Physical Security (25%) Flashcards

Question

CPTED Parking garages should be equipped with what?

Answer 1

## Footnote - 3 ft. or higher shrubs/trees should be 10-15 ft. from the structure - Booths should have 360 degrees visibility & a means of communication - No public restrooms but should be within view of the booth - One vehicle entry/exit should be used if possible (based on traffic volume) - Open-walled, upper levels to allow natural surveillance & permit hearing of calls for help - Egress only exterior pedestrian doors

Answer 2

## Footnote - Potholes in solid walls for visibility - Stairwells & elevators in a central location visible from both - Stairwells visible from exterior & offering no hiding place & no roof access - Elevators with glass for exterior visibility along the exterior of the facility - Access only to the lobby from the garage elevators or stairs - Adequate lighting

Answer 3

Access Control

Answer 4

Manual Machine Aided Automated

Answer 5

Deceit Direct Physical Attack Technical Attack

Answer 6

Throughout Error Rates

Answer 7

- is not an access control system - Is part of the detection system - Allows the movement of authorized personnel & material into & out of facilities - Detects & possibly delays movement of unauthorized personnel & contraband - Refers to the physical equipment used to control the movement of people or material into an area

Answer 8

- To permit authorized persons to enter & exit - To detect & prevent the entry or exit of contraband material (weapons, explosions, unauthorized tools, or critical assets) - To provide information to security personnel to facilitate assessment & response

Answer 9

1. Carrying a valid credential (what you have) 2. Knowing a valid PIN (what you know) 3. Possessing the proper, unique physical characteristics on file (who you are)

Answer 10

- Widely used in commercial credit/debit cards - Low-coercivity ("LoCo") cards are 300 oersteds; easy to erase; typical of credit/debit cards - High-coercivity (Hi - CO) cards are 2500 to 4000 oersteds; hard to erase, but can be done with rare\_earth magnets; typical of company badges - Easily forged, duplicated (can use proprietary encoding schemes but not common)

Answer 11

- Magnetic Stripe - Bar Code - Proximity - Smart Card

Answer 12

- Small RF transponder/transmitter is powered by an **onboard battery (active)** or it is energized by the **card reader (passive)** **-** Low-frequency badges are in the **125 KHz range** - High-frequency badges range from **2.5 MHz to over 1 GHz**

Answer 13

- Gold contacts on the surface of the card allow for communication with a reading device - Contactless smart cards use RF communications & do not have the gold contacts - Main advantages: Large memory & its high degree of resistance to forgery or compromise - Ability to encrypt communications - Can be prohibitively expensive - Homeland Defense Presidential Directive (HSPD 12)

Answer 14

- Corroborate claimed identities on the basis of one or more unique physical biometric characteristics of the individual - Can differentiate between: **_verification & recognition_**

Answer 15

- The uniqueness of the feature used for identification - The variability of the characteristic - The difficulty of implementing the system that processes the characteristic

Answer 16

False rejection of a valid user

Answer 17

False acceptance of an invalid user

Answer 18

- **Cross-over point where Type 1 & Type 2 errors are equal** **- Not necessarily the point at which the device should be operated** **- Not the lowest point for either type of error**

Answer 19

- Still considered one of the most reliable means of distinguishing one individual from another - Most systems use image processing & pattern recognition **Minutia points** **Ridge endings** **Bifurcations**

Answer 20

- Characterizes the shape of the hand - Measures 3-dimensional features of the hand such as the widths & lengths & the thickness of the hand

Answer 21

- Imaging of iris by a video camera - Operates in the recognition mode - 10 - 12" read distance (no physical contact) - 2% of population cannot be enrolled due to blindness or other eye issues

Answer 22

**- Utilize distinguishing characteristics of the face** **- Captured with** **video** **camera or thermal image**

Answer 23

- Speech measurements: waveform envelope, voice pitch period, relative amplitude spectrum, resonant frequencies of the vocal tract - Low security, easily deployed, more public acceptance (low distrust)

Answer 24

- Used for many years by the bank - Signatures can be easily forged - Handwriting dynamics include displacement velocity & acceleration

Answer 25

Doors Gates Turnstiles Elevators

Answer 26

Manual Electronic

Answer 27

- Electric deadbolts - Electric latch - Electric strike - Electric lockset - Exit device - Electromagnetic lock

Answer 28

Fail Secure

Answer 29

One action/motion required to release door to exit

Answer 30

AC&D: Alarm Communication & Display

Answer 31

How well it quickly & clearly communicates alarm data from sensors to the system

Answer 32

- **Transportation or communication of data** **- Presentation or display of that data to a human operator in a meaningful manner**

Answer 33

**- When an alarm has occurred** **- What or who caused the alarm** **- When the alarm happened**

Answer 34

**- The integrity of the communications medium (availability of the message path)** **- The integrity of the message (complete & errorless transmission of the data)** **- Timeliness of the transmission (data communication within an appropriate time frame)** **- Message security (accessibility of the communication to authorized persons only)**

Answer 35

**- Outside lines should be installed underground** **- Inside wiring should be encased in conduit**

Answer 36

**Simplest line supervision:** End-of-line (EOC) resister (detects open circuit, ground, wire-to-wire short)

Answer 37

- Disguise interceptible communications - 2 characteristics of voice that can be scrambled frequency (pitch of voice) (most typically scrambled) Amplitude (loudness)

Answer 38

Alarm signals may be transmitted on an unshielded pair of direct current (DC) Conductors

Answer 39

Lines installed to carry electric power

Answer 40

**A strand of high-purity, spun glass, typically about the thickness of a human hair**

Answer 41

**- Voice-grade signals** **- Video signals** **- Digital or data grade signals**

Answer 42

- Not affected by (EMI) or (RFI) - Don't carry electrical current nor radiate signals - Can carry many more multiplexed messages - Much smaller & lighter than conventional - Flexible & can take an irregular course from P to P - Not vulnerable to interception by acoustical or inductive coupling

Answer 43

Optical fiber is less expensive than copper

Answer 44

## Footnote **Coaxial Cable** **Telephone Lines** **Optical Fiber** **Dedicated Twisted Pair** **DC Wire**

Answer 45

No processing required if transmission distance is short enough, typically 1,000 ft.

Answer 46

Optical Fiber

Answer 47

Dedicated Twisted Pair

Answer 48

Loop Point-to-Point Multi-plexed

Answer 49

- Time division multiplexing (TDM) - Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

Answer 50

- A transmitter to furnish radio frequency energy - An antenna to radiate the energy into the atmosphere - A receiver - Power for the transmitter & receiver

Answer 51

Any unscrambled or unencrypted communication transmitted by wireless technology should be considered available for interception

Answer 52

- The distance required to communicate - Barriers in the transmission path - Signal interference in the area

Answer 53

**- Operates between 30 - 300 GHz** **- Requires microwave generator, power, amplifier, modulation, antenna** **- One-way & two-way communications** **- Often require FCC licenses** **- Penetrates rain, fog, snow & man-made noise** **- Used in television, multiplexed telephone, multiplexed alarm & high-speed data transmissions** **- Line-of-sight (LOS) required**

Answer 54

**- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER)** **- Laser light is modulated at a very rapid rate** **- A photo-detector at the receiver demodulates the laser** **- Virtually impossible to intercept without detection** **- A 4-mile transmission line of sight** **- Reflected can be used but the resolution is reduced** **- interference from snow, fog, and rain** **- No FCC license required**

Answer 55

**- Signals from other transmitters** **- Industrial & atmosphere noise**

Answer 56

Intrusion Detection

Answer 57

## Footnote **- Should meet security needs of the facility** **- Should operate in harmony with other systems** **- Should not interfere with business operations** **- Should be cost effective**

Answer 58

## Footnote **- What will be detected** **- What actions are expected** **- Weight or speed of movement** **- Probability of detection required**

Answer 59

**-** **Probability** **of detection (PD)** **- Nuisance Alarm Rate (NAR)** **- Vulnerability to Defeat**

Answer 60

- Perfect is a "1" - reality is always less than "1" - Confidence Level (CL) is often described in conjunction with PD - unstated CL implies a 90% or better confidence level - PD is always conditional - PD also varies by the sophistication of threat - When high PD is required at all times & all weather conditions, use of multiple sensors

Answer 61

- Target to be detected (walk, crawl, tunneling etc...) - Sensor hardware design - Installation conditions - Sensitivity adjustment - Weather conditions - Condition of the equipment

Answer 62

- The NAR identifies the number of nuisance alarms over a given period (ideally zero, but not realistic) - Alarm assessment is needed to preserve manpower without assessment, detection is incomplete - Natural causes: vegetation, wildlife, weather conditions, etc... - Industrial causes: ground vibration, debris moved by wind, electromagnetic interference, etc..

Answer 63

- Acceptable false alarm rate (FAR) should also be specified - Poor design inadequate maintenance or component failure

Answer 64

- All sensors can be defeated - The objective is **to make the system very difficult to defeat** - Two general ways to defeat the system **Bypass: going around the detection** **Spoof: passing through sensor's normal detection zone without generating the alarm**

Answer 65

Fault Event

Answer 66

1. Passive or active (interior & exterior) 2. Covert or overt (interior & exterior) 3. LOS or Terrah following (exterior only) 4. Volumetric or line detection (point) (interior & exterior) 5. Application (interior & exterior)

Answer 67

1. Detect target-generated mechanical energy (walking climbing vibration) 2. Detect target-emitted energy in a natural field of energy (heat, sound, magnetic field etc...)

Answer 68

- Sensors are harder to locate by aggressors because they do not emit energy - Safer to use in an explosive environment - Passive infrared, mechanical activity (walking climbing) vibration etc...

Answer 69

- Transmit energy & detect changes to it - Includes transmitter & receiver (bi-static) - Create fewer nuisance alarms - Microwave, infrared, RF etc..

Answer 70

Monostatic

Answer 71

Volumetric Sensors

Answer 72

Line or Point Sensors

Answer 73

Microwave PIR Dual Technology Ultrasonic Beam Detectors

Answer 74

- Passive, covert, line-of-sight - Exterior or interior applications - Sufficient lighting & resolution required - Nuisance alarms can be plentiful - flickering lights, vegetation movement, animals, rain, camera noise - Analytics improve NAR - Digital is more sophisticated but analog is less expensive - Most VMDs susceptible to very slow movement

Answer 75

- Changes in brightness or contrast - Local movement across adjacent cells - The speed of motion across all cells - Size of objects within cells - Global changes across most or all cells

Answer 76

**Operate in the 300 MHz or 900 MHz bands**

Answer 77

## Footnote **- Collisions: multiple messages received at the same time causing none to be read** **- Fading: degradation of the signal due to distance** **- Interference: other signals overpowering the sensor's signals**

Answer 78

- Reverse polarity - Sound monitoring - Radio class C - Steady direct current class B - Tone - Digital classes A & AB

Answer 79

Buried Line Fence-associated Free Standing

Answer 80

- Typically used by government, nuclear, & correctional facilities - Ported coaxial cables - Fence disturbance sensors - Sensor fences - Electric field or capacitance - Bistatic microwave sensors - Exterior video motion detectors (VMDs)

Answer 81

**- "Leaky Coax"** **- Active, covert, terrain-following** **- Buried underground** **- Respond to objects with high dielectric constant or high conductivity (humans, vehicles, etc)** **-** **Outer** **jacket of** **cable** **is "ported" to allow the signal to leak out** **-** **Range** **is 1.5 to 3 ft above the surface & about 3 - 6 ft wider than the cable separation** **- Nuisance alarms sources include metals, water, utility lines, large quantities of salt or metals in soil**

Answer 82

- Passive visible terrain-following - Attached to fence - Detect motion or shock - One of several technologies: fiber-optic, strain-sensing vibration-sensing - Nuisance alarm sources are common, including wind rain/hail, nearby vibrations - Can be defeated by crossing over the fence w/o touching it or tunneling under - **Fence posts should flex/move no more than .5" against a 50 lb.** **force** **at 5 ft height** **-** Fence fabric should flex/move no more than 2.5" against a 30 lb. force centered between posts

Answer 83

- Passive, visible, terrain-following - Sensor cables form the fence itself - Horizontal-stretched high tension wires at 4" or less apart - Includes taut-wire fences - Designed to detect climbing, separation of wires or cutting - Less susceptible to nuisance alarms - requires about 25 lbs. of force to activate the alarm - Can be defeated by crossing over the fence w/o touching it, or tunneling under the fence

Answer 84

- Active, visible, terrain-following - Detects change in "capacitive-coupling" in wires isolated from the fence itself - Range can extend to 3.3 ft (more nuisance alarms) - Susceptible to lightning, rain, small animals, motion of the fence itself - Requires good electrical grounding - Less susceptible to crossing over or tunneling under fence

Answer 85

- Active, visible, line-of-sight, free standing - .9 micron wavelengths - invisible to the human eye - Beam is transmitted through a "collimating" lens & received by a "collecting" lens - Multiple beams required for higher security applications (typically a 2" x 6" detection range) - Nuisance alarm sources include snow, fog, dust, vegetation, etc...

Answer 86

- active, visible, line-of-sight, freestanding - 10 GHz or 24 GHz spectrum - "Vector Sum": Direct & reflected microwave energy received by the receiver - Susceptible to crawling or rolling under beam if the ground is not very flat or distance between antennae is more than 120 yds. Offset Distance: zone of no detection about 10 yds. out from the transmitting antenna - requires overlapping zones of 20 yds

Answer 87

- Sensor bed surface is composed of 4" of 1.5" or smaller gravel to eliminate nuisance alarms from standing water - The largest detection zone is midway between sensors - approximately 4 yds wide x 3 yds high - Nuisance alarm sources include vegetation higher than 1-2", loose chain link fabric, heavy snow

Answer 88

- each sensor brings its own strengths & weaknesses to the overall security plan - complementary sensors do not have the same nuisance sources & probability of detection under each possible scenario - Sensors should be prioritized for assessment purposes - higher PD sensors have first priority - Configuration of multiple sensors should be arranged to provide overlapping coverage AND separate lines of coverage

Answer 89

1. OR basis: Either sensors trigger the alarm high PD, higher NAR 2. AND basis: Both sensors are required to trigger the alarm, lower PD, lower NAR

Answer 90

No sensors should be mounted on the outside fence

Answer 91

**Topography** (gullies, slopes, water, etc) **Vegetation** (motion from wind, sources of concealment/cover) **Wildlife** (large animal interference with sensors, small animal burrowing & chewing **Background noise** (wind, traffic, EMI, seismic activity) **Climate & weather** **Soil & pavement** (soil conductivity, seismic conductivity)

Answer 92

Boundary - penetration Interior - motion Proximity - sensors

Answer 93

**Building or room construction** **Equipment & objects that occupy the space**

Answer 94

- Passive, visible, line/point sensors - Magnetic reed switches (doors, windows, etc..) - Balanced magnetic switches (BMSs) or bias magnets higher sensitivity than reed switches, less susceptible to spoofing - Hall effect switch detects field of magnet-no moving parts - measures charge separation & polarity - most advanced switch - Continuity/break wire - wires embedded or attached to surface, activated by cutting (security screens) low NAR (may use optic fibers instead)

Answer 95

- Passive visible or covert - Jiggle switches - Inertial switches: a metal ball mounted on metal contacts - detects vibration frequencies between 2-5 KHz - Piezoelectric sensors: sensing element that flexes at frequencies between 5-50 KHz - Fiber-optic cables detect micro-bending caused by vibration

Answer 96

- Glass-mounted, passive (vibration activated); detect \> = 20 KHz vibrations - Glass-mounted, active; generate vibrations received by another device elsewhere on the glass (lower NAR) - Ceiling-mounted, passive; listen for the frequency of breaking glass; volumetric by design; not vibration activated

Answer 97

- Monostatic microwave (common) - Passive infrared (PIR) (Common) - Dual Technology - Video motion detection (VMD)

Answer 98

- Passive to human heat approximately equal to heat from the 50-watt incandescent light bulb - Responds to infrared energy in the walkthrough band between 8 & 14mm - Minimum Resolvable Temperature: Difference in heat between target & background (can be as low as 1-degree Celsius)

Answer 99

- Active, visible, volumetric - 10 GHz frequency range: senses doppler shift of the returned frequency - Best positioned to sense aggressors moving towards or away from a sensor; slow-moving targets may spoof microwave sensors - Microwave horn, printed circuit planar, or phased array antenna - Various detection patterns available; concave portion of detection zone is vulnerable

Answer 100

- Penetrates most glass & normal wall materials (not metal) - Immune to high air turbulence & temperature /changes; susceptible to "pattern drift" - Often used in automatic door openers; multiple microwave sensors in the same area must be on different frequencies - Ionized gas in fluorescent lighting can reflect microwaves & cause nuisance alarms

Answer 101

- Pressure Mats - Capacitance Sensors

Answer 102

- Largely obsolete - replaced by motion detectors - Detected weight 5-20 lbs per sq. ft - Still used in security portals (man traps) to prevent tailgating - based on valid user's weight in database

Answer 103

- Large, electrical condenser that radiates energy - Detects changes in capacitive coupling between antenna & the ground - Target touches protected object & absorbs some of the radiated energy generating on alarm

Answer 104

Defensible space, per Oscar Newman

Answer 105

Uses a _systems approach_ rather than a _components approach_

Answer 106

- Minimum time between sensor alarm & video display - Complete video coverage of the sensor detection zone (called the assessment zone when sensors & video are integrated) - Ability to classify a 1 ft. target at the far edge of the assessment zone - Vertical field of view at the far edge of exterior detection zone = height of a standard fence & person climbing it

Answer 107

- Continuous operation, 24/7 - Minimal sensitivity to environmental conditions, for all cameras - Minimal obscuration of the assessment zone (such as trees, fences, furniture, etc) - Camera FOV & recording system integration displays the alarm source to an operator

Answer 108

- Obtain visual information about something that is happening (most important) - Obtain visual information about something that has happened (most important) - Deter undesirable activities

Answer 109

Detection of Activities Recording of Incidents Assessment of Alarms/Incidents

Answer 110

Field of View (FOV) Scene Lens Camera (including mounting hardware) Transmission Medium Monitor Recording Equipment (analog/digital) Control Equipment

Answer 111

Camera Transmission Cable Monitor

Answer 112

Camera Digital electronic signal center PC with software

Answer 113

- Video surveillance is a visual tool of security & should be applied accordingly - Video surveillance systems should always be designed with future growth or changes to the needs of the application in mind

Answer 114

- Obsolete does not necessarily mean ineffective or out of date for the application - If a system is obsolete but performing well, its because the original application was correctly designed to meet performance needs

Answer 115

- Once simplified the most complex electronic system can be managed by almost anyone - The application drives the choice of equipment not the other way around

Answer 116

Keep system in perspective Design generically Design for best options first (budget after) Don't feel driven to build the system all at once

Answer 117

- Define the system's purpose - Define each camera's purpose - Define the area to be viewed by each camera - Choose a camera style - Choose the proper lens - Determine best transmission method - Layout control area

Answer 118

1. Camera 2. The transmission method 3. The weakest link in the video system interface 4. The reproduction capability of the storage system

Answer 119

- **Analog video recorders average a playback of 225 horizontal lines (very low)** **- DVR's digitize analog signals, dropping 25% of the resolution** **- Sloppy installation or cheap coaxial cable costs 10 - 15% resolution** - Digital compression also reduces the resolution

Answer 120

- 1/4 CIF = 176 x 120 (3,520 pixels or .003 MPX) - CIF = 352 x 240 (84,480 pixels or .08 MPX) - 4 CIF = 704 x 480 (337,920 pixels or 0.3 MPX) - 16 CIF = 1408 x 960 (1,351,680 pixels or 1.3 MPX) - 32 CIF = 2816 x 1920 (5,405,720 pixels or 5.4 MPX) - A 4 mp camera = resolution of 400 ASA film - A 6mp camera = resolution of 100 ASA film - most effective & current standard for digital video compression is the H.264 compression algorithm

Answer 121

Target (person, vehicles, etc...) Activity (assault, slight of hand) Purpose (identification vs. general monitoring)

Answer 122

**Visual assessment (what's happening now)** **Visual documentation (What happened previously)**

Answer 123

**1. Subject identification** **2. Action identification** **3. Scene identification**

Answer 124

**_General:_** Can't distinguish clothing & color - pixelated zoom (5 pix/ft) **_Monitor:_** General vehicle/human traffic flows - no serious detail on zoom (7 pix/ft) **_Detect:_** Detect but not identify person-sized object - no significant detail on zoom (4 pix/ft) **_Observe:_** Clothing/colors gain distinction - no good detail on zoom (18 pix/ft) **_Recognize:_** High degree of accuracy identifying & separating known individuals - good detail on zoom (35 pix/ft)

Answer 125

**_Subject ID_**: Establish identity beyond a shadow of a doubt - the excellent detail on zoom (48 pix) **_License Plat ID_**: ID of license plates - excellent detail on zoom (70 pix) **_Facial Recog_**: Extreme details - excellent detail on zoom (88 pix)

Answer 126

The ability to differentiate between people's identity

Answer 127

The ability to differentiate between humans animals etc...

Answer 128

45 Degrees

Answer 129

Analog Digital / IP Infrared Thermal

Answer 130

1. Standard analog CCD cameras 2. IP address 3. Infrared cameras 4. Thermal cameras

Answer 131

1. Standard 2. Megapixel 3. Smart (edge analytics etc.)

Answer 132

Thermal Cameras

Answer 133

1. Sensitivity (light) 2. Resolution (image quality) 3. Features (WDR, IR, analytics, etc)

Answer 134

Angle of View Pixels Per Foot

Answer 135

Full - Light Lower - Light Low - Light

Answer 136

The lens is selected based on its ability to provide the desired identification information

Answer 137

Various functions of the lens can be automated (auto-iris, zoom/varifocal, focus)

Answer 138

1. Wide angle **(best for 0 to 15' ranges)** 2. Standard **(best for 15 to 50' range)** equivalent to the view from the human eye) 3. Telephoto **(best for \> 50' range)** 4. Varifocal 5. Zoom

Answer 139

- The range of focal length is small in the varifocal - Varifocal lenses do not have a tracking mechanism to align focal length with focus

Answer 140

Verify information Prove information Aid a prosecution with the information

Answer 141

**DVR:** Analog inputs only, converted to digital in the box, stored on hard drive or external media **NVR**: Analog or digital inputs, analog converted to digital, stored on hard drive or external media **Server / Cloud:** Digital inputs stored on network storage devices

Answer 142

Mechanical Electro-Mechanical

Answer 143

- A coded mechanism (key, cylinder, wheel pack, etc...) - The fastening device (bolt, latch, etc...)

Answer 144

1. Bolt or latch 2. Keeper or strike 3. Tumbler array 4. Key

Answer 145

**Attack by force (spreading, forcing, twisting, etc...)** **Surreptitious attack (picking, raking, bumping, etc...)** **Impressioning & try keys**

Answer 146

Lock Planning

Answer 147

- Total number of locks - Major categories of sectors of the system - Security objectives - Size & turnover of populations - Related or supportive security subsystems - Intelligence or information requirements - Criticality of asset exposure

Answer 148

Combination of the "totality" of the area (strengths of doors & walls, drop ceilings, etc..)

Answer 149

- Require a systematic approach be taken to the use of locks for security purposes - Assign specific responsibility for the development of the lock program - Make all persons responsible for compliance with the program requirement

Answer 150

- Re-arrange or rotate the locks among doors - Re-key the locks (most effective

Answer 151

1. Effective master key accountability 2. Manipulations are easier 3. Additional maintenance

Answer 152

1. Deter criminal activity 2. Life safety functions 3. Support of video surveillance

Answer 153

Capitol (upfront costs) approx. 8% Energy (approx. 88% Maintenance (4%)

Answer 154

Lamp (bulb) Luminaire Hardware Electrical Power

Answer 155

Lumen A typical 100-watt incandescent bulb outputs about 17000 lumens

Answer 156

Illuminance - Floodlight generating 1k lumens illuminates 50' away - Spotlight generating 1k lumens illuminates a small area 50 ft away - Both lights output the same lumens - Each light generates a different level of illuminance from the same distance

Answer 157

Foot Candles

Answer 158

Scene Illuminance

Answer 159

Faceplate Illuminance

Answer 160

Strike Time

Answer 161

Re-Strike Time

Answer 162

Reflectance

Answer 163

- The scale of 0 to 100 - 70 to 80 CRI is good; above 80 is excellent 100 is daylight

Answer 164

Uniformity - Working environments are 1: 0.7 - A pedestrian walkway is 4:1 - A roadway is 10:1 - Higher uniformity levels provide better depth perception & greater perception of security

Answer 165

4:1 Uniformity Ratio

Answer 166

Lighting should be focused from the ground up into trees & shrubs to deter concealment

Answer 167

12 - 14 Feet

Answer 168

High Mast Lighting

Answer 169

- Relative levels of the scene illumination produced by natural sources - The amount of light reflected from typical scenes - The resultant faceplate illumination levels required by the variety of image tube & solid-state imagers

Answer 170

- CRI - Reflectance of materials - Directionality of reflected light

Answer 171

- Minimum intensity - Evenness of illumination

Answer 172

Even, not just the target areas

Answer 173

- Illuminance level of the scene - Spectral distribution of the illumination source - Object reflectance - Total scene reflectance - Camera lens aperture - Camera lens transmittance - Spectral response of the camera imager - Video amplifier gain, bandwidth, & signal-to-noise ration - Electronic processing circuity

Answer 174

1 Volt peak-to-peak (VPP)

Answer 175

- Higher scene reflectance than normally encountered - Greater transmittance than is commonly available in standard auto-iris lenses with neutral density spot filters

Answer 176

- This assumes reflectivity of 25% - This also assumes a light; dark ratio of no more than 4:1 - 4:1 ratio is allowed to creep to 6:1 as materials age

Answer 177

1. Standby 2. Continuous 3. Moveable 4. Emergency 5. Glare projection 6. Controlled

Answer 178

Streetlight Searchlight Floodlight High Mast Lighting

Answer 179

- The area to be covered - Light levels required - The height of the luminaires & their design - Type of lighting used

Answer 180

You should be able to read a driver's license or newspaper with some eyestrain

Answer 181

- Detection (someone is there) - 0.5 fc - Recognition (recognizing the person) - 1.0 fc - Identification (evidentory) - 2.0 fc

Answer 182

Building facade = 0.50 - 2.00 fc Gatehouse = 30.00 fc Loading dock exterior = 0.20 - 5.00 fc Loading bay = 15.00 fc Office general = 30.00 - 50.00 fc Office task = 50.00 - 30.00 fc Interior public area = 10.00 - 20.00 fc Retail store = 50.00 fc Bank - lobby = 20.00 fc Bank - teller = 50.00 fc Bank - ATM = 15.00 fc

Answer 183

- Asphalt = 5% - Concrete (old) = 40% - Concrete (new) = 25% - Red bricks = 25% - Grass = 40% - Snow = 95%

Answer 184

- Physically & psychologically deters the undetermined - Delays the determined - Channels authorized traffic - Discourages unauthorized traffic that takes place by **Accident Force Stealth** - Explicitly defines territorial boundaries - May be used to preventing views of the facility - May be used to preventing placement of listening devices

Answer 185

- Should be supported by interior clear zone whose width depends on the threat - Should be supplemented by sensors and/or other security measures - Should not provide concealment opportunities - Should not obstruct lighting, video surveillance, or intrusion detection - Should not facilitate observation of the facility

Answer 186

Every 3 Years

Answer 187

Natural Structural

Answer 188

Layered Barriers

Answer 189

2 FT & 2 FT

Answer 190

- Are the most common perimeter barriers - Define areas & give notice of a protected property line - Demonstrate commitment to security & may stop a casual trespasser - Channel traffic & reduce the required number of security personnel - Provide intrusion detection and/or video surveillance zone - Force intruders to demonstrate intent - Must be maintained

Answer 191

- Most can be breached with the right tools - Using explosives & cutting tools and adversary can make a "crawl hole" through 18" reinforced concrete in under 5 min. - Increasing wall thickness usually adds only a moderate delay against explosives, even though the amount of explosive needed increases substantially with a wall thickness - Ordinary reinforced concrete walls can be penetrated quickly because they are generally designed to support structural loads, not to thwart or delay penetration

Answer 192

- Placing two or more reinforced concrete walls in series results in longer penetration delays than using one wall that is thick as the two walls combined - Removing the rebar often takes longer than removing the concrete; delay can be increased by using additional rebar; increasing rebar size, or decreasing rebar spacing

Answer 193

- Use earth cover or other overburden to delay access to the wall itself - Hardening a normally constructed building against forcing penetration for a significant period is rarely practical or cost-effective

Answer 194

Attach a roll of barbed tape to the outriggers

Answer 195

Inside an outer-perimeter fence & outside on inner (double) fence

Answer 196

**Towards the inside**

Answer 197

10 - 20 Ft

Answer 198

**8 ft. tall with 20 wires** fitted to the inside of the chain link perimeter fence

Answer 199

1. All live wire "deterrent" fence (less common) 2. "Monitored" fence (more common)

Answer 200

Standard / Regular Grating Flattened Architectural or Decorative

Answer 201

- Establish points of entry & exit to an area defined by fences & walls - Limit or prohibit the flow of pedestrian or vehicular traffic - Establish a controlled traffic pattern - Should provide equal levels of delay as perimeter

Answer 202

By welding the hinge pin heads to the hinge knuckles, using the hidden "stud-in-hole" method, or affixing a z-strip to the rear face of the door

Answer 203

- Standard industrial doors - Personal doors - Attack- and bullet - resistant doors - Vehicle access doors - Vault doors - Blast-resistant doors - Turnstile gates

Answer 204

Steel plates on their surfaces, heavy duty hinges, and filling frames with concrete

Answer 205

Installing wood cares in metal doors especially using redwood

Answer 206

Prying or spreading the jamb from the door How can it be mitigated? Welded 2" wide metal strips, concrete - filled frames and high security deadbolts

Answer 207

Additional or heavier fasteners in the frames, or by welding the frames

Answer 208

- Some types are combustible & their use may be restricted by fire codes - Acrylic plastic like Lucite & Plexiglass, if less than one inch thick, can be broken with hand tools in less than 10 seconds - Polycarbonates resist impact about as well as bullet-resistant glass - Lexan in 1/2" thickness resists hand-tool penetration for up to 2 minutes - Thermal tool attacks require about one minute but cause combustion & the release of toxic gases

Answer 209

Polycarbonate between 2 layers of glass

Answer 210

Wire Glass

Answer 211

1/4" material fabricated with diamond, square, or hexagonal wire patterns

Answer 212

20 Seconds

Answer 213

- Made of two or more panes of annealed float sheet, or plate glass - Bonded to a layer or layers of plastic

Answer 214

30 Seconds

Answer 215

Utility Ports

Answer 216

- Enhancing membranes w/ embedded screen - Added several inches of rigid insulation - Using concrete reinforced with deformed steel bars & expanded steel mesh - Forming larger rebar into several rows or layers for reinforced concrete - Increasing the number of fasteners & adding structural members to corrugated roofs - Using mechanical fasteners or joints & a continuous weld & heavier gauge material on metal roof systems - Using larger rebar to strengthen the flange area of precast concrete tee beams

Answer 217

- Prestressed concrete tee beam - Metal subdeck & reinforced concrete - Metal roof deck with lightweight concrete - Metal roof deck with insulation - Metal Roof - Reinforced concrete beam & slab - Wood sheathing with membrane

Answer 218

- Penetration tests suggest that barriers placed below the roof may be more effective against penetration than those in the roof itself - The optimal distance between the roof & the secondary barrier is 10" to 12" - Earth coverings of both roofs & walls are effective delay barriers

Answer 219

- Vehicle arrestor (slows vehicle to a stop) - Crash cushion (cushions the impact that stops a vehicle) (moderate distance) - Inertia device (rigid, heavy moveable objects) - Rigid device (fixed devices) { a very short distance - almost immediate }

Answer 220

Almost 30" but can vary depending on threat vehicles

Answer 221

- K4 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 30 mph - K8 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 40 mph K12 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 50 mph

Answer 222

- Process for deciding when to activate the barrier - Command & control hardware - Material deployed to delay access or incapacitate an aggressor - Dispensing mechanism - Security officers on-site

Answer 223

Visually Acoustically At Location (or any combination of these)

Answer 224

Some containers can achieve UL rating for burglary & fire resistance

Answer 225

350-4 (formerly A) 350-2 (formerly B) 350-1 (formerly C)

Answer 226

A drop-test & harsher temperature test than filling devices

Answer 227

350 - 1 (formerly D) 350 - 2 (formerly E)

Answer 228

- Fire-resistant safes & record containers - Insulated filing devices - Containers to protect magnetic media

Answer 229

- Reinforced concrete with steel rods at least 1/2" diameter, spaced 6" on center & running at right angles in both directions - Rods are wired securely at intersections not over 12" apart in both directions & installed centrally in the wall or panel - A brick protection used is filled solidly with the steel with concrete

Answer 230

- Avoid exterior wall location - All 6 surfaces of a vault should give equal protection - Unreinforced concrete should never be penetrated (vaults are designed to resist penetration for a defined period) - #4 (1/2") rebar & smaller diameters can be cut w/ hand tools

Answer 231

Manual search Metal detectors Package searches (x-ray, etc) Explosives detection (bulk and trace) Chemical and biological agent detection

Answer 232

Low hardware investment, flexibility

Answer 233

Slow throughput, higher labor costs

Answer 234

Magnetometer Continuous wave Pulsed field Handheld

Answer 235

Low-Z Materials

Answer 236

- Macroscopic, detonable amounts of explosives - Targets specific threat amounts of explosives - Usually uses ionizing radiation that is not safe for use on people - Measures X-ray absorption coefficient, X-ray backscatter coefficient, dielectric constant, gamma or neutron interaction, or microwave or infrared emissions - Can determine calculated mass, density, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen content, and effective atomic Z number

Answer 237

- Multiple-energy X-rays and backscatter X-rays more readily identify low Z-number materials - Hi-energy X-rays are large, fixed mechanisms designed to scan large cargo containers

Answer 238

High-energy X-rays

Answer 239

- Thermal neutron activation (TNA) - Pulsed fast neutron absorption (PFNA)

Answer 240

Thermal Neutron Activation (TNA)

Answer 241

Pulsed Fast Neutron Absorption (PFNA)

Answer 242

Low-dose backscatter X-ray technology

Answer 243

pulsed low-energy radio waves to detect nitrogen-rich materials

Answer 244

Raman Analysis

Answer 245

Stand-off Detection

Answer 246

Particles and vapor residues associated with handling explosives -

Answer 247

- Limit of detection (smallest detectable amount) (may be as low as \< 1 nanogram) - Selectivity (ability to distinguish one material from another)

Answer 248

- Swipe (most efficient) - Vapor (puffing) (less invasive)

Answer 249

- Low vapor phase concentrations of several common high explosives (parts per billion and parts per trillion) - Packaging of explosives with oil-based gel or solvent - Absorption of explosive molecules upon most materials at room temperature and decomposition upon moderate heating or exposure to high energy, and thus loss of significant sample material in collectin and transport

Answer 250

Low mobility spectrometry (IMS) Colorimetry Chemiluminescence Mass Spectrometry Fluorescence Canine Olfaction Trase Explosives Detection Portals

Answer 251

Chemical agent detection Biological agent detection

Answer 252

Uses point sensors at perimeters Goal is early warning NAR is a serious consideration (due to high response level) May not be appropriate for checkpoint screening May use optical sensing methods

Answer 253

Different from chemical detection in two ways: 1. Most biological agents are not immediately lethal, impacting necessary response times 2. Usually requires several hours for collection and analysis of air samples

Answer 254

Detection Delay Response

Answer 255

Improper component selection Improper installation and maintenance Improper operation Improper integration

Answer 256

ASIS definitionof "systems approach to problem solving"

Answer 257

equipment, personnel, and procedures, coordinated and designed to ensure optimum achievement of the system's stated objectives

Answer 258

Integration

Answer 259

Security Manager

Answer 260

Passive (walls, fences, locks, etc...) Security Officers (most flexible, but expensive) Dispensible (fogs, foams, etc)

Answer 261

People Equipment (technology) Procedures

Answer 262

1. It establishes the assumptions under which a design was formed 2. It relates system performance to threats and assets, making possible a cost-benefit decision

Answer 263

Also referred to as a site survey or vulnerability assessment May be qualitative or quantitative

Answer 264

Lower-security applications i.e. retail, restaurants, small businesses, etc...

Answer 265

Higher-security applicaitons Unacceptably high impact, despite level of probability ie. museums, refineries, airports, etc... Require immediate, onsite response to events

Answer 266

Compliance-based (Qualitative) Performance-based (Quantitative)

Answer 267

...Countering threats ...Reducing vulnerabilities ...decreasing risk exposure considered as an integrated whole

Answer 268

Detection Response

Answer 269

Probability of detection Time for communication and assessment Frequency of nuisance alarms Delay Time to defeat obstacles

Answer 270

Probability of accurate communication to response force Time to communicate Probability of deployment to adversary location Time to deploy Response force effectiveness

Answer 271

Arrival of responders at a deployed location to halt adversary progress, which may lead to neutralization Probability of Interruption (PI)

Answer 272

Defeat of the advesaries by responders in a face-to-face engagement Probability of Neutralization (PN)

Answer 273

Adversary Path

Answer 274

A functional representation of the PPS at a fcility that is used to describe the specific protection elements present Illustrates the paths that adversaries can follow to accomplish sabotage, theft or other harm

Answer 275

1. Describing the facility by separating it into adjacent physical areas 2. Defining protection layers and path elements between the adjacent areas 3. Recording detection and delay values for each path element

Answer 276

To follow a single path from off-site to the largest location and only do an analysis on that path

Answer 277

To walk or drive around the exterior of the area, then repeat the same inside

Answer 278

Evaluation of only entry paths, as exit paths become irrelevant once the damage is done

Answer 279

Day/night, open/closed, and other contradicting conditions fo the facility

Answer 280

Scenario Analysis

Answer 281

Analyze PPS using defined threats and path analysis, then generate scenarios by looking at weak paths

Answer 282

**Proper use and application of the integrated security systems design process**

Answer 283

Protection-in-depth Minimum consequence of component failure Balanced Protection

Answer 284

Performance criteria (preferred method) Feature criteria ("checlist" method that may ignore performance goals)

Answer 285

Deter Detect Delay Respond

Answer 286

The environment and unique needs of the facility

Answer 287

Threats Risks Vulnerabilities Constraints

Answer 288

Planning and assessment Design and documentation Procurement Installation

Answer 289

Critical assets Potential threats Subsequent vulnerabilities Likely risks Functional requirements

Answer 290

Analyze security requirements and formulate solutions or countermeasures concepts to reduce or eliminate vulnerabilities and mitigate risks

Answer 291

Planning and Assessment Phase

Answer 292

Programming or Schematic Design (SD) phase

Answer 293

The basis of design is the first and most important output of the design process Focuses on specific project requirements and a conceptual design solution based on those requirements

Answer 294

The goals and objectives of the project What will constitute the project How the project will secure the assets

Answer 295

Homeland security features five principal strategies: **Preparation, prevention, detection, response, and recovery**

Answer 296

Design Development (DD) Construction Documents (CD)

Answer 297

Generally DD includes a preliminary design (30-35%) following the conceptual design and concludes with a 50%-60%

Answer 298

Generally starts with a 60% design and passes through a 90% submission and conclused with 100% CD set

Answer 299

1. Contractual details (usually the Div 01 spec for large projects) 2. Specification (Div 28 for security on large projects) 3. Drawings (not required for a services contract, like guards)

Answer 300

To complete the design and to document the process to the level of detail necessary for the chosen method of procurement

Answer 301

Each division, or section, is divided into three parts: General Products Executiong

Answer 302

- **Plans (**top view, map-like view of system component placement int he facility - **Elevations** (views of vertical surfaces that show mounting heights and locations of wall-mounted devices **- Details** (define elements of the system in more detail **- Risers** (chart-like reprentations of complete subsystems such as CCTV or access control **- Hardware schedule**s (tables that provide detailed component information

Answer 303

Stand-off distance Structural integrity of the premises Prevention of progressive collapse Redundancy of operating systems

Answer 304

1. Sole source 2. Request for proposal (RFP) 3. Invitationfor bid (IFB)

Answer 305

- May be the most appropriate for small projects - This method of procurement is recommended only where the security owner has the capability to perform the security needs analysis and has good prior knowledge of systems and prices

Answer 306

Positives The construction documents are usually simple, reducing owner design costs and saving time

Answer 307

Negatives ## Footnote 1. There is a tendency to focus on hardware and technology only, leaving the equally important personnel, procedures, and facilities subsystems for others 2. The owner may tend to skip the all-important security planning process and rely on advice from a contractor with a vested interest in selling equipment 3. Without a competitive bidding process, the organization has no means of comparing prices

Answer 308

## Footnote Almost always based on a set of detailed design and construction deocuments Specifications are usually generic and performance-based Equipment makes and models are often listed with the phrase "or approved equal" The owner typically procures a security business partner, not just a one-time security systems installer An RFP response may be open to any contractor or it may be limited to a list of prequalified contractors

Answer 309

- In addtion to providing a cost proposal, a proposer must submit a technical proposal that describes the firm's understanding of the requirements and how the objectives will be met - It is common to allow responders to propose alternate solutions, called "alternates" - The RFP need not restrict the organization to accept the lowest bid. Instead, it aims to obtain the best value - If price will not be the determining factor in vendor selection, the RFP should say so - A contractor's response to an RFP usually takes longer to prepare than responses to other types of procurement because both a technical and a cost proposal must be prepared

Answer 310

- Commonly used by government and other organizations whose procurement procedures require that projects be competitively bid and that the award be given to the lowest qualified, responsive bidder - No technical proposals or alternative solutions are sought, so the construction documents must be extremely explicit - The onus of selecting equipment makes and models, and the accuracy of the security system design, is placed solely on the design team

Answer 311

- Bidders submit a cost proposal or bid, which may contain **unit pricing and whatever price breakdown is requested** - The award is then made, usually wihtout negotion **to the lowest qualified bidder who has conformed to the bidding instructions** - The IFB requires additional time and cost in design and specification, but **typically needs only one or two weeks of procurement time, depending on the size and complexity of the project**

Answer 312

- It is common to require bids to be **sealed and delivered by a specific time to a specific location:** * **At the time and place, the bids are opened (often publicly)** and the apparent winner is announced * Contracts are signed when the apparent winner's proposal has been checked for **completeness, accuracy, and qualifications**

Answer 313

to plan correctly

Answer 314

for the contractor to visit the site to ensure conditions agree with designs

Answer 315

Pre-delivery or factory acceptance tests Site acceptable tests Reliability or availability tests After-acceptance tests

Answer 316

Demonstrate system performance complies with specified requirements in accordance with approved factory test procedures

Answer 317

Contractor should verify all previous test results, diagnostics and calibrations two weeks prior to acceptance testing

Answer 318

Conducted in alternating phases of testing and evaluation to allow for validation of the tests and corrective actions

Answer 319

Operational tests Performance tests Post-maintenance tests Subsystem tests Limited scope tests Evaluation tests

Answer 320

**within four hours of the problem report**

Answer 321

1. Remedial maintenance that corrects faults upon failures 2. Preventitive maintenance consists of scheduled maintenance to keep the PPS in good operating condition

Answer 322

Frequent system failures Cursory testing procedures An inordinate number of components awaiting repair

Answer 323

Discriminate among events, persons, circumstances, or physical objects based on complex and varying criteria Conduct rational dialogue with people face-to-face and discern next actions based on such communication Use physical force or the threat of it to restrain one or more persons Exercise judgement to determine a logical course of mental or physical activity Provide reports detailing their activities on an ongoing basis

Answer 324

1. A location or combination of activities 2. Necessary human being 3. Training and competence to accomplish the required activities

Answer 325

Personnel Costs

Answer 326

Law Enforcement

Answer 327

"Hierarchical model" Authority starts at the top

Answer 328

Three leaf shamrock Leaf 1: Professionals, managers, and skilled technicians Leaf 2: third-party suppliers Leaf 3: Part-time and temporary workers (flexible)

Answer 329

"Flattened" "Horizontal" or "open" model Connections between employees and multiple supervisors Security department itself is networked to other departments

Answer 330

Physical complexity and size of the facility Number of employees Nature of work Number of entrances (and hours they are open) Value and amount of assets being protected Number of patrols needed Number of escorts and special assignments needed

Answer 331

4.5 to compensate for sick, vacation, and holiday leave

Answer 332

1. Requiring the licensing of the primary controlled business - the individual or corporate applicant must typically apply for and obtain a license before engaging in the regulated activity 2. The second method applies to the licensing or registration of employees fo the business other than those named on the original application

Answer 333

- Government regulation should be applied as uniformly as possible - Regulation should be at the state level - Directors and managers of in-house security services as well as owners and managers of contract security services should be licensed - All employees of both proprietary and contract security organization should be registered by the state - Each license and registrant should meet minimum standards or qualifications (which could vary among types of licensees and registrants

Answer 334

- State regulatory agencies should conduct background investigations of each applicant for a license or registration (i.e.. for all security employees, proprietary and contract), including a criminal records check and prior employment verification for a period of seven years - All new applicants for licensing and registration should have completed high school or it equivalent or must pass a special literacy test - Experience in private security should be required before a license is granted. A bachelor's degre (or higher) should be permitted to substitute for some of the experience requirement.

Answer 335

- Licenses should meet a minimum bond or insurance requirement - State agencies should require minimum training programs for all types of private security personnel - Separate training programs should be required for different security positions, such as guard, investigator, polygraph operator, and central station alarm responder - Instructors' schools shold be accredited by the state regulatory agency

Answer 336

- Currently employed security personnel should be given on year to meet the training requirements - Private security personnel should be prohibited from carrying concealed firearms while on duty. Company-furnished weapons shold remain on company proprty during off-hours - Statutory liability shold be imposed on private security businesses for weapons abuses by their employees against private citizens

Answer 337

- Regulatory agencies should hav the authority and resources to spot-check private security records and operations - Local police and insurance companies should forward to the regulatory agency any information coming to their attention involving major complaints or incidents involving security personnel - Prior criminal convictions related to potential abuses in private security should be a basis for denying registration or licening

Answer 338

- Evidence obtained by illegal search by private individuals should be subject to suppression either on a per se basis (as is the case for evidence illegally seized by law enforcement) or ad hoc, with the judge or magistrate weighing the equities - Uniformed private security personnel should be forbidden to engage in interrogation or interviewing - Jurisdictioins should regulate the color and style of private security uniforms, as well as the use of police titles by private seucrity personnel

Answer 339

- Any firm hiring the services of an independant security contractor should be held liable for any negligent failure to control the contract staff - The federal government should consider funding a research center to evaluate the effectiveness of private security personnel. Its finding should be included in an overhauled statistical reporting system to be maintained by the insurance industry

Answer 340

1. They must furnish information about all prior employment 2. The employer should make a reasonable effort to verify the last seven years of employment history, and check three personal references 3. They must pass a recognized pre-employment drug-screening test

Answer 341

An individual's ability, skills, and qualifications to perform the necessary duties

Answer 342

Local training and local supervision

Answer 343

The quality of the service provided by the contract agency

Answer 344

Post-Specific Training

Answer 345

An initial period of general security

Answer 346

Identify residual risks Identify necessary changes within the organization

Answer 347

issuing deadly weapons to security officers

Answer 348

Legal actions usually involve anyone remotely associated with a situation

Answer 349

1. there is a greater danger to life safety without the weapon 2. The officer may reasonably be expected to use fatal force

Answer 350

- Property training of the officers to be armed - Selection of the appropriate firearms and ammunition - Proper maintenance of the firearms and ammunition - Proper maintenance of the firearms by a qualified gunsmith - Maintenance of records of the foregoing actions - An adequate level of liability insurance

Answer 351

1. Conditions when weapons may be issued 2. Persons who get a weapon, and the type of weapon and ammo issued 3. Quality and reliability of the weapon at the time of issue, and repair and maintenance of the weapon by a qualified armorer 4. Accountability for the specific weapon and its ammunition, and specified training with the weapon

Answer 352

5. Conditions when weapons may be used, and safety precautions for the issuance and carrying of weapons 6. Return or surrender of the weapon when not required for authorized use 7. Secure storage for weapons when not in use (weapons unloaded, separated from ammunition, locked in approved container) 8. Accurate records of each of the preceding points

Answer 353

- Less expensive (most prominent advantage) - The pool of replacement workers typically readily available - No need for a customer to deal with vacations, sick time, discipline, hiring/termination - A wider range of expertise available - HIgh turn-over potentially lower quality, sometimes less well-trained, not as loyal

Answer 354

Factors: - More direct control of personnel selection, screening, training, supervision - Generally considered more loyal, less turn-over, better quality - more expensive - Must deal with discipline, salary determinations, vacations, sick time, etc...

Answer 355

Hybrid Security

Answer 356

Due to advertising, interview time, background checks, hiring new employees processing and training - generally run \>=25% annual salary

Answer 357

1. Be regularly maintained 2. Be maintained by a person as part of his or her regular duties 3. Record an event of which the recorder had personal knowledge or which was reported to the recorder by one who had personal knowledge and a duty to report

Answer 358

Report forms that force positive statements

Answer 359

Central report document

Answer 360

Main or control log Individual past log

Answer 361

Post Orders

Answer 362

1. Express the policies of the protected enterprise 2. Summarize required officer duties 3. Avoid the problems of word-of-mouth instructions 4. Provide a basis for site-specific training

Answer 363

- Each order deals with a single subject - Each order is as brief as possible - Each order is written in simple, easy-to-understand terms

Answer 364

Reading time is a function of both the structure of the passage and the reading skill of the individual

Answer 365

To determine the organization's contracting rules,

Answer 366

- Buyer beware - Properly evaluate the needs of the organization to be protected - Acquire information and know the state of the art - Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each service - Avoid panic decision making

Answer 367

1. Consistent performance 2. Prompt, efficient and positive response to client concerns 3. Competitive pricing

Answer 368

Lower-than-average turnover rate

Answer 369

- Poor scheduling - Lack of adequate supervision - Limited opportunities for advancement - Little or no recognition

Answer 370

a genuine commitment to partnership with the client

Answer 371

1. Security tasks 2. Days and hours of performance 3. Total number of hours to be worked

Answer 372

As a general guideline, **the lowest wages received by the contract security officer should at least equal the entry wages paid to the proprietary positions**

Answer 373

If officers work more than 400 hours per week, the contracting organization should hire its own (proprietary) security supervisor

Answer 374

1. Employment and reference checks 2. Psychological testing (where allowed) 3. Polygraph testing (where allowed) 4. Minimum qualifications at the local jurisdiction level 5. Management qualifications 6. Selection process for officers 7. Turn-over / tenure / seniority

Answer 375

**Set variously between 75 and 100 feet, or approximately 7 - 10 stories**

Answer 376

Open Buildings

Answer 377

Closed Buildings

Answer 378

Hybrid Buildings

Answer 379

Multi-Mode

Answer 380

Public Access ## Footnote Leased Spaces Maintenance Spaces

Answer 381

1. Programmable elevators 2. Elevator cabs with card readers 3. Escorts for visitors 4. Employee awareness of piggybacking and tailgating 5. Turnstiles at the ground floor elevator bank 6. Controlled elevator landings (with or without reception)

Answer 382

1. Local fire and building code requirements 2. Whether inter-floor movement of building occupants via stairwells is allowed

Answer 383

- programmed not to access sensitive floors without special arrangments - Locked at hoist away doors on sensitive floors - Locked at service vestibule or lobby doors, where applicable

Answer 384

- Assigning an operator to the service elevators - Making service elevators available only from a request to security - Avoiding use of service elevators by regular traffic

Answer 385

- Energized and locked at all times - Access control is accomplished by a key or reader - Power is controlled by the fire system: doors immediately unlock yet remain closed and latched, protecting the stairwell from smoke and fire

Answer 386

1. Partial, antiquated, poorly maintained, or inappropriate systems 2. Explosions or flash fires that overpower the system before it can react 3. Fires very close to people who can be killed before a system can react

Answer 387

- Dry chemical and we chemical systems (used mainly for restaurant hoods, ducts, and cooking appliances found in kitchens and cafeterias - Carbon dioxide, Halon replacement systems (used in electrical switchgear rooms and in computer and data processing installations

Answer 388

- Early detection and precise location of incipient hazards - Reliable communications throughout the structure and with outside agencies - Assurance of safe escape routes - Prompt application of appropriate control measures - Fire extinguishment

Answer 389

- Containment or replacement of contaminated air - Shutoff or filtration of drinking water - Containment and removal of explosives

Answer 390

- Outer ring: Property boundary, or perimeter - Middle ring: Building walls - Inner ring: Interior controls

Answer 391

- Outer ring: Building walls - Middle ring: Access to elevators and stairs - Inner ring: Individual floors

Answer 392

1. Sporting 2. Hound 3. Working 4. Terrier 5. toy 6. Non-sporting 7. Herding 8. Miscellaneous

Answer 393

What matters most is the **overall drive of the individual dog once it has been trained for security work**

Answer 394

1. Oversensitive (reacts excessively, difficult to train, unreliable, may have to do with the dog's history 2. Undersensitive (difficult to motivate, may not respond to commands, may not interpret affection as a reward) 3. Moderately sensitive (normal sensitivity to sound and touch, responds to commands, ideal for protection work

Answer 395

Over-aggressive Under-aggressive Moderately- aggressive

Answer 396

Over-aggressive

Answer 397

Under-Aggressive

Answer 398

Moderately aggressive

Answer 399

- Response to commands - Attitude when carrying out duties - Reaction toward learning new duties

Answer 400

- Be 'middle-sized' - Have even temperament - Be inquisitive and intelligent - Be courageous (bold but not ferocious, not shy); never retreat - Have 'hardness', or a willingness to overcome challenges - Have vitality and strength - Be any color

Answer 401

- Respond well to training at about twelve months of age - Usually be male (not monorchid); females if spayed - Not necessarily be purebred, but not be a shelter dog - Not have been with the breeder for more than 12 months

Answer 402

Smell Hearing

Answer 403

Imprinting Stage

Answer 404

Being more than **100 times greater than that of humans** *A trained dog can sense an intruder's airborne scent more than 250 yards away*

Answer 405

the upper-frequency limit of the dog is about twice that of human beings, reaching **30,000 Hz or more**. In general, a dog's vision cannot be compared favorably with that of the normal human

Answer 406

A vocabulary of about 20 words is normal, but some can respond to 100

Answer 407

1. The hunt drive 2. The pack drive

Answer 408

- Must be present to accomplish both detection and protection work - Through training, the drive can be channeled to help the dog pursue and locate other items, such as drugs or lost children - Due to their natural predator ability, dogs can be trained to attack humans without regard to their own safety

Answer 409

- When domesticated, the dog adopts humans as pack members and defends the pack as well as the territory the pack occupies

Answer 410

1. Positive reinforcement (praise) tailored to the dog's specific predominant drives 2. Compulsion (negative corrections) through the handler's voice or with equipment such as a shock collar 3. Inducement (balls, toys, companionship, or food)

Answer 411

Anthropomorphism

Answer 412

1. The possibility of confusing the dog in an actual search 2. the need for an aggressive search method when searching for drugs, and a passive on for bombs and explosives

Answer 413

Detecting drugs, explosives and accelerants in most situations

Answer 414

- A detection dog can normally work effectively **for 20 - 60 minutes** - If a search continues for a long time, **the dog may become tired and lose interest** - If the dog loses interest and the handler cannot motivate it to continue, **it must be given a break** - **Noise and activity** in an area may distract the dog

Answer 415

- A 50 yard corridor of lockers in about 2 minutes - A vehicle in about 1.5 minutes - 125 packages in about 7 minutes - 50 boxes in about 3 minutes

Answer 416

Perfume Gasoline Formaldehyde

Answer 417

- Oregano - Alfalfa - Parsley - Spices - Any substance containing acetic acid can cause a false-alert for heroin

Answer 418

The value of the dog

Answer 419

Labrador Retrievers

Answer 420

95% Accurate

Answer 421

Commercial dynamite (gelatin, TNT - trinitrotoluene) Smokeless powder C-4 plastic explosive Black powder (powder form, time fuse, safety fuse) and black powder substitutes Detonating cord (PETN polyerythrytoltetranitrate-based Detonating cord containing RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine)

Answer 422

Binaries (such as Kinepak) Blasting agents Cast boosters Composition - B Emulsions and slurries Water gels Plastic explosives (semtex) Tetryl Improvised explosive (ANFO ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, chlorates, nitrates

Answer 423

- Nitroglycerin pills or containers - Back of television (nitrocellulose shellac) - Blackboard chalk labels (nitrocellulose shellac) - Grease pencils (nitrobenzene) - Shoe polish (nitrobenzene or nitrotoluene) - Pure glycerin (similar to nitroglycerin) - Maraschino cherries (benzaldehyde)

Answer 424

**vegetation and moist air, moderate winds, and no sun**

Answer 425

Early mornings - higher temperatures reduce scents faster

Answer 426

Trees, bushes, large rocks, and high grass Must go over, under, or around them

Answer 427

- **Individuals who have been drinking** emit a different scent that disagrees with the dogs - Much perspiration is generated by feet; the scent escapes through shoes and clothing **(the** **majority** **of scent trails are let by feet)**

Answer 428

101 - 102 degrees Fahrenheit

Answer 429

- Threatening a person - Attacking a person - Causing an accident that causes damages or injury

Answer 430

DeterDelayRespond

Answer 431

1) Information2) Physical3) Personnel

Answer 432

Personnel Security

Answer 433

1) types of risks2) probability of those risks becoming actual losses3) criticality of how the loss impact is measured (in assets & income)

Answer 434

1) Deter2) Deny3) Detect4) Delay5) Destroy

Answer 435

Protection in depth

Answer 436

1) Restricted2) Controlled3) Unrestricted

Answer 437

Costs of security operations vs savings / reductions

Answer 438

Prevents / impedes an aggressor from crossing a perimeter boundary

Answer 439

1) Natural2) Structural3) Human4) Animal5) Energy

Answer 440

Rivers, creeks, cliffs

Answer 441

berms, walls, doors, locks, glazing materials, plantings, ditches

Answer 442

Security officers, receptionists

Answer 443

Intrusion detection and lighting

Answer 444

1) chain link2) concertina3) barbed wire4) barbed tape

Answer 445

Chain link

Answer 446

7 feet + 1 foot for top guard

Answer 447

At the top and bottom

Answer 448

Rigid metal or reinforced posts set in concrete

Answer 449

Within 2 inches of hard ground

Answer 450

To compensate for shifting soil or sand

Answer 451

7 feet high

Answer 452

Twisted 12 gauge

Answer 453

Are permanently affixed, and increase height of fence by 1 foot

Answer 454

96 sq inches

Answer 455

Less than 18 feet from the ground

Answer 456

Less than 14 feet from trees

Answer 457

More than 10 inches in diameter

Answer 458

Window glazing

Answer 459

Annealed or plate glass

Answer 460

Laminated glass

Answer 461

Laminated glass

Answer 462

Laminated glass

Answer 463

Tempered glass

Answer 464

PsychologicalObject illuminationPhysical deterrent

Answer 465

Reduce manpowerProtection of officersRelieves officers for other duties

Answer 466

1) Continuous2) Standby3) Movable4) Emergency

Answer 467

Light output

Answer 468

Foot candles

Answer 469

1 foot candle

Answer 470

0.40 foot candles

Answer 471

Reflectance

Answer 472

Color Rendition Index (CRI)

Answer 473

Corrected Color Temperature (CCT)

Answer 474

Metal halide

Answer 475

Located within the protected area, and above the fence

Answer 476

1) Continous2) Glare method3) Controlled4) Standby5) Portable6) Emergency lighting

Answer 477

Continuous

Answer 478

Glare method

Answer 479

Controlled

Answer 480

Emergency lighting

Answer 481

Within 10 seconds of a power failure

Answer 482

15 foot candles

Answer 483

Reinforced concrete

Answer 484

only authorized persons and vehicles

Answer 485

contraband

Answer 486

valuable assets

Answer 487

facilitate assessment and response

Answer 488

1) Guards2) Card readers3) Biometric readers

Answer 489

Magnetic stripe

Answer 490

1) Alarm sensor2) Communications path3) Annunciator or sound device

Answer 491

1) Economize2) Substitute3) Supplement4) Deter-Detect-Delay5) Respond

Answer 492

the Doppler effect

Answer 493

Microwave system

Answer 494

Microwave system

Answer 495

Infrared (active and passive (PIR))

Answer 496

Ultrasonic

Answer 497

At least 10 feet

Answer 498

Capacitance device

Answer 499

/\_\ 1) Heat2) Fuel3) Oxygen

Answer 500

smoke detector

Answer 501

Smoke detector

Answer 502

Ionization

Answer 503

Ionization

Answer 504

Thermal detector

Answer 505

Flame detector

Answer 506

water/water fog or chemical type

Answer 507

CO2 or water fog or dry chemical type

Answer 508

CO2 and dry chemical type

Answer 509

Dry powder which smothers and coats

Answer 510

Wet chemicals, water based solutions of potassium carbonate, acetate, or citrate

Answer 511

Alarm signal board

Answer 512

Modulated light beams

Answer 513

Transmission of several simultaneous messages on the same medium

Answer 514

Events occur in a prescribed time sequence one at a time, shorter distance

Answer 515

Simultaneous, multi-channel, longer distance

Answer 516

Illuminance

Answer 517

Less than 10 monitorsLess than 2 hoursto reduce fatigue

Answer 518

350 degreesF

Answer 519

150 degrees F

Answer 520

Acoustic detector

Answer 521

Acoustic detector

Answer 522

Ultrasonic sensor

Answer 523

Ultrasonic

Answer 524

1) Structural2) Natural

Answer 525

1) Deter / delay2) Psychological deterrent3) Supplement/complement security personnel needs

Answer 526

1) Controlling car/foot traffic flow2) Checking ID of personnel entering/leaving3) Defining a buffer zone for more highly classified areas

Answer 527

Two lines of structural barriers

Answer 528

15 feet150 feet

Answer 529

1) Chain link2) Barbed wire3) Concertina4) Barbed tape

Answer 530

2 inches per side or smaller

Answer 531

Twisted and barbed salvage

Answer 532

To rigid metal or reinforced concrete posts set in concrete

Answer 533

Within 2 inches

Answer 534

Compensate for shifting soil or sand

Answer 535

Twisted, double strand, 12 gauge

Answer 536

Equally apart

Answer 537

Vertically and midway between posts

Answer 538

concertina barbed wire

Answer 539

1) Barbed wire2) Barbed tape dispenser3) Concertina tape

Answer 540

3/4 of an inch

Answer 541

7/16 inch barbs1/2 inch intervals

Answer 542

Barbed wire or barbed tape

Answer 543

outward and upward

Answer 544

45 degrees

Answer 545

Permanently affixed to the top of fence posts

Answer 546

By at least 1 foot

Answer 547

3 strands of barbed wire, spaced 6 inches apart

Answer 548

10 inches or more in diameter

Answer 549

Exterior structures, parking areas, and natural or manmade features

Answer 550

20 feet or more

Answer 551

When a building wall constitutes part of the perimeter barrier

Answer 552

a human or heavy armor

Answer 553

1) Perimeter barriers2) Exterior walls, ceilings, roofs, and floors of buildings3) Interior areas within the building

Answer 554

Perimeter barriers

Answer 555

At the outer edge of the property

Answer 556

Exterior walls, ceilings, roofs, and floors of the buildings themselves

Answer 557

Chain link fencing

Answer 558

Visibility on both sides of the perimeter barrier to police and security officer

Answer 559

It creates an "institution-like atmosphere".

Answer 560

As high as the adjoining barrier (fence)

Answer 561

It may be vertical

Answer 562

Not more than 100 ft intervals

Answer 563

All doors except one

Answer 564

On a well-lighted, police-patrolled street

Answer 565

All employees coming and leaving work

Answer 566

Undesirable for securitynecessary for safety

Answer 567

By pushing against a panic bar on the inside.

Answer 568

audible alarms

Answer 569

Padlocked on the inside at both ends

Answer 570

1) By spot welding2) By inserting a headless machine screw in a pre-drilled hole through a leaf of the hinge

Answer 571

Hollow core

Answer 572

18 feet or higher

Answer 573

96 square inches

Answer 574

1) Burglary-resistant glass2) Protective iron or steel bars3) A good grade of heavy steel mesh4) Chain-link fencing

Answer 575

Underwriter's Laboratories

Answer 576

Rohm and Haas

Answer 577

General Electric

Answer 578

Rohm and Haas

Answer 579

1) Sidewalk elevators2) Utility tunnels3) Operational tunnels4) Storm sewers5) Storm doors6) Piers, docks, and wharves

Answer 580

Annunciator

Answer 581

Capacitance

Answer 582

Capacitance Proximity Sensor

Answer 583

Capacitance Proximity Sensor

Answer 584

Wire and cable

Answer 585

Control Unit

Answer 586

Duress sensor

Answer 587

A hand or foot operated switch

Answer 588

False Alarm

Answer 589

Intrusion Detection System

Answer 590

Intrusion Detection Sensors

Answer 591

Local Audible Alarm

Answer 592

Microwave sensor

Answer 593

a billion cycles per second

Answer 594

Motion Sensor

Answer 595

Passive Ultrasonic Sensor

Answer 596

Penetration Sensor

Answer 597

Photoelectric System

Answer 598

1) a transmitter2) a receiver

Answer 599

Ultrasonic

Answer 600

Between 21,500 and 26000 Hz (cycles per second)

Answer 601

Ultrasonic Motion Sensor

Answer 602

Vibration Sensor

Answer 603

1) To economize on people2) To substitute in place of other security measures3) To supplement by providing additional controls

Answer 604

1) Breaking of an electrical circuit2) Interrupting a light beam3) Detecting sound4) Detecting vibration5) Detecting a change in capacitance due to penetration of an electrostatic field

Answer 605

1) Metallic foil2) Magnetic switches3) Wire service detection4) Pressure mats, ribbons, or wafers

Answer 606

1) Capacitance2) Vibration3) Microwave4) Ultrasonic5) Passive Infrared6) Photo Electric

Answer 607

Local alarm system

Answer 608

Auxiliary system

Answer 609

Central station system

Answer 610

Proprietary system

Answer 611

Proprietary system

Answer 612

1) Sensor2) Circuit3) Annunciator

Answer 613

It's the triggering device

Answer 614

Carries the message to the signaling apparatus

Answer 615

It is the signaling system or device

Answer 616

1) Detection of fire2) Detection of intrusion3) Emergency notification4) Monitoring of equipment or facility conditions

Answer 617

1) User negligence2) Poor installation or servicing3) Faulty equipment

Answer 618

1) Television cameras2) Monitor3) Connecting circuits4) Power source

Answer 619

1) Deters violators2) Assists security force3) Essential element of an integrated physical security program

Answer 620

Inexpensive

Answer 621

security forces

Answer 622

By reducing the element of surprise by an intruder

Answer 623

1) Effects of local weather2) Fluctuating voltages in power source3) Using a ledger to maintain burning time record based on life-expectancy of the lamp

Answer 624

Both the perimeter and access control points

Answer 625

1) Prevent glare to security force2) Avoid silhouetting the security force

Answer 626

0.2 foot candles

Answer 627

At least 30 feet outside the exclusion area barrier

Answer 628

Detection of persons in the area or at structure entrances

Answer 629

compare and identify bearers and badges

Answer 630

During hours of darkness

Answer 631

the operation of remaining lights

Answer 632

The stand-by power source

Answer 633

Downward & away from the protected area / security personnel

Answer 634

Within the protected area and above the fence

Answer 635

Convenient control and maintenance

Answer 636

With other security measures

Answer 637

Observe without being seen

Answer 638

adequate and even

Answer 639

glaring lights

Answer 640

1) Light boundaries and approaches2) Light area and structures within general boundaries of property

Answer 641

Act as deterrentMake detection likely

Answer 642

1) Continuous2) Standby3) Movable4) Emergency

Answer 643

Continuous

Answer 644

Continuous & Standby

Answer 645

1) Glare projection2) Controlled lighting

Answer 646

By illuminating both water approaches and the pier area

Answer 647

100 feet0.5 foot candles

Answer 648

leave a critical or vulnerable position in darkness

Answer 649

Undeground (or sufficiently inside the perimeter in the case of overhead wiring)

Answer 650

to minimize sabotage or vandalism from outside the perimeter

Answer 651

The amount of light emitted by one standard candle

Answer 652

The amount of light required to light an area of one square foot to one candle power

Answer 653

One lumen of light per square foot of space

Answer 654

In foot candles

Answer 655

the common light bulb

Answer 656

1) Instant2) Light can be reflected or diffused

Answer 657

1) Mercury vapor2) Sodium vapor

Answer 658

Soft yellow

Answer 659

2-5 minutes

Answer 660

5+ minutes

Answer 661

Gaseous discharge lamps

Answer 662

Gaseous discharge lamps

Answer 663

1) Floodlights2) Searchlights3) Fresnels4) Street lights

Answer 664

Floodlights

Answer 665

Searchlights

Answer 666

searchlights

Answer 667

180 degrees horizontal15-30 degrees vertical

Answer 668

Street lights

Answer 669

Delay devices

Answer 670

Yes, by an expert

Answer 671

losscompromise

Answer 672

Not picked, but opened by a skillful manipulator

Answer 673

Manipulation-resistant combination lock

Answer 674

A combo lock with 4 or more tumblers

Answer 675

Attached to a safe or vault door

Answer 676

1) quickly replaced2) can be keyed into overall complete locking system3) Economical4) System is flexible5) Simplified record keeping

Answer 677

A cypher lock

Answer 678

Warded locks

Answer 679

disc tumbler locks

Answer 680

Wafer lock

Answer 681

Warded lockWafer lockPin tumbler lock

Answer 682

Pin tumbler locks

Answer 683

Cerraduras de palanca

Answer 684

Code-operated locks

Answer 685

Card operated locks

Answer 686

Electrical or electromagnetic

Answer 687

Electromagnetic locks

Answer 688

Change key

Answer 689

Submaster key

Answer 690

Master key

Answer 691

Grand-master key

Answer 692

Those whose official duties require access

Answer 693

At least every 12 months

Answer 694

1) Loss or possible compromise2) Discharge, suspension, or reassignment of anyone having knowledge of the combination

Answer 695

key padlocks

Answer 696

Multiple & simple ascending or descending arithmetical series

Answer 697

Safe combinations

Answer 698

At least annually

Answer 699

1) Key number2) Name of person3) His/her position4) Date of issuance5) Any other relevant data

Answer 700

investigated & set forth in writing

Answer 701

1) ID of employees and visitors2) Directing movements of employees & visitors3) Package control4) Control of trucks & private cars

Answer 702

identify themselves.

Answer 703

Predetermined, unrestricted areas

Answer 704

Badges or ID cards

Answer 705

At least 1-inch square

Answer 706

Every 2-3 years, and when facial appearance changes

Answer 707

enforcement

Answer 708

spot checking

Answer 709

widely publicized in advance

Answer 710

pedestrian gates manned by security personnel.

Answer 711

Proprietary

Answer 712

1) Less turnover2) More familiarity with facilities3) Tend to be more loyal

Answer 713

1) Higher cost2) May be required to join union3) Problem ensuring back-up personnel

Answer 714

1) cheaper2) Fewer admin & payroll related responsibilities3) Contractor responsible for scheduling & supervision4) Able to obtain extra guards when needed5) Security firm usually accepts liability in civil suits

Answer 715

1) Lack of training2) Less loyal3) Large turnover4) Not familiar with plant

Answer 716

inadequate

Answer 717

18 years old

Answer 718

High school or equivalent

Answer 719

Vision: correctable to 20/20Hearing: ordinary conversation at 10 feet with each ear

Answer 720

Just no physical defects that would hinder job performance

Answer 721

A 24 hour firearms course including legal & policy requirements OR submit evidence of competency & proficiency prior to assignment

Answer 722

At least once every 12 months

Answer 723

1) No felonies involving weapons2) No felonies or misdemeanors that reflect ability to perform as an armed guard3) No physical defects that would hinder job performance4) Complete training for armed personnel

Answer 724

making arrests or apprehensions

Answer 725

carry deadly weapons

Answer 726

channels of communication

Answer 727

due process

Answer 728

draft or mobilization orders of local authorities

Answer 729

a security survey

Answer 730

1) Determine existing state of security2) Locate weakness in defenses3) Determine degree of protection required4) Produce recommendations establishing a total security program

Answer 731

1) Staff security personnel2) Qualified security specialists (both of whom should have had training in the field)

Answer 732

no two facilities are alike

Answer 733

1) Risk analysis2) Risk assessment

Answer 734

1) Determine value, impact, and cost of any asset should it be lost due to natural or man-made forces2) Determine the degree of vulnerability of the facility to damage or attack by natural or man-made forces3) Determine the degree of probability that natural or man-made forces will strike any given facility

Answer 735

1) Inspection of the facility by an experienced inspector2) Examination of the facility's record of losses3) Determination whether the high-value property or items are properly safeguarded from theft by insiders

Answer 736

injury, death, damage, or destruction by natural causes

Answer 737

outside criminal activityORcriminal activity within organizations

Answer 738

physical security of corporate property

Answer 739

current security police

Answer 740

employees to security rules

Answer 741

security probelms

Answer 742

Environmental conditions

Answer 743

Security of property and facilitiesDeterrence of criminal activity regardless of physical safeguards

Answer 744

Written authority

Answer 745

previous surveys

Answer 746

orientation

Answer 747

photographs

Answer 748

Local plant supervisors

Answer 749

With a follow-up survey

Answer 750

Cost-benefit analysis

Answer 751

Cost-benefit analysis

Answer 752

cost effective

Answer 753

1) Fire resistive2) Burglary & robbery resistive

Answer 754

1) Safe Manufacturers National Association2) Underwriter's Laboratories

Answer 755

SMNA (Safe Manufacturers National Association)

Answer 756

After 1972

Answer 757

The type of container and the level of protection

Answer 758

Safecrackers

Answer 759

The degree of protection for which it was originally rated

Answer 760

2000 degrees F4 hoursImpact - YesOld Label - AFire

Answer 761

1850 degrees F2 hoursImpact - YesOld Label - BFire

Answer 762

1700 degrees F1 hourImpact - Yes Old Label - CFire

Answer 763

1700 degrees F1 hourImpact - NoOld Label - DFire

Answer 764

1550 degrees F1/2 hourImpact - No Old Label - EFire

Answer 765

2000 degrees F4 hoursImpact - YesOld Label - NoneFire

Answer 766

2000 1850 degrees F2 hoursImpact - YesOld label - noneFire

Answer 767

1700 degrees F1 hourImpact - YesOld label - noneFire

Answer 768

Insulated Record Containers

Answer 769

1700-2000 degrees

Answer 770

The door, wall and lock

Answer 771

At least 750 lbs, or anchored

Answer 772

At least 1-inch thick steel or equal

Answer 773

Door and front face must resist attack with common hand & electric tools for 15 minutes

Answer 774

At least 750 lbs, or anchored

Answer 775

At least 1-inch thick steel or equal

Answer 776

Door & front face must resist attack with common hand and electric tools, plus abrasive cutting wheels and power saws, for 30 minutes

Answer 777

Tools and torches

Answer 778

Equal protection on all 6 sides

Answer 779

At least 750 lbs

Answer 780

Door and front face must resist attack with all tools, as well as oxy-fuel gas cutting or welding torches for 30 minutes

Answer 781

Tools and torches

Answer 782

At least 750 lbs

Answer 783

Door and ENTIRE BODY must resist attack with all tools and torches, as well as electric impact hammers and oxy-fuel gas cutting or welding torches for 30 minutes

Answer 784

Tools, torches, and explosives

Answer 785

At least 1000 lbs

Answer 786

Door and body must resist attack from all tools, torches, as well as eight ounces of nitroglycerin or its equal for 60 minutes

Answer 787

Steel, 1.5 inches thick

Answer 788

Drilling or punching

Answer 789

Burning bar

Answer 790

Explosives

Answer 791

Explosives

Answer 792

Rotary devicesHydraulic toolsPower drills

Answer 793

Manipulation

Answer 794

impenetrable

Answer 795

Anchored to the building structure

Answer 796

An enlarged safe

Answer 797

High quality, reinforced concrete

Answer 798

At or below ground level

Answer 799

At least 6 inches thick

Answer 800

Twice as thick as the door but never less than 12 inches.

Answer 801

1) Capacitance2) Vibration

Answer 802

Insurance Services Office (ISO)

Answer 803

Planning & Design

Answer 804

Collecting information on security needs, objectives, & constraintsFormulating concepts for security countermeasures

Answer 805

The business & economic justification

Answer 806

Consistent & accurate interpretation by vendors for procurement and implementation

Answer 807

Integration

Answer 808

Requirements Definition

Answer 809

The overall mission

Answer 810

Preventing, delaying or modifying the consequences

Answer 811

Design Criteria

Answer 812

Design Criteria

Answer 813

Expected performanceOperational and financial considerationsStyle & designCodes & standards

Answer 814

National and local building codessafety codes and laws

Answer 815

Sensible levels are needs to ensure costs are kept in check

Answer 816

Size and space requirements affect the design solutions and impact anticipated expansion

Answer 817

Detailed in the system specs. Include interface, reliability, and maintainability

Answer 818

Major system features should be defined

Answer 819

Most common constraint & should be defined in a budget

Answer 820

Need to have minimum negative impact on productivity

Answer 821

Greatly factors into the implementation of security programs in the corporate environment and the acceptance of change

Answer 822

Proprietary vs. off site monitoring

Answer 823

List of all documents included in the contract

Answer 824

Intended operation and installations schedule

Answer 825

1) List of all products & services included in the contract2) List of all products & services required but part of another contract3) List of applicable codes & standards

Answer 826

Drawings, submittal, testing, training, warranty, maintenance

Answer 827

major subsystems and components

Answer 828

site conditions

Answer 829

Sole source

Answer 830

Request for proposal

Answer 831

Request for proposal

Answer 832

Invitation for bid

Answer 833

E. Tanto byc

Answer 834

C. Criticality and vulnerability