ASIS CPP - Physical Security (Part 4) Flashcards
1
Q
Security Officers - Qualifications
In addition to the mental ability to complete administrative tasks and make judgments, the security officer must also have the physical ability to observe, listen, report, and function in emergencies
A
2
Q
Security Officers - Qualification
Actions that must be taken before arming any private security officer
A
- They must furnish information about all prior employment
- The employer should make a reasonable effort to verify the last seven years of employment history, and check three personal references
- They must pass a recognized pre-employment drug-screening test
3
Q
Security Officer - Training
Competency refers to…
A
An individual’s ability, skills, and qualifications to perform the necessary duties
4
Q
Sec Officer - Training
It is good practice to provide a set number of pre-assignment training hours at the contract agency’s expense
A
5
Q
Security Officer - Training
The quality of assets protection is a direct function of…?
A
Local training and local supervision
6
Q
Security Officer - Training
What is directly related to the quality of local supervision and local training?
A
The quality of the service provided by the contract agency
7
Q
Security Officers - training
Unless officers are properly trained and closely supervised, they may not provide the protection required
A
8
Q
Security Officer - Training
What determines security officer effectiveness and raises a question of the actual need for the post
A
Post-Specific Training
9
Q
Security Officer - Training
What should be given as soon as the officer reports for duty? Instruction on specific duties can be given as the duties are assigned
A
An initial period of general security
10
Q
Security Officer - Training
Two reasons for testing the security operations program
A
Identify residual risks
Identify necessary changes within the organization
11
Q
Security Officer - Training
The quality of training is directly proportional to the quantity of training
A
12
Q
Security Officer - Training
Hallcrest Report (1985, Cunningham & Taylor) found that contract security firms had inadequate employee selection and training standards
A
13
Q
Security Officer - Training
The key to effective guard us is…
A
Training
14
Q
Security Officer - Arming
One of the greatest liabilities an organization faces involves…?
A
issuing deadly weapons to security officers
15
Q
Security Officer - Arming
Some think when a contract security vendor is properly contracted, most of the liability is shifted to the vendor
A
Legal actions usually involve anyone remotely associated with a situation
16
Q
Security Officer - Arming
Payment for vendor services indicates acceptance of the vendor’s management style and practice; thus, crucial policies and protocols should be prescribed by the organization that employs the vendor
A
17
Q
Security Officer - Arming
The decision whether to arm an officer should be based on the existence of one of these two conditions
A
- there is a greater danger to life safety without the weapon
- The officer may reasonably be expected to use fatal force
18
Q
Security Officer - Arming
Facility management assumes several responsibilities for armed officers
A
- Property training of the officers to be armed
- Selection of the appropriate firearms and ammunition
- Proper maintenance of the firearms and ammunition
- Proper maintenance of the firearms by a qualified gunsmith
- Maintenance of records of the foregoing actions
- An adequate level of liability insurance
19
Q
Security Officer - Arming
Other considerations regarding the use of deadly weapons
A
- Conditions when weapons may be issued
- Persons who get a weapon, and the type of weapon and ammo issued
- Quality and reliability of the weapon at the time of issue, and repair and maintenance of the weapon by a qualified armorer
- Accountability for the specific weapon and its ammunition, and specified training with the weapon
20
Q
Security Officer - Arming
Other considerations ctd…
A
- Conditions when weapons may be used, and safety precautions for the issuance and carrying of weapons
- Return or surrender of the weapon when not required for authorized use
- Secure storage for weapons when not in use (weapons unloaded, separated from ammunition, locked in approved container)
- Accurate records of each of the preceding points
21
Q
Security Officer - Arming
Use of non-lethal weapons should also be covered in policy statements
A
22
Q
Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary
Contract Security = 3rd party employers of officers
A
23
Q
Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary
Contract Security: Advantages
A
- Less expensive (most prominent advantage)
- The pool of replacement workers typically readily available
- No need for a customer to deal with vacations, sick time, discipline, hiring/termination
- A wider range of expertise available
- HIgh turn-over potentially lower quality, sometimes less well-trained, not as loyal
24
Q
Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary
Proprietary = Directly-employed officers
A
Factors:
- More direct control of personnel selection, screening, training, supervision
- Generally considered more loyal, less turn-over, better quality
- more expensive
- Must deal with discipline, salary determinations, vacations, sick time, etc…
25
Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary
Direct-employed officers oversee contract officers; also called the "principal-agent" relationship
Hybrid Security
26
Security Officer - Contract vs. Proprietary
Turnover costs
Due to advertising, interview time, background checks, hiring new employees processing and training - generally run \>=25% annual salary
27
Security Officer - Reports
From the first day on the job, security personnel should realize their **observations, reports, or findings, coupled with their demeanor and their ability to articulate events,** may be the key to the verdict in a trial immediately or years after an event, even if they have left the job
28
Security Officer - Reports
Every security incident should be treated **as if could result in a courtroom appearance**
29
Security Officer - Reports
Security reports and logs are admissible in legal proceedings as entries made in the regular course of business and **are therefore exceptions to the evidentiary rule against hearsay**
30
Security Officer - Reports
**The admissibility is pertinent in litigation, arbitration, or administrative matters in which the entry is the only evidence of the event.** To qualify, the report or log must
1. Be regularly maintained
2. Be maintained by a person as part of his or her regular duties
3. Record an event of which the recorder had personal knowledge or which was reported to the recorder by one who had personal knowledge and a duty to report
31
Security Officer - Reports
Which forms are better than those that expect the officer to formulate a narrative?
Report forms that force positive statements
32
Security Officer - Reports
Which report is the security log?
Central report document
33
Security Officer - Reports
Whether manual or electronic in format, security logs generally fall into two classes:
Main or control log
Individual past log
34
Security Officer - Policy & Procedure
**Written instructions** must be reinforced through personal communication
35
Security Officer - Policy & Procedure
What are the most important written instructions for the security force?
Post Orders
36
Security Officer - Policy & Procedure
Post orders are also important for the following reasons:
1. Express the policies of the protected enterprise
2. Summarize required officer duties
3. Avoid the problems of word-of-mouth instructions
4. Provide a basis for site-specific training
37
Security Officer - Policy & Procedure
Post orders should be developed with the following criteria in mind
- Each order deals with a single subject
- Each order is as brief as possible
- Each order is written in simple, easy-to-understand terms
38
Security Officer - Policy & Procedure
Reading time is **inversely related to reading comprehension** - the longer it takes to read a passage, the less likely it will be accurately understood or remembered
Reading time is a function of both the structure of the passage and the reading skill of the individual
39
Security Officer - Policy & Procedure
Post orders should be available at each guard post and kept current and accessible. **They are the vital link between the requirements of the client and the ability of the security officer to effectively meet those requirements**
40
Security Officers - Fatigue
Individuals awake for **more than 17 hours** are likely to reach dangerous levels of mental fatigue
41
Security Officer - Fatigue
The most effective way to maintain officer vigilance is to systemically rotate the security officer's duties, **at 2 &** **4 hour** **intervals**, between **fixed posts and roving patrol** (both foot and mobile) assignments
42
Security Officer - Fatigue
Officers' schedules should allow for **meaningful rest,** including at least **two nights of unrestricted sleep** **between shift changes,** and limitations on days worked consecutively and hours worked per shift
43
Security Officer - Contracting for security services
The first step in contracting for security officers is...
To determine the organization's contracting rules,
44
Security Officer - Contracting for security services
Other steps in contracting for security officers
- Buyer beware
- Properly evaluate the needs of the organization to be protected
- Acquire information and know the state of the art
- Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each service
- Avoid panic decision making
45
Security Officer - Contracting for security services
Three criteria to consider when choosing a guard contractor
1. Consistent performance
2. Prompt, efficient and positive response to client concerns
3. Competitive pricing
46
Security Officer - Contracting for security services
Clients should look for agencies that can substantiate a...?
Lower-than-average turnover rate
47
Security Officer - Contracting for security services
Factors affecting guard agency performance
- Poor scheduling
- Lack of adequate supervision
- Limited opportunities for advancement
- Little or no recognition
48
Security Officer - Contracting for security services
The most important aspect required to ensure adequate guard agency performance is
a genuine commitment to partnership with the client
49
Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services
**The more specific and detailed the information a client provides,** the greater the likelihood of getting quality service at a competitive price
50
Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services
The Scope Of Work (SOW) should state
1. Security tasks
2. Days and hours of performance
3. Total number of hours to be worked
51
Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services
Customers should specify hourly pay rates rather than allowing bidding guard agencies to do so
As a general guideline, **the lowest wages received by the contract security officer should at least equal the entry wages paid to the proprietary positions**
52
Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services
Supervisory roles are generally determined by the **number of personnel at the site (or total hours)**
If officers work more than 400 hours per week, the contracting organization should hire its own (proprietary) security supervisor
53
Security Officer - Contracting for Security Services
Seven measures on which contract security companies can be assessed (at minimum)
1. Employment and reference checks
2. Psychological testing (where allowed)
3. Polygraph testing (where allowed)
4. Minimum qualifications at the local jurisdiction level
5. Management qualifications
6. Selection process for officers
7. Turn-over / tenure / seniority
54
High Rise Security Issues
Generally, a high-rise structure extends higher than the maximum reach of available fire-fighting equipment
**Set variously between 75 and 100 feet, or approximately 7 - 10 stories**
55
High Rise - Concepts
Access is typically **unrestricted** at the **building entry level** as well as to individual floors. There may be an **unrestrictive security or concierge desk** to assist visitors and others
Open Buildings
56
High Rise - Concepts
Access to elevator banks is controlled and visitors are managed
Closed Buildings
57
High Rise - Concepts
For a major tenant, one or more elevator banks may be controlled while other elevator banks to other floors are open
Hybrid Buildings
58
High Rise - Concepts
Operations controls vary according to time of day, traffic, occupancy level, or day of week
Multi-Mode
59
High Rise - Access Control
Three access control classes of space in a high rise
Public Access
## Footnote
Leased Spaces
Maintenance Spaces
60
High Rise - Access Control
Sensitive spaces should be grouped **together in the same group of floors** serviced by a single set of elevators, **allowing more control over access**
61
High Rise - Access Control
Floor control can be accomplished in several ways in a high rise
1. Programmable elevators
2. Elevator cabs with card readers
3. Escorts for visitors
4. Employee awareness of piggybacking and tailgating
5. Turnstiles at the ground floor elevator bank
6. Controlled elevator landings (with or without reception)
62
High Rise - Access Control
What two factors control how building stairwells are secured?
1. Local fire and building code requirements
2. Whether inter-floor movement of building occupants via stairwells is allowed
63
High Rise - Access Control
**Service or freight elevators** pose special problems in all high-rise structures because they often serve all levels of a building
64
High Rise - Access Control
If the elevators are self-service, the entire building security program may be compromised unless the service cars are:
- programmed not to access sensitive floors without special arrangments
- Locked at hoist away doors on sensitive floors
- Locked at service vestibule or lobby doors, where applicable
65
High Rise - Access Control
Service elevators also offer an opportunity for unauthorized movement of property from or between accessible floors, which can be addressed by:
- Assigning an operator to the service elevators
- Making service elevators available only from a request to security
- Avoiding use of service elevators by regular traffic
66
High Rise - Access Control
If the use of stairwells is allowed, they should have **access controls and intercoms connected to S****ecurity**
67
High Rise - Access Control
High-tower-function mortise locks
- Energized and locked at all times
- Access control is accomplished by a key or reader
- Power is controlled by the fire system: doors immediately unlock yet remain closed and latched, protecting the stairwell from smoke and fire
68
High Rise - Life Safety
The first step in assuring life safety is **to comply with local building and fire codes applicable to the structure**
69
High Rise - Life Safety
When sprinkler are present, the chances of dying in a fire and property loss per fire **are cut by 1/3 to 2/3,** compared to fires reported to fire departments where sprinklers are not present
70
High Rise - Life Safety
When sprinklers do not produce satisfactory results, the reasons usually involve one or more of the following
1. Partial, antiquated, poorly maintained, or inappropriate systems
2. Explosions or flash fires that overpower the system before it can react
3. Fires very close to people who can be killed before a system can react
71
High Rise - Life Safety
**Standpipe systems** can significantly improve the efficiency of manual firefighting operations by eliminating the need for long and cumbersome hoses
72
High Rise - Life Safety
Water is the primary extinguishing agent in most high-rises, but others may be...
- Dry chemical and we chemical systems (used mainly for restaurant hoods, ducts, and cooking appliances found in kitchens and cafeterias
- Carbon dioxide, Halon replacement systems (used in electrical switchgear rooms and in computer and data processing installations
73
High Rise - Life Safety
The most significant factors affecting life safety in high-rise structures are:
- Early detection and precise location of incipient hazards
- Reliable communications throughout the structure and with outside agencies
- Assurance of safe escape routes
- Prompt application of appropriate control measures
- Fire extinguishment
74
High Rise - Life Safety
Fire-fighting factors in high-rise structures ctd...
- Containment or replacement of contaminated air
- Shutoff or filtration of drinking water
- Containment and removal of explosives
75
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
The "layered security" approach applies to normal facilities is:
- Outer ring: Property boundary, or perimeter
- Middle ring: Building walls
- Inner ring: Interior controls
76
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
Layered Security for a high-rise
- Outer ring: Building walls
- Middle ring: Access to elevators and stairs
- Inner ring: Individual floors
77
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
Protection measures in a high rise should involve a cooperative effort between the building owner and manager and the tenants themselves
78
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
Hardening and controlling the elevator lobby and stairwell doors are l**ess expensive than hardening individual offices or spaces**
79
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
No attempt should be made to use the system control center in any way other **than as a dedicated facility**
80
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
If the system has been properly designed, ideally the monitoring and control station should be the most secure location in the structure
81
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
**Intrusion alarms** should be used on stairwell doors where non-emergency use is not allowed
82
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
Fresh air intakes should not be overlooked in the protection plan, as these are vulnerable to airborne contaminants
83
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
The most dangerous or critical points for an attack against telecommunications lines in a high rise are **located at points after all the building services are connected with one or two main truck cables still int he structures**
84
High Rise - Security & Intrusion Detection
Since communications within a high rise can be cut to upper floors by severing the cables in a common riser areas **alarm signal and communication systems should be distributed so that localized points can operate independently** even with communications with a central control panel or processor has been disrupted
85
High Rise - Video Surveillance
The number of security personnel in a high rise depends on **the type of occupancy and activities**
86
Dogs in Security - Breeds
There are 150 breeds of dogs classified into eight classes:
1. Sporting
2. Hound
3. Working
4. Terrier
5. toy
6. Non-sporting
7. Herding
8. Miscellaneous
87
Dogs in Security - Breeds
Security typically uses **working and herding dogs**
What matters most is the **overall drive of the individual dog once it has been trained for security work**
88
Dogs in Security - Breeds
**Dogs in the Herding group** share a great ability to control the movement of other animals
89
Dogs in Security - Qualifications
Dogs fall into one of three main sensitivity groups
1. Oversensitive (reacts excessively, difficult to train, unreliable, may have to do with the dog's history
2. Undersensitive (difficult to motivate, may not respond to commands, may not interpret affection as a reward)
3. Moderately sensitive (normal sensitivity to sound and touch, responds to commands, ideal for protection work
90
Dogs in Security - Qualifications
Aggressiveness categories
Over-aggressive
Under-aggressive
Moderately- aggressive
91
Aggressiveness Categories
difficult to train, may bit others than the aggressor, continues to react after aggressor is gon
Over-aggressive
92
Aggressiveness Categories
Cowers or hides when approached by an aggressor, difficult or impossible to train
Under-Aggressive
93
Aggressiveness Categories
Easiest to train, ideal for protection use, become alert to the aggressor, suspicious, and is eager to move towards the aggressor
Moderately aggressive
94
Dog - Qualifications
Willingness refers to a dog's
- Response to commands
- Attitude when carrying out duties
- Reaction toward learning new duties
95
Dogs - Qualifications
A dog is ranked **high in willingness if it continuously responds to a given command in an effort to fulfill it,** even though reward or correction cannot be easily perceived as being immediate
96
Dogs - Qualifications
To qualify for protection work, a dog should
- Be 'middle-sized'
- Have even temperament
- Be inquisitive and intelligent
- Be courageous (bold but not ferocious, not shy); never retreat
- Have 'hardness', or a willingness to overcome challenges
- Have vitality and strength
- Be any color
97
Dogs - Qualifications
Qualify for protection...
- Respond well to training at about twelve months of age
- Usually be male (not monorchid); females if spayed
- Not necessarily be purebred, but not be a shelter dog
- Not have been with the breeder for more than 12 months
98
Dogs - Qualifications
In security, what are a dog's most important senses?
Smell
Hearing
99
Dogs - Qualifications
During which stage of training must a dog be taught to rely on smell instead of sight, especially when teaching building searches?
Imprinting Stage
100
Dogs - Qualifications
A dog's ability to detect scents is often described as...
Being more than **100 times greater than that of humans**
*A trained dog can sense an intruder's airborne scent more than 250 yards away*
101
Dogs - Qualifications
A dog's hearing is superior to humans' in **range and pitch**
the upper-frequency limit of the dog is about twice that of human beings, reaching **30,000 Hz or more**.
In general, a dog's vision cannot be compared favorably with that of the normal human
102
Dogs - Training
Dogs are more intelligent than most other animals, except humans and non-human primates
A vocabulary of about 20 words is normal, but some can respond to 100
103
Dogs - Training
Two basic drives are prevalent in dogs used for security tasks
1. The hunt drive
2. The pack drive
104
Dogs - Training
Hunt Drive
- Must be present to accomplish both detection and protection work
- Through training, the drive can be channeled to help the dog pursue and locate other items, such as drugs or lost children
- Due to their natural predator ability, dogs can be trained to attack humans without regard to their own safety
105
Dogs - Training
Pack Drive
- When domesticated, the dog adopts humans as pack members and defends the pack as well as the territory the pack occupies
106
Dogs - Training
The optimal canine is one with **equal HUNT and pack drives**
107
Dogs - Training
More than any reward, the dog wants the approval of it handler - probably because of the pack instinct
108
Dogs - Training
Most common training methods (not every dog responds to the same method)
1. Positive reinforcement (praise) tailored to the dog's specific predominant drives
2. Compulsion (negative corrections) through the handler's voice or with equipment such as a shock collar
3. Inducement (balls, toys, companionship, or food)
109
Dogs - Training
A dog should never be corrected for clumsiness, slowness in learning, or because of an inability to understand what is expected
110
Dogs - Training
Attributing human characteristics to animals
Anthropomorphism
111
Dogs - Training
Because of the **restrictions on time and effort** needed to keep skills at the optimal level, generally a dog should be trained specifically for protection or detection, not both
112
Dogs - Training
Two reasons why a single dog is generally not trained to detect both drugs and explosives
1. The possibility of confusing the dog in an actual search
2. the need for an aggressive search method when searching for drugs, and a passive on for bombs and explosives
113
Dogs - Training
A detection dog must have continuous, daily training to maintain peak proficiency - perhaps two hours per day
114
Dogs - Training
Basic training for detection work **runs six to eight weeks,** plus one or two weeks more to train a detection team
115
Dogs - Qualifications
It takes about **nine months to a year** before a handler and a dog become highly effective together in pursuing the more difficult detection challenges
116
Dogs - Training
A dog taught with a handler knows to attack without command **only when a violator escapes or attacks the handler**
117
Dogs - Training
Escorting handler **is 10 ft. behind and 2 ft.** **right** **of the violator;** the dog is off-leash to the left, directly behind the violator
118
Dogs - Training
The dog used in the private sector should be given **brief refresher training at least monthly**
119
Dogs - Detection
Dogs are the most efficient method for...?
Detecting drugs, explosives and accelerants in most situations
120
Dogs - Detection
What percentage does the detection reliability of a well-trained dog exceed?
95%
121
Dogs - Detection
Detection is demanding and often boring for the dog because of long work periods without detecting a scent
- A detection dog can normally work effectively **for 20 - 60 minutes**
- If a search continues for a long time, **the dog may become tired and lose interest**
- If the dog loses interest and the handler cannot motivate it to continue, **it must be given a break**
- **Noise and activity** in an area may distract the dog
122
Dogs - Detection
A single dog can be trained to **patrol, protect areas, and detect substances,** but usually, **substance detection** becomes a specialty because of the necessary training time
123
Dogs - Detection
Dogs can search...
- A 50 yard corridor of lockers in about 2 minutes
- A vehicle in about 1.5 minutes
- 125 packages in about 7 minutes
- 50 boxes in about 3 minutes
124
Dogs - Detection
Typical scent-masking substances for drugs
Perfume
Gasoline
Formaldehyde
125
Dogs - Detection
Typical false-alerts for drugs
- Oregano
- Alfalfa
- Parsley
- Spices
- Any substance containing acetic acid can cause a false-alert for heroin
126
Dogs - Detection
The average drug dog will detect the presence of a 1.2-ounce (14g) of marijuana or a small amount of opium in a vehicle, a package, luggage, or a room of reasonable size
127
Dogs - Detection (Accelerants)
Dogs have been used to detect accelerants since...
1987
128
Dogs - Detection (Accelerants)
Its ability to discriminate between pyrolysis products (fire debris) normally found at a fire and pyrolysis products containing an ignitable liquid
The value of the dog
129
Dogs - Detection (Accelerants)
Which breed are especially adept at this type of detection
Labrador Retrievers
130
Dogs - Detection (Accelerants)
How accurate can the dog be?
95% Accurate
131
Dogs - Detection (Accelerants)
With what percent of evaporated gasoline is training accomplished?
50%
132
Dogs - Detection (Accelerants)
Dogs can also be used to **detect accelerant scents from onlookers**, in an effort to **identify the arsonist who has remained behind**
133
Dogs - Detection (Accelerants)
Dogs significantly reduce the time required to **perform a fire investigation**
134
Dogs - Detection (Explosives)
Explosives that can be detected by dogs...
Commercial dynamite (gelatin, TNT - trinitrotoluene)
Smokeless powder
C-4 plastic explosive
Black powder (powder form, time fuse, safety fuse) and black powder substitutes
Detonating cord (PETN polyerythrytoltetranitrate-based
Detonating cord containing RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine)
135
Dogs - Detection (Explosives)
Explosives that can be detected by dogs...ctd
Binaries (such as Kinepak)
Blasting agents
Cast boosters
Composition - B
Emulsions and slurries
Water gels
Plastic explosives (semtex)
Tetryl
Improvised explosive (ANFO ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, chlorates, nitrates
136
Dogs - Training (Explosives)
Items that can cause false alerts in detection dogs (for explosives)
- Nitroglycerin pills or containers
- Back of television (nitrocellulose shellac)
- Blackboard chalk labels (nitrocellulose shellac)
- Grease pencils (nitrobenzene)
- Shoe polish (nitrobenzene or nitrotoluene)
- Pure glycerin (similar to nitroglycerin)
- Maraschino cherries (benzaldehyde)
137
Dogs - Tracking
Protection dogs are usually not specifically **trained in tracking**
138
Dogs - Tracking
A dog can **track better in grass and brush** because human scent adheres well to those surfaces
139
Dogs - Tracking
Human scent remains longer **on cool, moist ground** and dissipates rapidly in direct sunlight, on extremely dry ground, and in excessive rain
140
Dogs - Tracking
What can hold a scent for 12 hours in favorable weather?
Damp Sand
141
Dogs - Tracking
Scents in what conditions last up to 24 hours (less than 3 hours for the opposite)
**vegetation and moist air, moderate winds, and no sun**
142
Dogs - Tracking
What is the best time of day to track a scent?
Early mornings - higher temperatures reduce scents faster
143
Dogs - Tracking
What improves scents
Humidity
144
Dogs - Tracking
Scent cannot pass through what?
Trees, bushes, large rocks, and high grass
Must go over, under, or around them
145
Dogs - Tracking
**Perspiration** is the most distinctive scent in humans
- **Individuals who have been drinking** emit a different scent that disagrees with the dogs
- Much perspiration is generated by feet; the scent escapes through shoes and clothing **(the** **majority** **of scent trails are let by feet)**
146
Dogs - Tracking
Tracking dogs can also smell the difference in **the turned-up ground and crushed plants**
147
Dogs - Tracking
A trained dog in a boat can **scent a person under the water and** **breathing** **through a tube**
148
Dogs - Tracking
**Dogs with flat noses,** such as the mastiff, boxer, and bulldog, are generally not as well suited for tracking
149
Dogs - Tracking
**Housedogs do not make optimal tracking dogs;** their smell is diminished by the artificial environment
150
Dogs - Tracking
Training a dog for tracking and trailing **takes about two years** and can usually be done only by an expert
151
Dogs - Feeding
A dog requires how many nutrients to remain in good health?
36
152
Dogs - Feeding
Dogs should be fed **once per day,** no longer than **20 - 30 minutes**
153
Dogs - Grooming
The area on the outer side of the dog's elbows that is hairless and thick-skinned, usually about an inch in diameter
Callus
154
Dogs - Healthcare
Normal dog temperature range is?
101 - 102 degrees Fahrenheit
155
Dogs - Liability
Dogs can be **viewed as weapons,** and as such, can result in **criminal liability** if caused to attack without justification
156
Dogs - Liability
Dogs can cause civil liability by...
- Threatening a person
- Attacking a person
- Causing an accident that causes damages or injury
157
Dogs - Liability
**Civil liability may arise** when the dog is on or off duty
158
Dogs - Liability
A dog can be considered dangerous or vicious if **the owner or controller knew or should have known of the dog's vicious propensities**
159
Dogs - Liability
A dog can be used to **detain a trespasser in a similar manner as the property owner could**
