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YEAR 3 PSYCH > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the appetitive system

A

reward system

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2
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter in the appetitive system

A

dopamine

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3
Q

what is the function of the aversive system

A

survival in event of threat - fear/pain

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4
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter in the aversive system

A

serotonin

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5
Q

depression is an altered sensitivity of the brain systems evaluating _______ - the ____ system

A

rewards - appetitive system

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6
Q

anxiety is an altered sensitivity of the brain systems evaluating ____ - the ____ system

A

threat - aversive system

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7
Q

what neurotransmitters are in excess in depression and what are deficient

A

deficient - serotonin, dopamine, NA, GABA, BDNF, somatostatin
excess - ACh, Substance P, CRH

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8
Q

what axis is upregulated in depression

A

HPA

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9
Q

cortisol is reduced/raised in depression

A

raised

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10
Q

what is the main serotonin receptor involved in depression

A

5HT1A

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11
Q

adverse childhood experiences can cause an over active responsiveness in the NA system - situation that isnt too stressful depletes NA which causes

A

depression

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12
Q

what is the underlying mechanism in anhedonia in depression

A

hypofunction of dopamine system

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13
Q

what is a drug that can deplete stores of monoamines and induce low mood

A

reserpine

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14
Q

of the following monoamines which are excitatory and which are inhibitory

  • dopamine
  • NA
  • serotonin
A

dopamine - excitatory
NA - excitatory
serotonin - inhibitory

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15
Q

what is heritability

A

the degree of variability in a trait that is caused by genetic differences in a population i.e. how much contribution there is from genetics in the average individual with the disorder

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16
Q

patients with schizophrenia have _______ reductions

A

grey matter volumetric reductions

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17
Q

where are consistent reductions in grey matter volume seen

A

temporal cortex - especially superior temporal gyrus

medial temporal lobe - particularly hippocampus

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18
Q

GM reductions is due to what

A

reduced arborisation not loss of neurones

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19
Q

is it possible to diagnose schizoprenia from brain imaging

A

no

20
Q

what happens to the brain to compensate for space left by atrophied brain

A

ventricular enlargement

21
Q

what drugs produce a psychotic state

A

drugs which release dopamine in the brain e.g. amphetamine or D2 receptor agonists e.g. apomorphine

22
Q

what drugs are used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia

A

dopamine receptor antagonists - metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, droperidol, promethazine

23
Q

schizophrenia is related to over activity of ____ in the brain

A

dopamine pathways

24
Q

what are the 2 dopamine receptor families

A

D1 family - D1 and D5 - most abundant

D2 family - D2 D3 D4

25
Q

__ receptor family stimulates cAMP

__ receptor family inhibits adenylyl cyclase

A

D1 stimulates cAMP

D2 inhibits adenylyl cyclase

26
Q

bromocriptine is a ___ receptor agonist

A

D2

27
Q

subcortical dopamine ______ leads to psychosis

mesocortical dopamine ______ leads to negative symptoms

A

hyperactivity

hypoactivity

28
Q

what are 3 genes that cause brain pathology

A

neuregulin
dysbindin
DISC-1

29
Q

what are the bodies 2 responses to fear

A

freeze

flee

30
Q

when does the body freeze

A

inescapable or distant threat

31
Q

when does the body flee

A

nearby threat and escapable

32
Q

reactions to fear arise in the ___ or ___

A

PAG

ventral tegmental area

33
Q

what is tonic immobility

A

involuntary state of profound but reversible motor inhibition - occurs especially if in direct contact with the predator

34
Q

as predator closes in, brain activity switches from ___ to _____

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex to PAG

35
Q

where is the PAG

A

midbrain

36
Q

when under threat there is a shift from ____ to _____ activation

A

cortical to subcortical

37
Q

what are the 3 looping systems in defence activation

A

midbrain/brainstem origin - PAG and Superior colliculi
mesolimbic - dopamine system
stimulus response learning system

38
Q

what increases when PAG inputs are fear/rage/panic/grief

A

increase in dysmorphins and CRF

39
Q

what increases when PAG inputs are care/nurturing/sexual desire

A

oxytocin, prolactin, u-opioids

40
Q

acute stress leads to dose dependent increase in

A

catecholamines and cortisol

41
Q

cortisol levels are ____ in acute stress

A

increased

42
Q

cortisol levels are ___ in PTSD

A

decreased

43
Q

pre peri and post traumatic resilience factors are related to what

A

pre - person
peri - trauma
post - environment

44
Q

processing in the brain is lead either by

A

mamillian brain or reptillian brain

45
Q

mamillian brain has _____ processing

reptilian brain has ____ processing

A

mamillian - top down

reptilian - bottom up

46
Q

mamillian brain speaks language of _____

reptilian brain speaks language of _____

A

emotion - mamillian

impulse - reptilian

YEAR 3 PSYCH (14 decks)

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