cage)
71
What are the three groups that make up the muscles of the trunk?
- muscles of the abdomen - muscles of the thorax/respiration - muscles of the vertebral column
72
What are the 3 functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall?
- aid in respiration, parturition, defecation, and micturition (urination) - support organs - aid in movement
73
Describe the muscles of the abdominal wall:
- extensive, thin, muscular sheets - constitute the muscular and tendinous base of the abdominal wall - muscular on the dorsum and become tendinous ventrally - form the lateral and ventral wall of the body
74
What does the peritoneum produce?
Fluid that prevents friction of the organs and the abdominal wall
75
What is the difference between the transversalis fascia and the abdominal fascia?
transversalis: **internal** aspect of the abdominal muscles abdominal: **superficial** aspect of the abdominal muscles
76
What is the prepubic tendon?
- component of the rectus abdominis as well as the pectineus - located on the cranial border of the pubis at the ventral part of the pelvis near the iliopubic eminence - commonly ruptured in pregnant mares - rare in ruminants; causes ventral abdominal hernias
77
Why are laparotomy incisions made along the linea alba?
- better suture holding ability - less vascularized, less muscularized, and less innervated
78
What is an incision along the abdominal wall called?
laparotomy incision
79
What is an incision into the thoracic cavity called?
Thoracotomy
80
What are 3 situations where a laparotomy is needed/ used? ## Footnote = surgical procedure where an incision is made in the dog's abdomen to examine the organs
- tumor - foreign body - any surgery that requires access to abdominal organs
81
What is abdominal tucking?
- **Bilateral contraction** of the abdominal wall muscles - commonly seen in the case of spinal pain along with shaking, panting, and seeming off balance; can also be seen in the case of GI distress
82
Describe abdominal strain:
- contraction of abdominal muscles against a fixed diaphragm - this results in an increase of the intra-abdominal pressure - necessary during defecation, micturition (urinating), and parturition
83
What superficially covers the external abdominal oblique muscle?
only the skin and cutaneous trunci
84
What is the direction of the muscle fibers of the external abdominal oblique?
caudoventral
85
What are the characteristics of the external abdominal oblique?
- broad muscle covering most of the abdomen - most superficial of the abdominal muscles - occupies the ventral abdomen up to about the 4th or 5th rib
86
What is the ORIGIN of the costal part of the external abdominal oblique? (pars costalis)
4th-12th ribs around the middle of the ribs
87
What is the ORIGIN of the lumbar part of the external abdominal oblique? (pars lumbalis) | 2
* 13th rib * superficial leaf of the thoracolumbar fascia
88
What is the superficial inguinal ring? What 4 things pass through it?
- **formed by the external abdominal oblique** - spermatic cord passes through - pudendal arteries and veins, - genitofemoral nerve - parietal vaginal process/vaginal tunic in males
89
In what direction are the muscle fibers directed for the *internal* abdominal oblique?
cranioventral
90
In what direction do the fibers of the internal intercostal muscle run?
crainioventrally from the cranial border of the ribs
91
The transversus abdominis is deep to what muscles?
internal and external abdominal oblique, and rectus abdominis | (deep to all the abdominal muscles)
92
What is the rectus sheath?
tough CT that surrounds the rectus abdominis
93
Describe the rectus sheath in the epigastric region of the abdominal cavity: | What are the muscle layers from outwards -> inwards?
aponeurosis of the internal abdominal oblique splits in half one half joins the external abdominal oblique to form external rectus sheath other half joins the transversus abdominis to form the internal rectus sheath * Layers outwards -> inwards: * EAO -> IAO -> RA -> IAO -> TA
94
Describe the rectus sheath in the umbilical region of the abdominal cavity: | what are the layers of muscles from outwards -> inwards?
- Both halves of the aponeurosis of the internal abdominal oblique join to form one aponeurosis that joins with the external abdominal oblique to form the external rectus sheath - Umbilical rectus sheath will be thicker than the epigastric rectus sheath - Order from outwards -> inwards: - ERA -> IRA -> rectal sheath -> RA -> TA
95
Describe the rectus sheath in the hypogastric region of the abdominal cavity:
- aponeurosis of **all three abdominal muscles** form the external rectus sheath - **Thickest** rectus sheath in this region - **No internal** rectus sheath - Layers outward -> inwards: - EAO -> IAO -> TA -> RA (+ sheath) | TA and RA are flipped in this region
96
What is the equivalent of the transversalis fascia in the thoracic region?
endothoracic fascia; contacts pleura of thoracic organs
97
What are the 4 different laparotomy incisions and what muscles are transected with each?
* Flank: external, internal, and transverse * Paracostal: external, internal, and transverse * Maramedian: rectus only * Midline: no muscles
98
What are 5 purposes of a thoracotomy incision?
- lung tumor - heart surgery - pleural effusion - pneumothorax treatment - biopsy
99
What are 3 purposes of a thoracoscopy?
- evaluates the thoracic cavity for tumors; less invasive - chest tube placement - biopsy
100
What is the purpose of placing a chest tube?
management for hemothorax/pneumothorax and postoperative to manage drainage
101
How do you treat a diaphragmatic hernia?
Surgical repair via either a thoracic or abdominal incision
102
What are the two types of diaphragmatic hernias?
congenital or acquired
103
What is the important thing to remember during thoracic surgeries?
have to maintain pressure within the thoracic cavity during the procedure to avoid lung collapse (pneumothorax)
104
What are the 5 muscles of the thoracic cavity?
- rectus thoracis - serratus dorsalis (cranial and caudal) - retractor costae - intercostal muscles - scalenus
105
What are the characteristics of the rectus thoracis?
- ventral to the scalenus - short and somewhat rectangular in shape
106
What are the characteristics of the serratus dorsalis cranialis?
- wider than the caudalis - serrated edges
107
What are the characteristics of the serratus dorsalis caudalis?
- smaller than the cranialis - it has 3 leaves/muscle bellies
108
Which muscle of respiration is difficult to identify due to the small nature?
retractor costae muscle
109
What is the ORIGIN of the retractor costae muscle?
thoracolumbar fascia
110
What is the INSERTION of the retractor costae muscle?
caudal aspect of the last rib
111
What is the INNERVATION of the retractor costae muscle?
ventral branches of the thoracic spinal nerves
112
What is the ACTION of the retractor costae muscle?
expiration- pulls ribs toward the body
113
Describe the intercostal muscles:
- 2 sets - bridges gap between adjacent ribs within the intercostal space - run perpendicular to one another
114
What is the direction of the muscle fibers of the external intercostal muscles?
caudoventral running from the caudal border of the ribs
115
What is the ORIGIN of the internal intercostal muscles? (mm. intercostales interni)
Caudal border of ribs 1 – 12
116
What is the INSERTION of the internal intercostal muscles? (mm. intercostales interni)
Cranial border of rib 2 – 13
117
What is the INNERVATION of the internal intercostal muscles? (mm. intercostales interni)
Intercostal nn.
118
What is the ACTION of the internal intercostal muscles? (mm. intercostales interni)
Respiration (exact role debated), fixation of ribcage during locomotion
119
What are the characteristics of the scalenus?
- wedge-shaped - ventral to the serratus ventralis - landmark for the brachial plexus - dorsal and ventral/middle portions
120
What is the ORIGIN of the scalenus muscle?
Cranial border ribs 1, 3, 4, 7/8 (variable)
121
What is the INSERTION of the scalenus muscle?
Ttransverse processes of C4 – 7
122
What is the INNERVATION of the scalenus muscle?
Ventral branches of cervical and thoracic nn.
123
What is the ACTION of the scalenus muscle? | 3
Ventral flexion (bilateral) of the neck lateral flexion (unilateral) of the neck inspiration- pulls ribs away from the body
124
What are the two groups of the muscles of the vertebral column?
epaxial (extensors) hypaxial (flexors)
125
Injuries of the vertebral column & scapula of the horse are mostly due to:
saddle fit errors- too far forward
126
How do you measure a saddle to ensure saddle fit injuries do not occu?
insert finger under saddle to make sure it isn't contacting the scapula
127
Acupuncture can be used to affect which 4 areas?
* nervous system * cardiovascular system * immune system * GI system
128
What are meridian points?
points for inserting needles during acupuncture
129
Acupuncture commonly uses which muscle group?
muscles of the vertebral column
130
Describe the location of the hypaxial and epaxial muscles of the vertebral column related to the transverse processes:
hypaxial: ventral to transverse processes epaxial: dorsal to transverse processes
131
What are the actions of the hypaxial and epaxial muscles of the vertebral column?
hypaxial: flexion of the vertebral column epaxial: extension of the vertebral column
132
In what situations do cats flex their vertebral column, and when do dogs?
cat: stretching, scared, happy, heat, playful dog: defecating, IVDD
133
What occurs when a muscle of the vertebral column flexes unilaterally?
lateral flexion of the vertebral column
134
What occurs when all muscles of the vertebral column flex together bilaterally?
stiffness and fixation of the vertebral column
135
Describe the flexion and relaxation of muscles during the rearing action of a horse:
relaxation of abdominal muscles and contraction of epaxial muscles | bow and string theory
136
What are the 3 components of the bow in the bow and string theory?
- thoracolumbar vertebrae + their articulations - ligament of vertebral column - muscles of epaxial and hypaxial groups
137
what are the components of the string in the bow and string theory
abdominal muscles- rectus abdominus
138
When the abdominal muscles contract in the horse, what is the effect on the bow?
flexion of the bow
139
What are the 2 parts of the thoracolumbar fascia?
superficial leaf and deep leaf
140
What does the superficial leaf of the thoracolumbar fascia cover? Where is it continous?
- Covers the thorax and abdomen subcutaneously - Continuous cranially and caudally with the superficial fascia of the thoracic limb, neck, and pelvic limb
141
describe the deep leaf of the thoracolumbar fascia
- Attached to the ends of the spinous and transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae - From its dorsal attachment to the spinous processes and the supraspinous ligament, it passes over the epaxial musculature to the lateral thoracic and abdominal walls, where it serves as origin for several muscles - On each side this fascia closely covers the abdominal muscles and forms the linea alba on the ventral midline
142
What 4 groups are included within the hypaxial group of muscles?
- muscles of the abdominal wall - muscles of the thoracic wall - muscles of the lumbar region - muscles of the neck (longus capitis and longus colli)
143
What are the characteristics of the longus colli?
- Colli: neck - Important in surgery of intervertebral discs (must be reflected) - Overlapping muscle fascicles
144
What is the ORIGIN of the longus colli muscle?
Ventral aspect of transverse processes of T6–C2
145
What is the INSERTION of the longus colli muscle?
Ventral aspect of vertebral bodies T5-C1
146
What is the INNERVATION of the longus colli muscle?
Ventral branches of cervical nn.
147
What is the ACTION of the longus colli muscle?
Ventral flexion (bilateral) of neck
148
What are the characteristics of the longus capitis?
- capitis = head - Deep to the sternocephalicus and omotransversarius
149
What is the ORIGIN of the longus capitis muscle?
transverse processes of C2 – C6
150
What is the INSERTION of the longus capitis muscle?
ventral aspect of occipital bone
151
What is the INNERVATION of the longus capitis muscle?
ventral branches of cervical nn | same as longus colli
152
What is the ACTION of the longus capitis muscle?
ventral flexion (bilateral) and lateral flexion (unilateral) of neck
153
What are the 3 parts of the epaxial muscle group?
- iliocostalis system: most lateral - longissimus sytem: middle - transversospinalis system: medial
154
What are the characteristics of the epaxial group of muscles?
- 3 parts (Iliocostalis system, Intermediate longissimus system, & Medial transversospinalis system) - parallel to one another in a longitudinal plane - paired and arranged in fascicles - extensors or lateral flexors
155
What are the two fascicles of the iliocostalis system?
* iliocostalis lumborum * iliocostalis thoracis
156
What are the characteristics of the fusion of the iliocostalis lumborum with the longissimus medially within the lumbar region?
- Erector spinae muscle - Plays significant role in standing upright - Reinforces area where ribs are absent - Longissimus and iliocostalis are separated cranially
157
What is the ORIGIN of the iliocostalis lumborum muscle? | 3
* iliac crest * medial aspect of wing of ilium * transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
158
What is the INSERTION of the iliocostalis lumborum muscle?
ribs 10 - 13
159
What is the INNERVATION of the iliocostalis lumborum muscle?
dorsal branches of spinal nn.
160
What is the ACTION of the iliocostalis lumborum muscle? | 2
* extend vertebral column (lateral flexion when acting unilaterally) * expiration
161
What are the characteristics of the iliocostalis thoracis?
- long and narrow - overlaps the ribs from lumbar to thoracic region
162
What is the ORIGIN of the iliocostalis thoracis muscle?
ribs 2 -12
163
What is the INSERTION of the iliocostalis thoracis muscle?
transverse process of C7
164
What is the INNERVATION of the iliocostalis thoracis muscle?
dorsal branches of spinal nn. | same as iliocostalis lumborum
165
What is the ACTION of the iliocostalis thoracis muscle? | 2
* extend vertebral column (lateral flexion when acting unilaterally) * expiration | same as iliocostalis lumborum
166
What are the 3 parts of the longissimus system?
1. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum 2. Longissimus cervicis 3. Longissimus capitis
167
What is the ORIGIN of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle? | 3
* iliac crest * medial aspect of the wing of the ilium * spinous processes of lumbar & thoracic vertebrae
168
What is the INSERTION of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle? | 2-ish
* Various processes of lumbar & thoracic vertebrae * ribs
169
What is the INNERVATION of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle?
dorsal branches of spinal nn.
170
What is the ACTION of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle?
extend head and neck (lateral flexion when acting unilaterally)
171
describe the shape of the longissimus cervicis
triangular in shape with about 4 fascicles (small bundle of nerve or muscle fibers)
172
What is the ORIGIN of the longissimus thoracis cervicis muscle?
spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
173
What is the INSERTION of the longissimus thoracis cervicis muscle?
transverse processes of C3 – C6
174
What is the INNERVATION of the longissimus thoracis cervicis muscle?
dorsal branches of spinal nn.
175
What is the ACTION of the longissimus thoracis cervicis muscle?
extend head and neck (lateral flexion when acting unilaterally) | same as thoracis
176
What is the most cranial portion of the longissimus system?
longissimus capitis
177
What is the ORIGIN of the longissimus thoracis capitis muscle?
transverse processes of T1 – T3
178
What is the INSERTION of the longissimus thoracis capitis muscle?
mastoid part of temporal bone
179
What is the INNERVATION of the longissimus thoracis capitis muscle?
dorsal branches of cervical nn.
180
What is the ACTION of the longissimus thoracis capitis muscle?
Extension (bilateral action) or rotation (unilateral action) of atlantooccipital joint
181
What are the characteristics of the transversospinalis system?
- most medial and complex group of epaxial muscles - several groups of short muscles - extends from sacrum to head between two or more vertebrae - must be reflected during laminectomy
182
What are the two main muscles of the transversospinalis system?
splenius and semispinalis capitis
183
Describe the splenius muscle:
most superficial muscle of the transversospinalis system; deep to the rhomboideus and serratus ventralis
184
What is the ORIGIN of the splenius muscle? | 3
Spinous process of T1-T2 adjacent ligamentum nuchae dorsal median raphe of neck
185
What is the INSERTION of the splenius muscle?
nuchal crest and mastoid part of temporal bone
186
What is the INNERVATION of the splenius muscle?
dorsal branches of cervical nn.
187
What is the ACTION of the splenius muscle?
extend head and neck (lateral flexion when acting unilaterally)
188
What are the 2 parts of the semispinalis capitis?
1. Semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis 2. Semispinalis capitis complexus
189
What is the ORIGIN of the semispinalis capitis muscle- biventer cervicis?
transverse processes of T2-T4
190
What is the INSERTION of the semispinalis capitis muscle- biventer cervicis?
ventrolateral to external occipital protuberance
191
What is the INNERVATION of the semispinalis capitis muscle- biventer cervicis?
dorsal branches of cervical nn.
192
What is the ACTION of the semispinalis capitis muscle- biventer cervicis?
extend head and neck (lateral flexion when acting unilaterally) | same as splenius
193
What is the ORIGIN of the semispinalis capitis muscle- complexus?
articular processes of C3 – T1
194
What is the INSERTION of the semispinalis capitis muscle- complexus?
nuchal crest
195
What is the INNERVATION of the semispinalis capitis muscle- complexus?
dorsal branches of cervical nn
196
What is the ACTION of the semispinalis capitis muscle- complexus?
extend head and neck (lateral flexion when acting unilaterally) | same as biventer cervicis
197
What are 4 situations where a paravertebral nerve block is used?
* flank laparotomy * displaced abomasum * C-section * rumenotomy
198
Which area of the spinal vertebrae is being blocked during a paravertebral nerve block?
T13-L2
199
What do you palpate for a paravertebral nerve block?
last rib and transverse processes
200
What is the origin of the semispinalis thoracis?
spinous processes T11-C6
201
What is the insertion of the semispinalis thoracis?
spinous processes from T11-C6 | same as origin
202
What is the ACTION of the semispinalis thoracis?
stabilization of the vertebral column
203
Name the muscle depicted: Is it hypaxial or epaxial?
Splenius; epaxial

Veterinary Anatomy 1 (15 decks)

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