Arthropod 1

Question 1

What are the 2 classes of arthropods we will be concerned with?

Answer 1

Insecta

Arachnida

Question 2

True or False:
The majority of arthropods are parasites.

Answer 2

FALSE

Few live directly at the expense of other animals (parasites)

Question 3

Live on, or burrow into, or feed off of the surface of their hosts epidermis.

Answer 3

Ectoparasites

Question 4

What are 3 “types” of parasitism?

Answer 4

1. Obligatory or facultative
2. Continuous association or intermittent association
3. Highly host specific or not highly host specific

Question 5

What are some examples of direct ectoparasite damage?

Answer 5

Annoyance

Blood loss

Myiasis

Question 6

What is myiasis?

Answer 6

Infection of a host with maggots

Question 7

What are some examples of indirect ectoparasite damage?

Answer 7

Behavioral changes

Self-trauma

Question 8

What are the 2 “types” of arthropod vectors?

Answer 8

Mechanical

Biological

Question 9

What type of transmission is this:

Transmission from one host to another via pathogen contamination of the mouthparts of an arthropod, which then physically carries it to another host.

Answer 9

Mechanical transmission

Question 10

What type of transmission is this:

A pathogen undergoes developmental changes in the vector, but does not multiply.

Answer 10

Biological transmission

Question 11

What type of transmission is this:

A pathogen multiplies within the vector without any developmental changes.

Answer 11

Biological transmission

Question 12

What type of transmission is this:

A pathogen undergoes developmental changes and multiplies within the vector.

Answer 12

Biological transmission

Question 13

The efficiency of a vector is dependent upon what 3 factors?

Answer 13

Feeding habits

Environment

Genetics

Question 14

What are 2 physical characteristics of an arthropod?

Answer 14

Segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen)

Exoskeleton

Question 15

Answer 15

A. Trachea

B. Tracheoles

C. Spiracles

Question 16

What is the functional equivalent of a heart?

Answer 16

Dorsal vessel

Question 17

True or False:
Arthropods have both a central and a peripheral nervous system.

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

Which neurotransmitter is unique to the invertebrates?

Answer 18

Glutamate-gated chloride channels

Question 19

Which neurotransmitter does the arthropod have in common with its hosts?

Answer 19

Acetylcholine receptor

Question 20

1. Which of the BIG 3 would be effective against these insects?
2. Why?

Answer 20

1. Macrocyclic lactones
2. Macrocyclic lactones target the glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrates

Question 21

What secretes the cuticle of the exoskeleton?

Answer 21

Epidermis

Question 22

What are the 3 layers of the cuticle?

Answer 22

Endocuticle

Exocuticle

Epicuticle

Question 23

Define the following:

As an arthropod grows it must shed the limiting older exoskeleton and lay down a new elastic cutilce, and then shed the old one.

Answer 23

Molting OR ecdysis

Question 24

Simplistic view of molting or ecdysis:

1. Ecdysone is released into the _____.
2. Ecdysone is converted to _____, the active form of the enzyme.
3. In response to the (answer to #2), the cells of the _____ proceed to initiate molting.

Answer 24

1. Ecdysone is released into the hemolymph.
2. Exdysone is converted to 20-hydroxyecdysone, the active form of the enzyme.
3. In response to the hydroxyecdysone, the cells of the epidermis proceed to initiate molting.

Question 25

1. Define apolysis 2. During what process is this taking place?

Answer 25

1. Apolysis: the old cuticle undergoes detachment from the epidermal layer 2. This occurs during molting (ecdysis)

Question 26

What role do enzymes play in molting?

Answer 26

Enzymes digest the old endocuticle

Question 27

Hemimetabolous

Answer 27

Incomplete metamorphosis

Question 28

Holometabolous

Answer 28

Complete metamorphosis

Question 29

What stages are present in an incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)?

Answer 29

Egg - Larva - Nymph - Adult

Question 30

What stages are present in a complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)?

Answer 30

Egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult

Question 31

Hemimetabolous vs. Holometabolous 1. In which of these does the juvenile stage look similar to the adult? 2. In which of these does the juvenile larva stage go through a pupal stage before becomming an adult?

Answer 31

1. Hemimetabolous 2. Holometabolous

Question 32

Juvenile hormone prevents _____ but does not interfere with \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 32

Juvenile hormone prevents **metamorphosis** but does not interfere with **molting.**

Question 33

What would cause an arthopod to remain in larval form during molting?

Answer 33

High juvenile hormones

Question 34

Insecta and arachnida are classes of which phylum?

Answer 34

Arthropoda

Question 35

Which suborder of Diptera are the "long-horned flies"?

Answer 35

Nematocera

Question 36

Which suborder of the order Diptera are the "short-horned flies"?

Answer 36

Brachycera