AS_ 2-

Question 0

Health

Answer 0

Complete mental, physical and social well being, not just the absence of disease

Question 1

Balanced diet

Answer 1

A diet that contains all of the nutrients required for health in appropriate proportions

Question 2

disease

Answer 2

A departure from full health caused by a malfunction of the body and mind

Question 3

Parasite

E.g plasmodium

Answer 3

an organism that lives in or on another living oraganism(its host), deriving nutrition from the host, benefiting at the expense of its host

Question 4

Pathogen

Answer 4

An organism that causes disease

Question 5

Immune response

Answer 5

A response to an antigen/ pathogen which involves the activation of lymphocytes and the production of antibodies

Question 6

antigen

Answer 6

a foreign molecule (may be protein or glycoprotein)
that can provoke an immune response.

Organisms have antigens on their plasma/ cell surface membranes

Question 7

Antibody - antibodies

Answer 7

Protein molecules released by immune system in response to an antigen, which are capable of neutralising the effects of the antigen

Question 8

Species

Answer 8

(A group of)
Organisms which have similar morphology, physiology, biochemistry and behaviour, and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 9

Habitat

Answer 9

The place where an organism or population lives.

It includes the climate, topographic and edaphic factors as well as the plants and animals that live there

Question 10

Biodiversity

Answer 10

The number and variety of living things to be found in the world, in an ecosystem or in a habitat

Question 11

Classification

Answer 11

Putting living organisms into groups based on their similarities

Question 12

Phylogeny

Answer 12

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 13

Taxonomy

Answer 13

The study of the principles behind classification

Question 14

Variation

Answer 14

The differences between individuals of the same species

Question 15

speciation

Answer 15

The formation of new species from a pre-existing one

Question 16

CITES (stand for) and also what does it do

Answer 16

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

An agreement designed to increase international cooperation in regulating trade in wild animal and plant specimens

illegal to kill endangered species

Helps conserve species by limiting trade trough licensing, and by making it illegal to trade in products made from endangered animals (rhino horns, Leopard skins)

designed to raise awareness of threats to biodiversity through education

Question 17

Rio convention ~ what does it do

Answer 17

Aims to develop international strategies on the conservation of biodiversity and how to use animal and plant resources in a sustainable way

Made itself part of international law that conserving biodiversity is everyone’s responsibility

Provides guidance to governments on how to conserve biodiversity

Question 18

Classification Order

Answer 18

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 19

Nucleotides in body - DNA/ RNA

ATGC - U

And categories

Answer 19

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

Uracil

Purines - A, G Pyrimidine - T/U , C

Question 20

Natural Selection

Answer 20

Variation with population (caused by mutation)
Some variation give an advantage for survival

Because of selection pressures
The survivors breed and pass on advantageous alleles(genes) to offspring

Allele frequency in gene pool changes over time

~ The mechanism for Evolution

Question 21

Adaptation

Answer 21

A feature of a living organism that increases its chances of survival.

Question 22

Mutation

Answer 22

A change in the structure of DNA, or in the structure or number of chromosomes

Question 23

Gene pool

Answer 23

Total variety of all the genes in a population or species at a given time

All the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in an area at a given time

Question 24

Selection Pressure

Answer 24

An external pressure that increases or decreases your chance for survival

Question 25

Kindoms Names + features need known examples

Answer 25

Prokaryotes - bacteria Unicellular, no nucleus less that 5um (the ONLY prokaryotic type cells) Protoctista - Algae, protozoa Usually lived in water, single celled, simple multicellular organisms Fungi - Yeast, mushrooms Chitin cell walls, saprotrophic ( absorbs substances from dead/decaying organisms) Plantae - Flowering plants Multicellular, cellulose cell walls, photoautotrophs, contains chlorophyll, Animalia - mammals, fish Multicellular, No cell walls, Heterotrophic (chemoautotroph)- produces food from chemical reactions

Question 26

Domains

Answer 26

Bacteria, Prokarya Archea Eukarya

Question 27

TEST- reducing sugars

Answer 27

Blue - green - yellow - orange - brick red High Conc. of Benedicts reagent(blue) - Heat to 80 deg. Reducing sugars - all monosaccharides, some disaccharides glucose - maltose

Question 28

Test - Non reducing sugars

Answer 28

E.g. sucrose Break it down to monosaccharides Boil the solution with Dilute HCl Neutralise it with NaHCO3 Benedicts test for reducing sugars IF positive it may be reducing/ non reducing sugar still You need to do do reducing sugar test to rule it out from being reducing sugar

Question 29

TEST for starch

Answer 29

Iodine ORANGE/ BROWN to Blue/ Black

Question 30

Test for proteins

Answer 30

Biuret ``` You need an alkiline solution so add a few drops of NaOH solution Add Copper(2) sulfate solution ``` If protein is present purple/ lilac layer forms NO protein- stays blue

Question 31

Test for lipids

Answer 31

Emulsion test Shake test tube with ethanol, Pour solution into water Lipids present - turns milky solution (CAREFUL - if your test solution is already white = false results) If no lipids stays clear