ASIS CPP - Personnel Security (Part 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Workplace Violence
OSHA requires employers provide a safe workplace, and some states require similar conditions
A
2
Q
Workplace Violence
OSHA General Duty Clause
This duty is extended to the necessity of due diligence to ensure new hires do not pose a foreseeable risk
A
Each employer shall furnish to each of its employees & a place of employment free from recognized hazards causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees
3
Q
OSHA General Duty Clause
The best prevention of exposure to workplace violence?
A
A pre-employment background investigation program
4
Q
OSHA General Duty Clause
What are the primary prevention strategies against insider threats such as theft, workplace violence, and substance abuse
A
Applicant screening & employee socialization
5
Q
OSHA Workplace Violence Typology
Type 1: Strangers
No relationship exists between the perpetrator, the victim or target & the organization
A
- Generally consists of serious crimes such as robberies & acts terrorism
- Accounts for the majority of workplace homicides
- Typical impact includes convenience stores and other retail establishment, taxis
6
Q
OSHA Workplace Violence Typology
Type 2: Customers
A business relationship existed or exists between the perpetrator & the organization
A
- includes customers, clients, patients, students, inmates & other recipients of services from an organization
- Typical impact includes healthcare providers, prisons, schools
7
Q
OSHA Workplace Violence Typology
Type 3: Employees
The perpetrator had or has an employment relationship with the organization
A
- Perpetrators include employees, former employees Independent contractors & temporary workers
- Impacts all industries & organization
8
Q
OSHA Workplace Violence Typology
Type 4: Domestic Partners
The perpetrator is a former or current intimate party of an employee
A
- Perpetrators include current & former spouses & domestic partners, family members & those who currently are or have been involved in a dating relationship with the employee
- Impact all industries & organizations
9
Q
Workplace Violence
The majority responsibility for establishing a workplace violence prevention & intervention program & conducting incident management will largely fall on which departments?
A
HR
Security
Legal Personnel
10
Q
Workplace Violence
The long-term solution to each situation of potential violence lies where?
A
Understanding the emotional & mental state of the aggressor & diverting him from violence not solely in strengthening security measures
11
Q
The best prevention of workplace violence…?
A
Early Intervention
12
Q
Workplace violence needs assessment
A
Evaluate any specific risks of violence affecting the workplace & readiness to respond to them
13
Q
Most distinctive & important elements of a violence risk assessment program
A
Behavioral Recognition
Notification
Assessment
Intervention by planned disruption
14
Q
Simplest roles of the Incident Management Team (IMT)
A
- Receive & assess reports of workplace violence aggression, threats, stalking or potential violence
- Gather further info as necessary
- Intervene as appropriate to maintain the safety of the organization & personnel
15
Q
It is essential that the IMT be empowered to commit company assets & personnel to resolve an incident
A
16
Q
Workplace Violence
Three levels of assessment for known aggressors
A
- Initial (“triage”) - determine if an immediate response is needed
- Threshold - determines if action is required or just monitoring based on thresholds considering
- Comprehensive - Uses detailed information
17
Q
One of the differences between behavioral investigative analysis (profiling) & violence risk assessment
A
Profiling is used to exclude people from an investigative pool of subjects so as to conserve investigative resources
Violence Risk assessment is focused on a particular individuals risk of committing a violent act
18
Q
Behavioral Assessment is…
A
Information - Intensive
19
Q
Workplace Violence
The ADA & related state laws do not offer protections to mentally-disordered employees who present what?
A
A “direct threat” of violence to the organization as legally defined
20
Q
Emotion-based (the vast majority of aggressors)
A
Affective Violence
21
Q
Workplace Violence
Unemotional (much more complex intervention process)
A
Psychopathic Violence
22
Q
Workplace Violence
Top 5 risk factors for homicide resulting from an abusive relationship (as identified by the DOJ)
A
- Has the abuser ever used or threatened to use a gun, knife, or another weapon against abused
- Has the abuser threatened to kill or injure the abused employee?
- Has the abuser ever tried to strangle (choke) the abused employee?
- Is abuser violently or constantly jealous?
Has abuser ever forced the abused employee to have sex?
23
Q
At a police agency’s request, the FBI’s NCAVC (National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime) may agree to conduct a violence risk assessment and advise on what?
A
Possible intervention strategies, if the employee is assessed as presenting a serious risk of violence
24
Q
Intervention & Resolution
A
- Primary goal: short-term and long-term safety of the target
- The overriding consideration is to do no harm to either the target or the aggressor
25
Intervention Options
- Interviews including "knock & talks"
- Administrative or disciplinary actions, including fitness for duty evaluations
- Cease-and-desist requests (oral or written)
- No trespass orders
- Restraining or protective orders
- Voluntary or involuntary mental health evaluations
- Criminal case filing & prosecution
- Probation & parole with close monitoring
26
The choice of an intervention type depends on?
- Assessment of the aggressor's probable reaction to the intervention
- Whether the intervention has a probability of correcting the aggressor's perception of the target
27
Any form of communications or interaction whether direct or indirect should be...?
Considered an Intervention
28
Because of Law Enforcement's average response time to crimes of violence (\>11 min. in 40% of cases) and a company's prior knowledge of the risk, what would be the only defensible option?
To use properly qualified private security personnel
29
What should be one of the planned responses in the case of threats of workplace violence?
(at a predetermined threshold of assessed potential for immediate, physical violence) a response by correctly trained, armed personnel who will handle the situation
30
Studies have shown the majority of protective or restraining orders aid in what?
Cessation of Violence
31
Monitoring
Critical & underappreciated part of the violence risk assessment process
Monitoring for new behavior
32
What does Passive monitoring rely on?
The target & others who might witness new behavior to report to the IMT on a timely basis
- Effective only in very low-risk cases in which a lapse in immediate reporting would not lead to a significant risk of harm
33
What is the assessor actively pursues new behavioral information rather than passively waiting for a report
Active Monitoring
- The more elevated the risk, the more often the contacts are made
- The best option for a moderate-to-high-risk situation or one in which regular reports cannot be relied upon
34
Workplace Violence
Symptoms of reduced morale & productivity after workplace violence may include...
Absenteeism
Sick Leave
Work Slowdowns
Management & Worker Distractions
General Disruption
35
International Security
3 Stages of most corporate contingency plans for international travelers
1. Alert state
2. Preparation for evacuation stage
3. Evacuation stage (May include "stand-fast")
36
International Security
International Evacuation plans should include
Policy statement
General Security requirements for office, vehicle & home
Crisis management team
Alert levels
Action plans
37
International Security
Countermeasures that may be employed for foreign travel and operations
General Intelligence briefings
Threat-specific briefings
Intelligence forecasts
Contingency & evacuation planning
38
International Security
Some forms of encryption may be illegal in some countries
39
What Act prohibits a US person making a payment to a foreign official for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to any person
Foreign Corrupt Practice Act
(FCPA)
40
International Security
The abduction of a hostage in order to coerce someone else into committing a crime such as planting a bomb or robbing a bank
Tiger Kidnapping
41
Employee Substance Abuse
What insurance typically covers ransom & extortion payments as a result of a kidnapping or extortion threat
Kidnap Ransom & Extortion Insurance
(KR & E or KRE)
42
Employee Substance Abuse
A chemical substance that alters one of the following states of the user
Drug
physical, behavioral, psychological, emotion
43
Legal or illegal psychoactive substances which affect the central nervous system & impair thinking & sensory input distorting perception of reality
Drugs of Abuse
44
Employee Substance Abuse
Substance-Abusers
- Have difficulty getting along with others
- Tend to withdraw from friends & be more secretive
- Avoid opportunities to socialize with non-abusers
45
Employee Substance House
Comprehensive Substance Abuse Prevention and Control Act (CSA)
Who is responsible for enforcement & oversight of the classification
Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA)
46
Employee Substance Abuse
Drug-free workplace policies should avoid what phrase which applies only to alcohol (legally)?
"Under the Influence"
47
Employee Substance Abuse
Organizations (supervisors, managers etc...) who are in denial...
- Fail to create substance abuse policies
- Fail to enforce the policies they have
- Fail to respond to workplace incidents involving substance abuse
48
Employee Substance Abuse
Managers and supervisors enforcing workplace substance abuse policy should be expected to do what?
Evaluate employee performance & be able to take remedial action when the performance is not adequate
49
Employee Substance Abuse
An abuser may have surrendered relationships a home, a car, savings & other things, but the last thing to go is typical?...
The job which represents a "normal" life
50
Employee Substance Abuse
Failure of intervention may result in what?...
An employee who exhibits resentment, uncaring & anger
51
What is the practice of the dealer retaining a "pinch" of product for his own use to compensate for "credit" purchases by the buyer?
"Pinching"
52
Alteration of normal body functions requiring the presence of a drug to prevent withdrawal
Dependence
53
Employee Substance Abuse
An integral component of addiction; physiological craving brought on by chemical changes in the body, mental & physical. Denial of the drug causes withdrawal, which may be painful or violent
Chemical Dependency
54
Employee Substance Abuse
A shortened duration & decreased intensity of a drug's effect, leading to the need to consume larger doses for the same effect
Tolerance
55
The disease of compulsion
Addiction
56
Employee Substance Abuse
Addiction may be an attraction to the social behavior around using the drug as much as the drug itself
57
Employee Substance Abuse
3 Stages of Addiction
1. increased tolerance, occasional memory lapse, lying about quantity & frequency of use, concern from other starts to rise, behavioral changes start to occur
2. Increase in rationalization more frequent lying unreasonable resentment suspiciousness increased irritability, remorse, pleading for forgiveness, promising change, increased insolation
3. Obsession a way of life, frequent memory loss, unusual accidents, unexplained absences, on-the-job impairment, paranoia, depression, anger, legal problems, home & work problems
58
Employee Substance Abuse
Addiction
Requires a drug to function normally, often keep steady jobs, work regular hours, have families, & appear happy
Functional Abusers
59
Addiction
Taking a drug repeatedly, in increasing doses
Binging or Bingeing
60
Addiction
The sensation of insects creeping on the skin
Formication
61
Addiction
What is the practice of injecting as much as a gram of methamphetamine every 2 to 3 hours over several days until the user runs out of the drug or is tax disorganized to continue
A "run"
62
Addiction
Regular users of methamphetamine
"Speedsters" or "Crankster
63
Enabling
Consciously or unconsciously allowing or encouraging the destructive behavior of others, shielding the abuser from the full impact & consequences of their abuse
Enabling
64
Enabling often extends from...?
Denial
65
Enabling
Management enablers of substance abusers
- Cover up for the abuser
- Accept the abuser's excuses
- Believe the abuser's rationalizations
66
Employee Substance Abuse
Occurs when the behavior of another overshadow one's own values & judgment
Codependency
67
Drug Classification
Schedule 1
**High potential for abuse**
**No accepted use in medical treatment in the US**
68
Drug Classification (schedules)
Schedule 2
- **High potential for abuse**
- **Has an accepted medical use in the US with severe restrictions**
- **Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependency**
69
Drug Classifications (Schedules)
Schedule 3
- **Potential for abuse less than schedules 1 & 2**
- **Has an accepted medical use in the US**
- **Abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence**
70
Drug Classifications (schedules)
Schedule 4
- **Low potential for abuse, relative to schedule 3**
- **Has an accepted medical use in the US**
- **Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependency**
71
Drug Classifications (schedules)
Schedule 5
- **Low potential for abuse, relative to schedule 4**
- **Has an accepted medical use in the US**
- **Abuse may lead to a lower physical or psychological dependency than cause by schedule 4 substances**
72
Employee Substance Abuse
Categories of Drugs
**Depressants**
**Narcotics**
**Stimulants**
**Hallucinagens**
**Marijuana**
**Analogues**
**Prescription**
73
Depressants
- In small doses, produce a calm feeling
- Can be used for various medical purposes
- In larger doses can cause impaired reflexes, slurred speech, & uncontrollable drowsiness
- Are often combined with other depressants or with stimulants
- When abused can lead to birth defects, overdose, & death
74
Depressants
(Include the following)
- Quaaludes (methaqualone)
- Valium (diazpam)
- Librium (chlordiazepoxide)
- Nembutal (pentobarbital)
- Seconal (Secobarbital)
- Alcohol
75
Depressants
Alcohol
- Fast-acting central nervous system depressant that functions as an analgesic, with a sedative effect
- In small quantities, produces a sense of well-being & slightly impaired reflexes
- In larger quantities, produces disorientation, reduced inhibition, loss of coordination, & irrationality
76
Depressants
Alcoholism
(Four Symptoms)
Cravings
Loss of Control
Physical Dependence
Tolerance
77
Narcotics (Opiates)
Opium its derivatives & synthetic substitutes also called opioids
Indespensible in pain relief
78
Narcotics
...is safe & rarely causes clinical addiction
Properly managed medical use
79
Narcotics
A large dose can cause ____ and may lead to \_\_\_\_?
- Severe respiratory depression
- Death
80
Narcotics
What do Narcotics-use results in?
Tolerance with chronic use
81
Narcotics
Highly addictive & frequently used
82
Narcotics
Usually taken orally, intravenously or smoked
83
Narcotics
Relatively uncommon in the workplace as they are expensive & physiological effects are usually obvious
84
Narcotics
In small doses, create effects like those of depressants
85
Narcotics
In larger doses can cause severe respiratory depression that may lead to death
86
Narcotics
Have euphoric effects described by abusers as being "high" or "on the nod"
87
Narcotics
Causes tolerance & dependance with repeat use
- Shorter-acting narcotics tend to produce shorter, more intense withdraw symptoms
- Long-acting narcotics produce protracted but less severe symptoms
- Withdrawl from narcotics is rarely life-threatening & concludes in seven to ten days
- Psychological dependence may continue beyond withdrawal
88
Narcotics
How do some abusers obtain the drug?
Through fraudulent prescriptions "doctor shopping" or with illicit drugs
89
Narcotics
Recreational users may abuse narcotics sporadically for months or even years without becoming addicts
90
Narcotics
Some experimental users become dependent younger experimenters are more likely to become dependent
91
Narcotics
Includes morphine, heroin, and codeine
92
Narcotics
The oldest compounded drug (except for alcohol)
93
Narcotics
Used by the Egyptians for medicinal purposes in 1500 BC
94
Narcotics
Used to cause sleep & reduce pain by the Romans
95
Narcotics
Used as a pain reliever by European doctors in the 1700's
96
Narcotics
Prevalent among middle & upper-middle class in the 1800's
97
Narcotics
Opium alkaloids morphine & codeine discovered in the 1800's
98
Narcotics
Opium is smoked, taken orally, or taken as a suppository
99
Narcotics
Morphine
- One grain of morphine = 10 grains of opium
- Morphine was administered during the civil war & led to much addiction
- Heroin was derived from morphine in 1898; used to treat morphine addiction
100
Substance Abuse
Stimulants
- Users may appear more alert, eager & productive, but may actually waste efforts & make mistakes
- Believed by abusers of energy & rationality
- Actually, rob the abuser of energy & rationality
- Cause frequent, severe mood swings
- Cause abusers to become difficult to manage & to have difficulty getting along with others
- Are often combined with other drugs or alcohol to attempt to control mood swings
101
Substance Abuse
Stimulants
- Over prolonged periods typically result in weight loss, drug-induced psychosis and addiction to multiple drugs
- Cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, methcathinone, methylphenidate (Ritalin) & anorectic drugs
102
Substance Abuse
Stimulants: Cocaine
- Cocaine hydrochloride is a white, crystalline substance extracted from the cocoa plant
- Has some medicinal value as a topical anesthetic
- Highly addictive
- Snorted, injected or smoked
- Stimulates the central nervous system
- Dilates pupils, elevates blood pressure, increases heart rate, causes euphoria
- Crack cocaine is made from powdered cocaine, baking soda & water
103
Substance Abuse
Stimulants: Cocaine
- High is limited to a few minutes or hours, causing a need for more
* Duration of effect is dependant on method of dose
* Snorting is slow in onset & lasts 15 - 30 min
* Smoking is fast in onset & lasts 10 - 15 min
- Large doses (\>100 mg) intensify the high but may cause bizarre, erratic or violent behavior tremors vertigo muscle spasms paranoia or be toxic
- The effects sometimes include restlessness, irritability & anxiety
104
Substance Abuse
Stimulants: Cocaine
- Rarely, sudden death can occur on the first use or unexpectedly thereafter, often the result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest
- In some cases rather than increasing their tolerance, some users become more sensitive to the drug & may die after small doses
- Eventually, some users may develop paranoid psychosis, lose touch with reality & experience auditory hallucinations
105
Substance Abuse
A synthetic drug manufactured using common materials & simple laboratory equipment
Methamphetamine
106
Substance Abuse
Methamphetamine
- Also known as crank, meth, crystal meth, or speed
- Has replaced cocaine as the drug of choice in many workplaces
- Smoked, snorted, swallowed or injected
- Alters moods depending on how it is ingested
- Smoking or injecting results in an intense rush or "flash" that lasts only a few minutes
- Snorting results in effects within 3 - 5 min. and swallowing produces effects within 15 - 20 minutes both produce a high that may last half a day
107
Substance Abuse
Methamphetamine
- Often used in a "binge & crash" pattern
- Tolerance occurs within minutes
- "Ice" is a smokeable, large & clear crystal of high purity, smoked in a glass pipe, it is odorless, leaves a residue that can be re-smoked & produces effects for up to 12 hours or more
- Effects also include increases in wakefulness & physical activity & a decrease in appetite
- High is a results of dopamine release, which causes a toxic effect on the brain over time
108
Substance Abuse
Methamphetamine
- Large doses can elevate body temperature to dangerous sometimes lethal levels & cause convulsions
- Chronic abusers may exhibit violent behavior, anxiety, severe mood swings, weight loss, irritability, confusion, insomnia, general deterioration of health, psychotic disturbances, delusions, & homicidal or suicidal thoughts caused by the paranoia
109
Found naturally in some plants & fungi & used in religious ceremonies
Hallucinogens
110
Substance Abuse
Hallucinogens
- Some are neurotoxic
- This category of drugs is not well understood
- High is described as "tripping"
- Are unpredictable each time used, a user may experience flashbacks weeks or months after taking the drug, without having to take it again
- Include LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide or "acid") MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine), MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine or "ecstasy") PCP (phencyclidine) or "angel dust", mescaline (from peyote & mushroom
111
Substance Abuse
Hallucinogens - LSD
- Colorless, odorless, tasteless
- Developed in a Swiss pharmaceutical laboratory in 1939
- One of the most powerful hallucinogens sold in tablets, capsules or liquid
- Oral ingestion
- "Acid" "blotter acid" "window pane" "microdots" "mellow yellow"
- Sometimes absorbed onto small pieces of paper or stamps
- Rare to be found abused on the job
- Maybe be substituted for meth or other stimulants in small doses
112
Substance Abuse
Hallucinogens: PCP
- Originally compounded as an anesthetic for large animals, but discontinued in veterinary use
- Unpredictable with sometimes frightening side effects
- Liquid or powder form
- As a liquid has a strong-ether-like odor & kept in small dark bottles
- Typically applied to tobacco or marijuana products & smoked
- Effects last for hours high is described as being "dusted"
- Sometimes causes the eyes to twitch uncontrollably
- Overdose = convulsions coma & death
113
Substance Abuse
What is the most commonly abused drug in the workplace (after alcohol)
Marijuana
114
Substance Abuse
Marijuana produces effects similar to and may be used as?
Alcohol
115
Substance Abuse
Marijuana side effects
Hallucinations
Memory Loss
Lethargy
116
Substance Abuse
Half a marijuana cigarette is equal to?
The effects of six to eight mixed drinks lasting two to six hours
117
Substance Abuse
What is marijuana's principal psychoactive component?
THC
(tetrahydrocannabinol)
118
Substance Abuse
It sometimes combined with other drugs it could increase what?
Potency & Salability
- Can result in addiction to opiates or hallucinogens because of these combinations
119
Substance Abuse
Marijuana highs are described as...
"Stoned" or "Buzzed"
120
Substance Abuse
Marijuana: Hashish
- Made from the THC-rich resinous material of the cannabis plant
- Formed into balls, cakes or cookie-like sheets
- Smoked in pipes
- Produced mainly in the Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan & Afghanistan
- THC content of hashish in the US has increased over the years
121
Substance Abuse
Analog or Designer Drugs
- Synthetic preparation with effects & characteristics similar to those of a natural substance
- Developed in laboratories
- Not initially classified as controlled substances
- Often more powerful than the natural substances they imitate
- Have led to death from overdoses
- USAG can institute emergency scheduling of analogue substance
122
Substance Abuse
Prescription Drugs
- Frequently abused int he workplace
- Include physical & psychological dependence
- Most common prescription drugs sold at work are int he family of benzodiazepines
- Effects include reduced inhibition & impaired judgment
- Mixing benzodiazepines with alcohol is common & dangerous
- Abuse of benzodiazepines is high among cocaine & heroin users
- Workplace dealers often think they are doing their friends a favor by providing the drug
123
Prescription Drugs
Most common prescription drugs sold at work are int he family of benzodiazepines
- Depressants designed to relieve anxiety, tension & muscle spasms
- Include Librium, Xanax, Valium
- Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol, "roofies" "roach" date rape drug) is not legally manufactured in the US but its smuggled in
124
Executive Protection
What is a business measure taken to preserve the organization?
Executive Protection
125
Executive Protection
A good EP program costs less than the benefits it produces
126
Executive Protection
Compromise of an executive can cause 3 types of financial losses
1. Its stock price may slide
2. The executive's services will be lost either temporarily or permanently
3. Employees may be distracted from their work
127
Executive Protection
Things that Executive Protection can do for the business
- Reduce dangers
- Enable executives to concentrate on business
- Giving executives the necessary confidence to travel in search of opportunities
128
Executive Protection
Corporate EP started in the mid 20th Century
- Initially former Secret Service, PD dignitary protection, military
- EP training allowed specialists to rise through the ranks
129
Executive Protection
EP grew in the early 90's because of:
- A rise in all types of crime
- High profile executive kidnappings
- Huge ransom payments
- Kidnapping victim deaths
130
Executive Protection
9/11 Drove further growth of EP
- Soft targets
- Stock volatility concerns
131
Executive Protection
Motives of Aggressors
- Financial gain, greed
- Personal grievances
- Objection to environmental or labor practices, political affiliation or animal testing
132
What rarely plays a key role in assassination behaviors?
Mental Illness
133
Executive Protection
Attributes of **_particularly dangerous attackers_**
- Often do not make threats
- Avoiding direct threats
134
Executive Protection
What actions increase the likelihood the person may be a threat?
Inappropriate or unusual interest
(Coupled with Action)
135
Executive Protection
Seven principles of Executive Protection
1. Prevent & avoid danger
2. Realize anyone can protect anyone
3. Don't stop to think
4. Keep clients out of trouble
5. Understand the security vs. convenience continuum
6. Rely on brains, not technology
7. Prevent & avoid danger
136
Executive Protection
Executive Protection key phrase:
"Use your resources"
137
Executive Protection
Appropriate allocation of resources to a specific situation is determined through?
Risk Assessment
138
Executive Protection
**_"Bodyguard"_** is not the appropriate name for an EP specialist who seeks to draw as little attention as possible
139
Executive Protection
Anyone with intelligence, training, & physical fitness can protect anyone
140
Executive Protection
A thoughtful, deliberate reaction to a dangerous situation will almost always fail
141
Executive Protection
The executive protection specialist's primary job
To avoid dangerous persons or conditions
142
Executive Protection
Overreliance by the EP specialist on technology tends to be too restrictive on the movements of the principal & aggressors are often intelligent enough to overcome those measures
143
Executive Protection
The choreography used by the EP specialist to move about with the protected individual
144
Executive Protection
3-part key security concept while on travel
1. Keep a low profile
2. Stay away from problem areas & situations
3. Know what to do if trouble arises
145
Executive Protection
When flying...
- Use private aircraft as often as possible
- Fixed-base Operators (FBO's) as often as possible to reduce hassle & exert better control over the environment than possible in a public airport
146
Executive Protection
Advance Work
- Reduces the executive's exposure by smoothing logistics (check-in, evacuation, parking etc)
- Route advances should be performed at the same time of day as planned travel
147
Executive Protection
EP ties to risk management in the protection of an important organizational asset
148
Executive Protection
EP specialists must consider two factors when conducting a risk assessment
1. The threats the executive faces
2. The likelihood that threats could be carried out successfully
149
Executive Protection
How often should EP risk assessments be profound?
On a recurring basis as the risks change
150
Executive Protection
Key determinants of the threat level
How well the executive is known to potential adversaries - key opportunities to learn about executives are
151
Executive Protection
It's not the executive's net worth that counts so much but...
How he/she is perceived by a prospective kidnapper
152
Executive Protection
EP vehicles should...
- Provide generous interior space
- Have substantial protective bulk
- Be equipped with a powerful engine
- Be armed if warranted by the risk assessment
153
Executive Protection
What vehicles blend in with other vehicles better than that armored after-market
Factory-Armored
154
Executive Protection
Four steps in the chain of incident response for EP...
1. Arm's reach
2. Sound off
3. Cover
4. Evacuate
155
