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Communication Science > Articulation III > Flashcards

Articulation III Flashcards

1
Q

The tongue

A
  • primary articulator
  • most imporatant
  • most active
  • modifies shape and size of oral cavity
  • changes resonance characteristics
  • functions as a valve
  • noise generator
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2
Q

Biological function of the tongue:

A
  • taste
  • mastication (chewing)
  • deglutition (swallowing)
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3
Q

The Tongue:

mucous membrane-

A

outer covering of the tongue

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4
Q

The tongue:

corium or dermis-

A

dense felt like network of fibrous connective tissue leverally supplied with elastic fibers…can be traced through the lingual musculature to the fibrous midline septum of the tongue

forms the “skeleton” of the tongue
a layer of connective tissue
just below the epidermis

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5
Q

2 anatomical divisions of the tongue

A

Body- portion of the tongue beneath the hard palate

root or base- behind the hard palate

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6
Q

4 divisions of the tongue

A
  1. tip
  2. blade
  3. front
  4. back
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7
Q

Tip of tongue

A

nearest to the front of teeth

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8
Q

blade of tongue

A

just below the upper alveolar ridge (body, dorsum)

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9
Q

front of tongue

A

beneath the hard palate

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10
Q

back of tongue

A

beneath the soft palate

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11
Q

tongue is divided into _______ from front to back

A

longitudinal medial sulcus

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12
Q

Foramen secum

A

pit at the posterior end of the longitudinal sulcus

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13
Q

sulcus terminalis

A

“V” shaped groove courses anteriorly and laterally to the margins of the tongue

Divided the tongue into ORAL and PHARYNGEAL portions

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14
Q

Palatine surface of tongue

A

portion under the soft palate; characterized by projections called papillae

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15
Q

papillae

A

thickly distributed over entire 2/3 of dorsum of tongue

surface characteristic: roughness

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16
Q

vallate of circumvallate papillae

A

10, form a “V” shaped row on the dorsum of the tongue just anterior to the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis

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17
Q

Pharyngeal surface of the tongue=

A

base/root of the tongue

posterior to the sulcus terminalis

still in the oropharynx

smoother than palatine portion

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18
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

made up by lymph glands
make up pharyngeal surface
posterior 1/3

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19
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

extends from the floor of the mouth at the midline to the underside of the tongue

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20
Q

Deep Structures of the tongue

A

8 or 9 muscles of the tongue

divided into intrinsic and extrinsic groups

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21
Q

median septum

A

divides tongue into longitudinal halves therefore the muscles of the tongue are considered PAIRED

individually supplied by motor and sensory nerves and blood vessels

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22
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic Muscles (4)

A
  1. Superior Longitudinal
  2. Inferior longitudinal
  3. transverse
  4. vertical
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23
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic:

Superior Longitudinal Muscle

A

O: sub-mucous fibrous tissue “close to the root”
I: not quiet to the tip…terminate in the fibrous membrane

  • thin layer of oblique and longitudinal muscle fibers
  • just deep to the mucous membrane of the dorsum of tongue
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24
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic:

Superior Longitudinal Muscle

A

“substantial” portion of the tongue; confined to median portion of the tongue

muscle tends to shorten
turn the tip upward

oblique fibers assist in turning ht lateral margins upward giving dorsum concave or trough-like appearance

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25
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic:

Inferior Longitudinal Muscle

A

O: root of the tongue (some from hyoid bone)
I: apex of the tongue
F: shortens the tongue or pulls tip upward

-consists of bundle of muscle fibers on the undersurface of the tongue…somewhat laterally

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26
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic:

Transverse Muscle

A

O: median fibrous septum
I: sub-mucous fibrous tissue at the lateral margins of the tongue
F: tongue to narrow and become elongated

-fibers= radiate somewhat on the lateral aspect of the tongue…fanlike distribution

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27
Q

Tongue: Intrinsic:

Vertical Muscle

A

O: mucous membrane of the dorsum of the tongue
I: sides and inferior surface of the tongue
F: flattens the tongue

confined to lateral portion of the tongue
highly developed anteriorly

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28
Q

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles (4)

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Palatoglossus
  • Hyoglossus
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29
Q

Tongue: Extrinsic:

Genioglossus

A

O: superior mental spine (posterior mental spine of the mandibular symphysis)
I: lower attach to thin aponeurosis to upper part of hyoid bone; others radiate to dorsum of tongue…submucous fibrous tissue on either side of midline…extends from root to tip

forms bulk of tongue tissue
strongest and largest of the extrinsic muscles
flat, triangular

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30
Q

Posterior fibers of genioglossus

A

draw whole tongue anteriorly to protrude the tip from the mouth

press teeth and alveolar ridges

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31
Q

Contraction of anterior fibers of genioglossus

A

retraction of tongue

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32
Q

Contraction of entire genioglossus muscle

A

draws tongue downward (makes a trough)

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33
Q

Tongue: Extrinsic:

Styloglossus

A

O: anterior and lateral surface of the styloid process and stylomandibular ligament
I: near dorsum of tongue and interdigitate with inferior longitudinal muscle; others overlap and blend with Hyoglossus

-fan-shaped, smallest of the muscles that arise from the styloid process

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34
Q

Tongue: Extrinsic:

Styloglossus (description)

A

F: draws tongue upward and backward

  • true antagonist of the genioglossus muscle
  • draws sides upward
  • assists intrinsic muscles in making dorsum concave or trough-like
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35
Q

Tongue: Extrinsic:

Palatoglossus Muscle

A

AKA glossopalatine muscle

O: anterior surface of soft palate
I: sides of tongue
F: lower soft palate or raise back of the tongue to groove dorsum

  • muscles of the tongue or the palate
  • blend with transverse lingual, Styloglossus and Hyoglossus muscles
  • forms palatoglossal arch (anterior faucial pillar)
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36
Q

Tongue: Extrinsic:

Hyoglossus Muscle

A

Function: Retract and depress the tongue, elevate the hyoid bone

O: upper border of the greater cornu and corpus of the hyoid bone
I: lateral sub-mucous tissue of the posterior half of the tongue
-becomes continuous with the Palatoglossus; others interlace with Styloglossus
-another small bundle…
O: lesser cornu and uniton of the fibers at the corpus and greater horn
I: Intrinsic sides of the tongue…and tip of the tongue (Chontrolossus)

-thin quadrilateral sheet

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37
Q

tongue positions and configurations are mediated by

A

lingual musculature & lower jaw movement

contractions of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

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38
Q

Tongue: Motor Control

Posterior Genioglossus

A

contracts to move tongue anteriorly (produce high vowels)

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39
Q

Tongue: Motor Control

Ballistic Movement

A

sudden contractions of single muscles that cease abruptly before the movement ceases

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40
Q

Tongue: Motor Control

Movement of the tongue:

A

complex pattern of finely graded changes in activity…one or two muscle produce most movement.

others cooperate…stabilize adjacent structures…oppose movement

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41
Q

Tongue: Articulatory parameters (7)

A
  1. Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tongue body
  2. Vertical upward-downward movement of tongue body
  3. Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tip-blade
  4. Vertical upward-downward movement of the tip-blade
  5. Transverse cross-sectional configurations of the tongue body, convex-concave plate
  6. Transverse cross-sectional configuration extending thoughout the whole length of the tongue, particularly the tip and blade-degree of central grooving
  7. surface plane of the tongue dorsum-spread or tapered
42
Q

Tongue: Articulatory parameters

Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tongue body=

A

production of low-back vowels

Posterior Genioglossus

43
Q

Tongue: Articulatory paramenters

Vertical upward-downward movement of tongue body=

A

palatal consonants and central vowels

Styloglossus and Palatoglossus

44
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Horizontal forward-backward movement of the tip-blade

A

Retroflex “err”

Transverse and Posterior Geniohyoid

45
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Vertical upward-downward movement of the tip-blade

A

superior longitudinal

ee, t, n, s

46
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Transverse Cross-sectional configuration of the tongue body, convex-concave palate

A

styloglossus, palatoglossus, and transverse…protagonists for /t/

47
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Transverse cross-sectional configuration extending throughout the whole length of the tongue, particularly the tip and blade- degree of central groovine

A

/s/ sound

Transverse and vertical muscles

48
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Surface plane of the tongue dorsume - spread or tapered…

A

/t/, s, l, i e

transverse and hyoglossus

49
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Vowels

A

least complex

1,2

50
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Alveolar stope consonants: parameters…

A

1,2,3,4,7

51
Q

Tongue: Articulatory Parameters

Grooved fricatives /s/:

A

maximum participation of all articulatory parameters

52
Q

The mandible:

Jaw’s primary movements:

A

elevation and depression

protrustion and retractions, lateral (grinding)…combined movements

53
Q

The mandible articulates with…

A

the temporal bone at the glenoid fossa…forms TMJ

Only truely moveable bone in the face

Condyle of the mandible and the mandibular of glenoid fossa of the temporal bone…creates the joing,,,lines by articulat or meniscus disc…the joint allows moemenet in 3 planes…vertical, A-P (protrusion/retraction), horizontal

diarthrodial joint (Temporal Mandibular Joint)

54
Q

TMJ moves in 3 Planes

A

Vertical
Anteroposterial
Horizontal

55
Q

The Mandible: Ligaments

A
  1. Temporomandibular or lateral ligament
  2. Sphenomandibular ligament
  3. Stylomandibular ligament

Function: stabilize TMJ

56
Q

Mandibular movements influence

A 
lip posture
tongue position
oral cavity configuration
changes in pharyngeal cavity dimensions
laryngeal height
57
Q

The Palate

A

modifies the degree of coupling between the nasal pharynx and the remainder of the Vocal Tract

fixed body plate in front
muscular valve behind

58
Q

The Palate’s 3 Parts:

A
  1. Hard Palate (bony)
  2. Alveolar arch (tooth bearing process of the maxillae)
  3. Soft Palate (Muscular)

(HAS)

59
Q

Palate: Hard Palate

A

Formed by medial projections of the palatine processes of the maxillae

  • articulate midline
  • contribute to 3/4 of the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity
60
Q

Palatine processes (PP):

A

thicker in front…blend with alveolar arch

61
Q

Posteriorly Palatine Processes

A

articulates with horizontal plates of the paired palatine bones: posterior 1/4 of the hard palate…horizontal plates are free…form the posterior nasal spine

62
Q

Palate: Hard Palate: Rugae

A

an area where the membrane is very well developed and is just posterior to the alveolar arch

  • facilitates lingua-palatal articulation
  • may burn this if eating hot pizza
63
Q

floor of nasal cavity=

A

inferior meatus

64
Q

Palate: Soft Palate:

Palatoglossus

A
  • Paired
  • sometimes thought of as a pharyngeal muscle or muscle of the tongue
  • EXTRINSIC muscle of the tongue
  • makes up the anterior faucial pillar*
  • depresses the soft palate
  • if palate is fixed…raises sides and back of tongue
  • semi-circular
  • acts like a sphincter
  • decreases the distance between the Palatoglossal arches
65
Q

Palate: Soft Palate:

Palatopharyngeus

A
  • Muscle of the soft palate AND a “longitudinal” muscle of the pharynx
    O: rises from the soft palate…continuous with those on opposite side
  • other fibers rise in the region of the Pterygoid hamulus
  • others from the cartilage of the auditory tube…make up the salpingopharyngeus
  • divide into two fasciculi (bundles)
66
Q

Palatopharyngeus Function:

A

guide bolus of food into lower pharynx during deglutition

acts as a sphincter to lower the palate and decrease distance betweenthe palatopharyngeal arches

swallowing and gagging

Regarded as…extrinsic muscle of the larnx…contraction raises the larynx (high pitch)…tilt the thyroid forward

67
Q

Palate: Soft Palate:

The Tensor Palati (Tensor Veli Palatini)

A

O: arises from ribbon-like muscle, thin plate immediately in front of the sphenoipetrosal fissure at the base of the medial Pterygoid plate
- additional fibers from the spine and angle of the Sphenoid bone
- anterolateral wall of the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube
- becomes narrow and tendinous
- tendon winds around the hamulus of the medial Pterygoid plate…expands into the palatal aponeurosis
I: fibers fan-like aponeurosis attach to the posterior border of the hard palate (blend into the connective tissue and musculature of the soft palate
I: medial fibers fuse with the anoneurosis of the opposite side

68
Q

palatine aponeurosis

A

forms fibrous “skeleton” of the soft palate

69
Q

Palate: Soft Palate:

Levator Palati (Levator Veli Palatini [LVP])

A
  • bulk of the soft palate
  • complex muscles
    O: petrous portion of the temporal bone and posteromedial plate of the cartilaginous framework of the auditory tube
  • in the sagital view..forms a ridge (torus) distributes fiberes along surfce of soft palate…interdigitate opposite side
    I: soft palate

2 elevaors form a sling for the soft palate

70
Q

palatine elevators

A

raise vertical position of the soft palate into horizontal postions
- stretch palate backward

-simultaneous tensing of the Tensor Veli Palatini

71
Q

Soft Palate:

Musculus Uvulae

A

Paired
O: nasal spines of the palatine bones from adjacent palatine aponeurosis
I: Uvula

F: shortens and lifts the soft palate
may be the articulator in some languages

72
Q

uvulae

A

small pendulous structure of the soft palate

73
Q

Soft Palate: Function

Tense muscles

A

soft palate rises, closes off nasal cavity…sound goes through oral cavity (oral sounds)

74
Q

Soft Palate: function

Relaxed muscles

A

soft palate drops, coupes the oral and nasal cavities…sound goes through both cavities (nasal sounds)

75
Q

Tonsillar fossa

A

triangular space

filled with masses of lymphoid tissue (helps fight infection)

76
Q

palatine tonsils are the masses of

A

lymphoid tissue

77
Q

Walderyer’s Ring

A

tontillar tissue surround oropharynx

78
Q

Pharynx

A

Musculotendinous tube
extends from base of skull to C6
12cm long

most inferior= continuous with esophagus
permits passage of food and liquids

composed of circular (circumferential) and longitudinal muscles

  • circumferential muscles possess sphincter like action
  • aids in moving foods and liquids through it
79
Q

Pharynx: 3 divisions:

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

80
Q

Pharynx: Muscles

A

striated…voluntary

3 pairs of contrictors: superior (1-4), middle (5-6), inferior (7-8), which makes up 8 muscular parts

muscular portion of pharynx is suspended from the apneurosis

81
Q

Pharynx: 3-layers of tissue

A
  • Fibrous Pharyngeal Aponeurosis
  • Muscous Layer
  • Strong Muscular Layer
82
Q

Pharynx: Aponeurosis

Origin:

A

O=

  • the pharyngeal tubercle of the occipital bone
  • the petrous portion of the temporal bone
  • cartilage of the auditory tube
  • cartilage of the auditory tube
  • Medial Pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
83
Q

Pharynx: Aponeurosis

Insertion:

A

I=

  • Posterior end of the mylohyoid ridge of the mandible
  • lateral margins of the tongue
  • stylohyoid ligament
  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
84
Q

Pharynx: Musculature

Superior Constrictor: Parts 1-4

A

weakest- most complex of the pharyngeal muscles

4 distinct muscle bundles…all with their own Origin

85
Q

Superior Constrictor muscles:

and insertions

A
  1. Pterygopharyngeal muscle
  2. Pterygomandibular raphe
  3. Mylopharyngeus muscle
  4. Glossopharyngeus muscle

All insert: midline pharyngeal raphe

86
Q

Pharynx: Musculature:

Middle Contrictor: Parts 5-6

A
  • Fan-shaped
    O: superior border of the greater horn of the hyoid bone (ceratopharyngeus muscle)
    O: lesser horn of he hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament (chondropharyngeus

Radiate as they course backward

I: medial pharyngeal raphe

87
Q

Pharynx: Musculature:

Inferior Constrictor: Parts 7-8

A

Thickest and strongest of pharyngeal muscles

O: lamina and superior horn of the thyroid cartilage
Secondary O: continuation of the sternothyroid muscle

88
Q

Pharynx: Inferior Constrictor

Fibers from thyroid cartilage=

A

thyropharyngeurs (part 7)

  • may influence angle of the thyroid laminae
89
Q

Pharynx: Inferior Constrictor

Cricopharyneus muscle

A

Part 8

additional fibers from cricoid cartilage
inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
continuations of the cricothyroid muscle

90
Q

Pharynx: Musculature:

Inferior Constrictor: Parts 7-8

course

A
  • abruptly diverge fanlike
  • course backward and medial ward
  • interdigitate with opposite side
  • forms midline pharyngeal raphe
  • inferior most fibers course obliquely downward
  • encircle and blend with muscles of the esophagus
  • contribue to sphincteric action of the esophagus
91
Q

Pharynx: Vertical Layers: 3 contributors

A
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
92
Q

Pharynx: Vertical Layers:

Stylopharyngeus Muscle

A

Long slip of muscle
O: medial side of the base of the styloid process of the temporal bone
I: between the superior and middle constrictor

  • Interlace with constrictor muscles
  • blend with fibers of the palatopharyngeus
  • posterior border of the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage

F: elevation of the pharynx, dilation, elevation of pharynx results in elevation of the larynx

93
Q

Pharynx: Vertical Layers:

Salipingopharyngeus Muscle

A
  • Closely related with stylopharyngeal and palatopharyngeal muscles
  • Long, very slender

O: inferior border of the medial aspect of the cartilage at the orifice of the auditory tube
- blends with palatopharyngeus fibers

F: draw lateral walls of pharynx upward and medially

-made up by Palatopharyngeus (palate muscle)

94
Q

Velopharyngeal mechanism

A

helps to vary the acoustic coupling between the oral and nasal cavities
- VP closure is very important to articulation

Inadequate= nasalized speech

  • Inability to impound air pressure in the oral cavity
  • Unvoiced consonants may become voiced
  • Plosives become snorts
  • Vowels nasalized
95
Q

Velopharyngeal Mechanism

A

Excessive VP closure results in a “stuffy nose” quality

  • adequacy of VP closure
  • timing of VP closure

VERY important to articulation parameters
Closure= elevating and retracting soft palate and constricting the pharyngeal walls of the nasopharynx, PPW moves anteriorly

96
Q

Passavant’s Pad

A

an area of the nasopharynx

on the PPW

area that protrudes (bulges) on PPW during phonation

assists with closure of soft palate

97
Q

Vibrations generated by VF…have 3 parameters

A
  • Frequency
  • Intensity
  • Duration
98
Q

Resonance:

Natural frequency

A

most everything, will vibrate when energized by an outside force

vibrate at its own natural frequency

air stream (lungs) energize the VF
Frequency of VF directly impacted by tension and mass
99
Q

Resonance:

Forced Vibration:

A

natural period or frequency

takes an unreasonable amount of effort to cause it to travel at an unnatural period…forced vibration

When external force is removed…the vibrations will stop abruptly…the system is “highly damped”

100
Q

Resonance:

Radiation of Energy

A

anything that absorbs energy at a specific frequency radiates energy best at the same frequency

vibrating systems resonate at their natural frequencies when they can…do not absorb energy well at frequencies other than their natural frequencies

Communication Science (8 decks)

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