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Communication Science > Exam 2: Phonation II > Flashcards

Exam 2: Phonation II Flashcards

1
Q

Interarytenoid Muscles

A
  • Adductors
  • located on the posterior surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages
  • Described as oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles
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2
Q

Oblique arytenoid muscle characteristics

A
  • more superficial
  • looks like an X
  • a few muscle fibers continue around the apex of the arytenoid cartilage laterally, angle upward and forward, and insert into the lateral borders of the epiglottis as the aryepiglottic muscle
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3
Q

Oblique Arytenoid: Origin & Insertion, function

A

Origin: posterior surface of the muscular process and adjacent posterlateral surface of one aryenoid cartilage

Insertion: near the apex of the opposite cartilage

Function: approximate the arytenoid cartilages and are therefore regulators of medial compression

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4
Q

Transverse Arytenoid Muscle: Origin & Insertion, function

A

Origin: from the lateral margin and posterior surface of one arytenoid cartilage, course in a horizontal direction

Insertion: lateral margin and posterior surface of the opposite arytenoid cartilage

Function: contraction approximates the arytenoid cartilage by causing them to slide along the long axis toward the midline

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5
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle characteristics

A
  • tensor
  • actively tense or elongate the VF
  • only other tensor (than thyroarytenoid muscle)
  • fan-shaped

oblique fibers– pars oblique
anterior fibers– pars recta

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6
Q

Cricothyroid Muscle: Origin & Insertion

A

Origin: anterolateral arch of the cricoid cartilage

diverges and

Insertion: the thyroid cartilage as two distinct parts

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7
Q

Pars Oblique

A

lower fibers course upward and back to inset into the anterior margin of the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

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8
Q

Pars Recta

A

upper or anterior fibers course nearly vertical upward to insert along the inner aspect of the lower margin of the thyroid

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9
Q

2 parts of the arytenoid muscle

A

oblique and transverse

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10
Q

5 distinct layers of the VF

A
  1. Epithelium (cover)
  2. superficial layer of the lamina propria (cover)
  3. Intermediate layer of the lamina propria (transition)
  4. Deep layer of the lamina propria (transition)
  5. vocalis muscle (body)
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11
Q

Epithelium of VF

A

made of: squamous epithelium

  • thin and stiff capsule
  • maintains shape of the vocal fold (like a capsule would)
  • helps regulate VF hydration
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12
Q

Superficial layer of the lamina propria

A
  • Reinke’s space
  • consists of loose fibrous components and elastic components in a matrix
  • mass of soft gelatin
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13
Q

Intermediate layer of the lamina propria

A

made of: elastic fibers

  • likened to a bundle of soft rubber-bands
  • composed mostly of elastic fibers
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14
Q

Deep layer of VF

A

made of: collagenous fibers

  • like a bundle of cotton threads
  • made up of collagenous fibers, contributes to durability of VF
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15
Q

Vocalis Muscle in VF

A
  • has both passive and active mechanical properties
  • constitutes the main body of the VF
  • passively, is like a bundle of stiff rubberbands
  • it is a muscle, so it is active (contractile properties, help control stiffness)
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16
Q

Thyroarytenoid Muslce (TA)

A
  • main mass of the VF
  • vocalis muscle (medial bundle) flanks the vocal ligament
  • thyromuscularis (lateral bundle) serves as the “body” of the muscle
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17
Q

Vocal Fold’s 3 sections

A
  1. the cover (epithelium and superficial layer of lamina propria), aslo called mucosa
  2. transition (intermediate and deep layers of lamina propria; this is the vocal ligament
  3. Body (vocalis muscle)
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18
Q

Physiology of VF (Thyroarytenoid)

A
  • the mechanical properties of the outer four layers are controlled passively
  • mechanical properties of the body are regulated both passively and actively
  • during phonation, a wave traveling on the laryngeal mucosa from its inferior to superior surface can be seen during each cycle of vocal fold vibration, except when the vocal fold is very tense (ex: falsetto)
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19
Q

Mucosal Wave

A
  • soft & pliant superficial layer of the lamina propria is essential for the mucosal wave
  • this wave continues across the upper surface of the vocal fold, dissipates before it arrives at the boundary of the thyroid cartilage
20
Q

Principle function of TA muscle

A
  • regulator of longitudinal tension
  • acting unopposed by intrinsic muscle, relaxes VF
  • assists in closing glottis by pulling forward on the muscular process
  • when contraction of TA is opposed by intrinsic muscle, the result is an increase in VF tension, then can act as adductor, a tensor or a relaxer of VF
21
Q

Pre-phonation phase

A

period during which the VF move from an abducted to either an adducted or partially adducted position

quiet breathing prior to phonation

22
Q

vocal fold approximation

A

subglottal pressure builds up beneath the vocal folds

the velocity of air as it flows through the glottal contrition is raised sharply

23
Q

Medial Compression

A

the extent to which the VF are approximated, this is brought about by the action of the adductor muscle

  • brought about by adductor muscles
  • muscles work in pairs…contraction of one results in contraction of companion muscles
  • direct relationship between the extend of medial compression and the magnitude of air pressure required to force the VF apart and initiate phonation
24
Q

Bernoulli Effect

A

aerodynamic law
-if the volume flow is constant, velocity of flow must increase at an area of constriction, but with a corresponding decrease of pressure at the constriction

  • assume the VF are nearly approximated
  • air stream released by exhalation
  • velocity will be constant until glottal contraction
  • velocity will increase as air passes “chink”
  • results in negative pressure between the medial edges of the VF
  • VF literally sucked toward one another
25
Q

Initiation of Phonation

A
  • as the glottal area reaches critical value, the VF start to vibrate (before approximation)
  • initial movement results in a decrease in the glottal area
  • VF undergo many vibrations before thy meet and obstruct the air stream
  • if subglottal pressure is adequate, medial compression of VF will be overcome and they will be blown apart to release a puff of air into supraglottal area
  • explosive
  • immediate short term decrease in subglottal pressure
26
Q

Elastic Tissue + Bernoulli Effect =

A

Vocal Folds snap back again to midline

27
Q

Simultaneous attack

A

there is a healthy balance between the respiratory and laryngeal mechanism
air stream released just as the vocal folds meet at the midline

“zero”…occurs with voiced sounds

28
Q

Breathy attack

A

air stream is released before the VF adduction is completed

-considerable amount of air may be exhaled while folds are being set into periodic vibration

“hairy”…occurs throughout long production strings of words

29
Q

Glottal attack

A

when phonation is initiated while the vocal folds are subjected to considerable medial compression

  • voice exhibits an onset more than during either simultaneous or breathy attacks
  • vocal tone is explosive in nature
  • the initiation is called a glottal attack

“okay”…used when words begin with a stressed vowel

30
Q

Attack Phase

A

begins with the vocal folds adducted, or nearly adducted, extends through the initial vibratory cycles

  • highly variable in duration
  • complete obstruction of airway passageway is not necessary to initiate phonation
  • initial movement in incompletely adducted vocal folds is medial
31
Q

Characteristics of a Vibratory Cycle

A
  • rate of vibration
  • open vs closed phase
  • periodicity
  • symmetry
32
Q

Rate of vibration

A
  • described as frequency (Hz) or cycle per second
  • very fast
  • cant’ see with blind eye
  • larynx operates most efficiently at the frequency of vibration that correlates closely with habitual pitch

women: 225 Hz
kids: 295 (really young)

33
Q

Open vs Closed phase

A
  • VF begin to open first posteriorly
  • Glottal chick moving anteriorly
  • Closure begins with the entire medial edge of the folds moving toward the midline
  • posterior portion is the last to close
34
Q

Conversational Pitch & Intensity

A

VF vibrate almost in their entirety, vibration is wavelike for the main mass of VF, along horizontal plane, slight vertical displacement that increases with loudness

35
Q

Open Phase

A
  • VF begins to be forced open from beneath
  • upward progression of the opening in an undulating fashion
  • lower edges of VF are the first and the upper edges are last to be blown apart
36
Q

Closed phase

A

the lower edges lead the upper edges (wave-like)

37
Q

Periodicity

A
  • with mass, length, tenstion, and subglottal pressure held constant, vocal fold vibrations will recur with moderately precise regularity
  • regularity of successive cycle of vibration
38
Q

Symmetry

A
  • VF will open and close as a mirror image of one another

- open and close in synchrony

39
Q

Pitch Nomenclature

A
  • Fundamental frequency
  • pitch level
  • pitch ranges
  • natural level
  • optimum pitch level
40
Q

Male vs Female VF length

A

Males: 15-20mm
Females: 9-13mm

41
Q

In abducted position, VF are…

A

near maximum length

42
Q

length of VF at various positions never exceeds…

A

the length of the vocal folds in their abducted postion

43
Q

Increase in length of vocal chords will…

A

increase pitch

44
Q

Modifications in length and tention are mediated through…

A

cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid

45
Q

Mass in Pitch Changing Mechanism

A
  • high pitch phonation: VF thickness is never reduced to below 1/2 of what it is during lowest pitch phonation
  • increase in tension in the vocal folds is the sole agent responsible for pitch increases
  • accompanying length and thickness changes is imply the result of the elastic tissue of the vocal folds yielding to the marked increase in tension

Communication Science (8 decks)

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