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YEAR 3 PSYCH > ASD and ADHD > Flashcards

ASD and ADHD Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 disorders that come under the umbrella of ASD

A 
Asperge's 
Rett's 
Childhood autism
Pervasive developmental disorder
Pervasive developmental disorder NOS
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2
Q

what is the most common disorder on the ASD spectrum

A

Asperge’s

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3
Q

what is the triad of impairments people with ASD have

A

social communication
social interaction
social imagination

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4
Q

ASD also has the feature of ______ behaviours

A

repetitive

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5
Q

describe ASD social communication impairment

A

good with language but find it hard to grasp the underlying meaning of conversation - difficulty understanding jokes etc

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6
Q

ASD often has narrow interesting which dominates conversation - this is known as

A

lack of reciprocity

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7
Q

describe ASD social interaction impairment

A

difficulty picking up non-verbal ques - appear self-focused and lacking in empathy but they are just trying to figure out social situations

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8
Q

do people with ASD find it easy to share their thoughts and feelings

A

no

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9
Q

do people with ASD find it easy to make friends

A

no - struggle to make and sustain personal and social relationships

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10
Q

describe people with ASD social imagination impairment

A

difficulty thinking flexibly - inability to understand peoples views and take things literally
difficulty projecting themselves into the future or making goals sensibly

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11
Q

describe the repetitive movements in ASD

A

stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, uses of objects or speech
insistance on sameness

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12
Q

is ASD more common in boys or girls

A

boys

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13
Q

____ levels are reduced in females with asperge’s, pointing to higher levels of free ______

A

SHBG

testosterone

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14
Q

true/false

gender identity problems are higher in people with ASD

A

true

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15
Q

is ASD inheritable

A

yes very

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16
Q

what chromosomal abnormalities are involved in ASD

A

deletion, duplication and inversion

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17
Q

what is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability

A

fragile X syndrome

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18
Q

____ in pregnant mother may cause ASD

A

Rubella

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19
Q

name 3 other things that may cause ASD

A

Tuberous sclerosis
Encephalitis
Untreated PKU

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20
Q

what are some perinatal complications that may cause ASD

A 
umbilical cord complications
foetal distress
birth injury or trauma
multiple birth
maternal haemorrhage
LBW/SGA
congenital malformation
meconium aspiration
neonatal anaemia, ABO or Rh incompatibility and hyperbilirubinaemia
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21
Q

what 3 brain areas appear pathological in autism

A

frontal lobes, amygdala and cerebellum

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22
Q

the ______ in boys with autism appears larger leading to more severe ____ and worse _____

A

amygdala
anxiety
worse social and communication skills

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23
Q

what 3 neurotransmitters are implicated in autism

A

Glutamate
GABA
serotonin

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24
Q

what are some signs you would look for in children for a diagnosis of ASD

A
  • speech and language difficulties
  • lack of awareness of and interest in other children - play alone
  • sticking to same routine
  • repetitive activity
  • sensory processing difficulty
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25
what kind of speech and language difficulties are seen in children with ASD
- dont babble or use other vocal sounds - repeat words or phrases spoken by others without forming or developing their own language - difficulty with non-verbal interactions e.g. eye contact
26
if a child with ASDs routine is changed slightly what might happen
tantrum
27
what is an example of a repetitive activity seen in ASD
watching the same movie over and over again
28
describe the sensory difficulties seen in children with ASD
any of the senses may be over or under sensitive e.g. some foods too strong or noises too loud
29
how is ASD diagnosed in adults
same as children but better adjusted to social conventions
30
are there any biological markers for diagnosing ASD
no
31
how can ASD be diagnosed
subjective clinical assessment - good developmental history and collateral history + assessment tools
32
name 2 screening questionnaires
3DI (The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview) DISCO (Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders)
33
what is the standardised assessment tool for diagnosing ASD
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - ADOS
34
what is the essential criteria for a diagnosis of ASD
symptoms must - be present in early developmental period - cause significant impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of current functioning - not be better explained by other mental health problems/intellectual disability/global developmental delay
35
people with ASD commonly have what comorbidities
``` depression and anxiety ADHD, tourettes, OCD dyslexia, language impairment learning disability epilepsy hearing / visual impairment ```
36
what are some non-pharmacological managements of ASD
- self and family psychoeducation - applied behaviour analysis - speech and language therapy - social skills training - social care - dietician
37
what drug is licensed for management of severe aggression and significant self injury in ASD
risperidone
38
when is pharmacological intervention appropriate in ASD
to treat co-morbidity
39
what can be given to treat chronic insomnia
melatonin
40
_____ may be a blood based biomarker for social functioning
oxytocin
41
what is the triad of difficulties in ADHD
inattention hyperactivity impulsivity
42
ADHD is more common in males/females
males
43
is ADHD as common in adults as it is in children
no but almost
44
the triad of difficulties in ADHD are .... (4)
- developmentally inappropriate - impairing function - pervasive across settings - longstanding from age 5
45
the triad of difficulties in ADHD are frequently co-occurring with what cluster of symptoms
impairing symptoms relating to self regulation
46
is ADHD a disorder or a spectrum
spectrum
47
how do adult and child ADHD differ
adult ADHD has less obvious symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity and more obvious inattentive symptoms
48
how does childhood ADHD impact lives
- difficult to parent - emotional dysregulation leads to difficulties in friendships and reckless and dangerous behaviour - exclusion from education and antisocial behaviours
49
in adults with ADHD there is increased rates of ____ and ______
criminality and substance misuse
50
what causes ADHD
perinatal precipitants, genetic predisposition and psychosocial adversity lead to neuroanatomical brain changes which lead to the cognitive and behavioural features of ADHD
51
what neurotransmitter genes are mainly involved in ADHD
dopamine and serotonin
52
there is ____ clustering in ADHD
familial
53
what are some perinatal factors that lead to ADHD
tobacco and alcohol prematurity and perinatal hypoxia unusually short or long labour/foetal distress/forceps eclampsia
54
exposure to what in the 1st trimester can lead to ADHD
viral infection
55
what kind of parenting is assoc. with ADHD
inconsistent parenting (psychosocial adversity)
56
what other psychosocial adversities is ADHD assoc. with
severe marital discord, big family, low social class, paternal criminality, maltreatment
57
genetic risk is an important precursor that may be compounded or turned on by ______
psychosocial factors / perinatal factors
58
in ADHD there is ______ function in the frontal lobe
underactive
59
in ADHD there is a ____ concentration of dopamine uptake transporters
higher - excessively efficient dopamine removal system
60
symptoms in ADHD may also be caused by reduction of ____ and _____
NA and serotonin
61
assessment of childhood ADHD is mainly driven by
parents / school
62
assessment of adult ADHD is mainly driven by
patient
63
how is childhood ADHD assessed
screening questionnaires and structured diagnostic questionnaires background info regarding RFs early history and attachment
64
what is common in adult ADHD
comorbidities
65
what is the diagnostic criteria for childhood ADHD
6 or more symptoms of inattentiveness and/or 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness present before age 5 reported by parnets/school/seen in clinic symptoms get in the way of daily life
66
what is the diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD
5 or more symptoms of inattentiveness and/or 5 or more of hyperactivity and impulsiveness historical concerns since early age symptoms have a moderate effect on different areas of their life such as work/driving/relationships
67
what are the psychosocial interventions for mild moderate and severe ADHD in children
``` parent training (New Forest Parenting programme) social skills training behavioural classroom management strategies ```
68
what is a good tactic for children with ADHD in the classroom
sit at the front
69
what can be given to improve sleep cycle
melatonin (controversial)
70
when can pharmacological managements be used in ADHD
moderate and severe
71
what is the 1st line pharmacological treatment of ADHD
stimulants
72
give 3 examples of stimulants
methylphenidate dexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine
73
what is 2nd line pharmacological treatment of ADHD
SNRI
74
give an example of an SNRI used in ADHD
atomoxetine
75
what is 3rd line pharmacological treatment of ADHD
alpha agonist
76
name 2 alpha agonists
clonidine | guanfacine
77
what is 4th line pharmacological treatment of ADHD
antidepressants - imipramine | antipsychotics - risperidone
78
how does methylphenidate work
stimulant | - increases dopamine by blocking transporter
79
what are some side effects of methylphenidate
head ache poor appetite insomnia
80
how does dexamphetamine work
stimulant - increase dopamine by blocking transporter | also increases NA and serotonin
81
how do alpha agonists work in ADHD
increase NA by reducing sympathetic stimulation
82
what neurotransmitter is responsible for alterness
dopamine
83
what neurotransmitter is responsible for concentration
norepinephrine
84
what neurotransmitter is responsible for satisfaction
serotonin

YEAR 3 PSYCH (14 decks)

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