Ch1 Introduction Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Study of skeletal system
A
osteology
2
Q
study of articular system
A
arthrology
3
Q
study of muscular system
A
myology
4
Q
study of digestive system
A
splanchnology
5
Q
study of vascular system
A
angiology
6
Q
study of nervous system
A
neurology
7
Q
study of respiratory system
A
pulmonology
8
Q
study of urinary system
A
urology
9
Q
study of generative system
A
gynecology (females)
10
Q
study of endocrine ssystem
A
endocrinology
11
Q
study of integumentary system
A
dermatology
12
Q
anatomy
A
study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
13
Q
physiology
A
study of the functions of organisms and the relations of their parts
14
Q
anterior/ventral
A
toward the front
15
Q
posterior/dorsal
A
toward the back
16
Q
superior
A
upper
17
Q
inferior
A
lower
18
Q
cranial/rostral
A
toward the head
19
Q
caudal
A
toward the tail (usually restricted to the trunk)
20
Q
internal/deep
A
toward the inner surface
21
Q
external/superficial
A
toward the outer surface
22
Q
medial
A
toward the axis or midline
23
Q
lateral
A
away from the axis or midline
24
Q
proximal
A
toward the root of a free extremity
25
distal
away from the root of a free extremity
26
dorsal
toward the backbone, away from the front of the body
27
ventral
away from the backbone, toward the front of body
28
prone
laying on stomach w/ palms forward
29
supine
laying on back with palms up
30
sagittal plane
vertical, longitudinal plane, divides body into left and right
31
coronal plane
passes through the body dividing it into front and back
32
transverse plane
passes through the body dividing it into upper and lower sections
33
cell
-smallest and most structural unit of living matter -highly organized masses of protoplasm -have a lifespan
34
tissue
large mass of similar cells that perform a specific function
35
types of elementary tissues
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Vascular
36
Epithelial Tissue
- forms the epidermis -lines the digestive, urinary, and generative systems
37
Endothelial Tissue
-Lines walls of blood vessels, lymph vessels -no continuity with the epidermis -flat cells (simple squamous) -extremely smooth surface -Found in: neck nodes larynx oral cavity nasal cavity
38
Mesothelial Tissue
lines internal body cavities peritoneal (abdominal) pleural (lungs) pericardial (heart)
39
Protoplasm
basic substance that enters into the composition in living cells
40
Cytoplasm
holds cell's internal components in place
41
Plasma membrane
outer membrane of a cell
42
Organelles
"cell organs" found in cytoplasm
43
Mitochontria
provides energy to the cell. Power-source
44
Golgi apparatus
stores materials in a cell, packs for transport
45
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transports proteins to the golgi apparatus
46
Lysosomes
"digestion" in a cell
47
Microtubules & microfilaments
maintains structure in a cell
48
Centrioles
made of microtubules and helps the cell divide
49
Examples of Dense Connective Tissues
Tendons, Ligaments & Fascia
50
Tendons
type of dense connective tissue always associated with a muscle
51
Ligaments
Type of dense connective tissue tightly packed parallel fibers with elastic fibers join: bone \> bone bone \> cartilage cartilage \> cartilage
52
Fascia
type of dense connective tissue varies in thickness and density found in sheets responsible for the organization of muscle fibers
53
Fascia covers....
muscles of mastication, parotid gland, pharynx, neck, thyroid gland, arteries, veins
54
Elastic Cartilage is found in...
ear, external auditory meatus, epiglotis, auditory tube, larynx
55
Connective Tissue
binds structures together, support body and aid in bodily maintenence
56
Types of Connective Tissue
Loose, Dense, & Special
57
Loose Connective Tissue
(Fat) Distributed throughout the body binds parts together allows considerable movement
58
Types of Dense Connective Tissues
Collagenous Elastic Reticular
59
Special Connective Tissue
capable of growth, withstands compression, tears easily
60
3 types of Cartilage
Hyaline Elastic Fibrous
61
Hyaline Cartilage description
poor blood supply, changes with age, less transparent with age
62
Elastic Cartilage description
yellow and opaque, flexible, elastic, rubbery, contains collagenous fibers
63
Fibrous Cartilage description
most dense cartilage
64
Bone
Characterized by a rigid matrix
65
Types of joints
Synarthrodial (immobile) Ampthiarthrodial (slightly yielding) Diarthrodial (freely moving)
66
Synarthrodial joints
(immobile) fibrous, bones are almost in direct contact, joined by thin intervening tissue
67
Amphiarthrodial joints
(yielding) found in the skeleton
68
Diarthrodial joints
(freely moving) broadly represented in the body, variable degrees and directions of free movement
69
6 Types of Diarthrodial Joints
1. Condyloid 2. Gliding 3. Hinge 4. Saddle 5. Ball & Socket 6. Pivot
70
Striated Muscle
highly vascularized supplied by peripheral nervous system voluntary attaches primarily to skeletal system all but 2 are paired cylindrical shape blunt ends multi-nucleated composed of myofibrils
71
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary innervated by autonomic nervous system no transverse bands composed of fusiform spindle shaped contains single nucleus contraction is slow and contained
72
Cardiac Muscle
only in the heart properties of smooth and striated involuntary self-excitable cells contain myofibrils like striated
73
Muscle
by virtue of it's ability to contract and elongate, this tissue is the principle mediator in all of our movements
74
Types of Muscle
Striated, Smooth & Cardiac
75
Muscle Attachments
Origin & Insertion
76
Origin of a Muscle
fixed less movement more proximal attachment
77
Insertion of a Muscle
structure being acted upon, greatest movement
78
Muscle Strength
force muscle is capable of producing depends on the size of muscle and the # of motor nerves that innervates it
79
Muscle Fatigue
gradual decline in the ability of a muscle to generate force
80
Muscle Action
"what does it do?" consequence of muscle action
81
Nervous Tissue
highly specialized elongated cells extremely irritable respond to environmental changes by changing electrochemical composition
82
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
83
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
84
EMG
electromyogram---detects and records the bioelectric activity of a muscle
85
Vascular Tissue
fluid tissues of the body 10% body weight
86
Corpuscles
cells
87
Platelets
separated by blood plasma
88
Blood Plasma
intercellular matrix of vascular tissue
89
lymph
immediate nutrient plasma of vascular tissue
90
Vascular Tissue functions:
conveys food and oxygen to all living cells and takes on waste materials generated by cellular activity distributes heat uniformly over the body defends body against disease-producing microorganisms
91
Organ System
Two or more organs combining for one function
92
Examples of Organ Systems
Digestive Respiratory Integumentary Vascular Endocrine Reproductive Urinary Nervous Skeletal Articular Muscular
93
osteology
Study of skeletal system
94
arthrology
study of articular system
95
myology
study of muscular system
96
splanchnology
study of digestive system
97
angiology
study of vascular system
98
neurology
study of nervous system
99
pulmonology
study of respiratory system
100
urology
study of urinary system
101
gynecology (females)
study of generative system
102
endocrinology
study of endocrine ssystem
103
dermatology
study of integumentary system
104
study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
anatomy
105
study of the functions of organisms and the relations of their parts
physiology
106
toward the front
anterior/ventral
107
toward the back
posterior/dorsal
108
upper
superior
109
lower
inferior
110
toward the head
cranial/rostral
111
toward the tail (usually restricted to the trunk)
caudal
112
toward the inner surface
internal/deep
113
toward the outer surface
external/superficial
114
toward the axis or midline
medial
115
away from the axis or midline
lateral
116
toward the root of a free extremity
proximal
117
away from the root of a free extremity
distal
118
toward the backbone, away from the front of the body
dorsal
119
away from the backbone, toward the front of body
ventral
120
laying on stomach w/ palms forward
prone
121
laying on back with palms up
supine
122
vertical, longitudinal plane, divides body into left and right
sagittal plane
123
passes through the body dividing it into front and back
coronal plane
124
passes through the body dividing it into upper and lower sections
transverse plane
125
-smallest and most structural unit of living matter -highly organized masses of protoplasm -have a lifespan
cell
126
large mass of similar cells that perform a specific function
tissue
127
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Vascular
types of elementary tissues
128
- forms the epidermis -lines the digestive, urinary, and generative systems
Epithelial Tissue
129
-Lines walls of blood vessels, lymph vessels -no continuity with the epidermis -flat cells (simple squamous) -extremely smooth surface -Found in: neck nodes larynx oral cavity nasal cavity
Endothelial Tissue
130
lines internal body cavities peritoneal (abdominal) pleural (lungs) pericardial (heart)
Mesothelial Tissue
131
basic substance that enters into the composition in living cells
Protoplasm
132
holds cell's internal components in place
Cytoplasm
133
outer membrane of a cell
Plasma membrane
134
"cell organs" found in cytoplasm
Organelles
135
provides energy to the cell. Power-source
Mitochontria
136
stores materials in a cell, packs for transport
Golgi apparatus
137
Transports proteins to the golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
138
"digestion" in a cell
Lysosomes
139
maintains structure in a cell
Microtubules & microfilaments
140
made of microtubules and helps the cell divide
Centrioles
141
Tendons, Ligaments & Fascia
Examples of Dense Connective Tissues
142
type of dense connective tissue always associated with a muscle
Tendons
143
Type of dense connective tissue tightly packed parallel fibers with elastic fibers join: bone \> bone bone \> cartilage cartilage \> cartilage
Ligaments
144
type of dense connective tissue varies in thickness and density found in sheets responsible for the organization of muscle fibers
Fascia
145
muscles of mastication, parotid gland, pharynx, neck, thyroid gland, arteries, veins
Fascia covers....
146
ear, external auditory meatus, epiglotis, auditory tube, larynx
Elastic Cartilage is found in...
147
binds structures together, support body and aid in bodily maintenence
Connective Tissue
148
Loose, Dense, & Special
Types of Connective Tissue
149
(Fat) Distributed throughout the body binds parts together allows considerable movement
Loose Connective Tissue
150
Collagenous Elastic Reticular
Types of Dense Connective Tissues
151
capable of growth, withstands compression, tears easily
Special Connective Tissue
152
Hyaline Elastic Fibrous
3 types of Cartilage
153
poor blood supply, changes with age, less transparent with age
Hyaline Cartilage description
154
yellow and opaque, flexible, elastic, rubbery, contains collagenous fibers
Elastic Cartilage description
155
most dense cartilage
Fibrous Cartilage description
156
Characterized by a rigid matrix
Bone
157
Synarthrodial (immobile) Ampthiarthrodial (slightly yielding) Diarthrodial (freely moving)
Types of joints
158
(immobile) fibrous, bones are almost in direct contact, joined by thin intervening tissue
Synarthrodial joints
159
(yielding) found in the skeleton
Amphiarthrodial joints
160
(freely moving) broadly represented in the body, variable degrees and directions of free movement
Diarthrodial joints
161
1. Condyloid 2. Gliding 3. Hinge 4. Saddle 5. Ball & Socket 6. Pivot
6 Types of Diarthrodial Joints
162
highly vascularized supplied by peripheral nervous system voluntary attaches primarily to skeletal system all but 2 are paired cylindrical shape blunt ends multi-nucleated composed of myofibrils
Striated Muscle
163
Involuntary innervated by autonomic nervous system no transverse bands composed of fusiform spindle shaped contains single nucleus contraction is slow and contained
Smooth Muscle
164
only in the heart properties of smooth and striated involuntary self-excitable cells contain myofibrils like striated
Cardiac Muscle
165
by virtue of it's ability to contract and elongate, this tissue is the principle mediator in all of our movements
Muscle
166
Striated, Smooth & Cardiac
Types of Muscle
167
Origin & Insertion
Muscle Attachments
168
fixed less movement more proximal attachment
Origin of a Muscle
169
structure being acted upon, greatest movement
Insertion of a Muscle
170
force muscle is capable of producing depends on the size of muscle and the # of motor nerves that innervates it
Muscle Strength
171
gradual decline in the ability of a muscle to generate force
Muscle Fatigue
172
"what does it do?" consequence of muscle action
Muscle Action
173
highly specialized elongated cells extremely irritable respond to environmental changes by changing electrochemical composition
Nervous Tissue
174
Brain and Spinal Cord
Central Nervous System
175
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
176
electromyogram---detects and records the bioelectric activity of a muscle
EMG
177
fluid tissues of the body 10% body weight
Vascular Tissue
178
cells
Corpuscles
179
separated by blood plasma
Platelets
180
intercellular matrix of vascular tissue
Blood Plasma
181
immediate nutrient plasma of vascular tissue
lymph
182
conveys food and oxygen to all living cells and takes on waste materials generated by cellular activity distributes heat uniformly over the body defends body against disease-producing microorganisms
Vascular Tissue functions:
183
Two or more organs combining for one function
Organ System
184
Digestive Respiratory Integumentary Vascular Endocrine Reproductive Urinary Nervous Skeletal Articular Muscular
Examples of Organ Systems
