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Anatomy and Physiology > Assessment 4 - Urinary system > Flashcards

Assessment 4 - Urinary system Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Dorsal boundary: bladder?

A

Sacrum/ sacral vertebrae

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2
Q

Ventral boundary: bladder?

A

Bones of the pelvis

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3
Q

Cranial boundary: bladder?

A

Pelvic inlet

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4
Q

Caudal boundary: bladder?

A

Pelvic outlet

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5
Q

Lateral boundary of bladder? Left and right

A

Bones of the pelvis

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6
Q

Bladder location/ empty

A

Ventral
Pelvic cavity

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7
Q

Bladder location/ full

A

Only neck of bladder remaines in pelvic cavity
Body of bladder moves ventrally and cranially into abdominal cavity

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8
Q

Where are the structures of the urinary system found?

A

Caudal abdomen
X kidneys = cranio-dorsally in abdomen

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9
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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10
Q

5 functions of the kidneys?

A

Maintain blood volume
Maintain blood pressure
Maintain electrolyte balance
Maintain acid-base balance
Control red blood cell production

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11
Q

3 parts of the kidney?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis

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12
Q

What happens to blood when it arrives at the kidney?

A

filtration process

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13
Q

Location: filtration process

A

Nephrons

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14
Q

During the filtration process, what is blood filtered of? (7)

A

Water
Electrolytes
Small proteins
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glucose
Urea

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15
Q

Why is blood pressure important when blood arrives at the kidneys?

A

Too high - nephrons will B damaged
Too low - efficiency cld drop

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16
Q

The amount of blood flow to the kidneys is known as…

A

Renal perfusion

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17
Q

What controls renal perfusion?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System

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18
Q

Why is the blood pressure in the glomerulus increased?

A

Lumen of the efferent arteriole is narrower than lumen of the afferent arteriole

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19
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Bundle of capillaries
Permeable walls
Fluid is forced out of capillary walls
High pressure

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20
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Most plasma of blood filtered out
Leaving behind larger molecules and blood cells.

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21
Q

Where is filtrate first collected?

A

In the glomerular/ Bowman’s capsule.

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22
Q

What process(es) takes place in the PCT?

A

Concentration of urea by removing water
Sodium and chloride reabsorption
Reabsorption of ALL glucose
Secretion of toxins and certain drugs

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23
Q

In the loop of Henle: the descending limb is…

A

permeable to water

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24
Q

In the loop of Henle: the ascending limb is…

A

permeable to salts

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25
If an animal is dehydrated...
more water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, reducing urine output
26
If an animal is over-hydrated..
less water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle and will be passed out into the urine
27
What is released if electrolytes are scarce?
Aldosterone
28
What produces/releases aldosterone?
Adrenal gland
29
Where does electrolyte reabsorption take place?
In the Distal Convoluted Tubules and Collecting Ducts
30
What increases salt reabsorption from the DCT to the bloodstream?
Aldosterone
31
Aldosterone increases ............................................from the DCT to the bloodstream?
salt reabsorption
32
By what process does water follow salts being reabsorbed?
Osmosis
33
What do the kidneys excrete in to the distal convoluted tubule which raises the pH?
Hydrogen ions
34
What happens when the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions into the DCT?
It raises the pH
35
What is formed by the materials not reabsorbed?
Wastes aka urine
36
Where does urine go after it's been emptied into the collecting ducts?
Away to the renal pelvis
37
Where does urine come from before it goes to the renal pelvis?
Collecting ducts
38
What is released in times of fluid shortage?
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
39
What releases Anti-Diuretic Hormone?
Posterior Pituitary gland
40
What stimulates reabsorption of more water within the collecting ducts?
Release of Anti-Diuretic Hormone
41
Function of - Bowman's/ Glomerular capsule
Collects the filtrate
42
Function of - Distal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsords electrolytes, salts and water (aldosterone)
43
Function of - Collecting ducts
Reabsorbs water (ADH)
44
Function of the ureters
Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
45
Where are the ureters located? (3)
Attached to kidneys at renal pelvis In abdomen: Dorsal & bi-lateral In pelvic cavity: turn medially to dorsal surface of bladder
46
Ureters pass obliquely through bladder wall - Why?
Stop backflow of urine from bladder (when high pressure)
47
Backwards flow is known as ...
Reflux
48
Even during periods of high pressure within the bladder, urine passes down the ureters by ..
peristalsis
49
What controls peristalsis?
Smooth muscles of the walls
50
What allows the ureters to expand for passage of urine?
Transitional epithelium
51
What allows for the wall of ureter to contract allowing peristalsis for movement of urine?
Smooth muscle
52
3 openings in the bladder?
Trigone
53
What picks up the urge to urinate in the bladder?
Stretch receptors when the bladder wall stretches
54
What prevents the urine escaping?
2 set of spincter muscles
55
What are the 2 different sphincter muscles in the bladder?
Internal urethral sphincter (at the neck of bladder) External urethral sphincter (urethra)
56
What needs to happen for urine to leave the body?
Sphincter muscles need to relax
57
What are internal urethral sphincter made of?
Smooth muscle (involuntary)
58
What are external urethral urethral sphincter made of?
Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
59
What is the name of the muscle of the bladder?
Detrusor
60
Features of detrusor muscles?
3 different layers which lie in different directions - so bladder can contract uniformly.
61
Muscle used for expansion of bladder?
Transitional epithelium
62
Which muscle allowes for the bladder to expand and return to its former size?
Elastic tissue
63
What type of muscle allows the bladder to contract and empty?
Smooth muscle
64
What 2 systems (nerves) control the bladder?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
65
Function of sympathetic nerves
Prevent urination - Inhibit bladder contraction - Cause sphincters to constrict
66
Function of parasympathetic nerves?
Cause urination - Inhibit the constriction of sphincters - Cause bladder to contract
67
What does the urethra do?
Transport urine from bladder to outside the body
68
What nervous systems can urethra use?
Somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) to allow control of urination
69
What action does the urethra use to pass urine?
Peristalsis
70
Difference between the male and female urethras?
Female's: short and wide Male: longer and narrower
71
Function of the peri-renal fat
Protect kidneys Energy reserve
72
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle
Concentrates urine depending on the hydration status of the plasma
73
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle
Regulates the concentration and volume of urine according to status of ECF
74
Where is the exterior opening of the urethra in the female?
Vaginal wall
75
Where is the exterior opening of the urethra in the male?
Distal penis
76
Why does the urethra contain smooth muscle?
To allow peristalsis for movement of urine
77
Location and function of urethra?
Convey urine caudally from neck of bladder to the outside (in males: also conveys sperm)
78
2 muscles involved in process of urination + location
Detrusor muscles in bladder wall Urethral sphincter in bladder neck
79
Renal vain drains blood from ...
kidney to vena cava
80
Renal artery supplies blood from...
aorta to kidney
81
Function of microvili in PCT?
Increase SA to reabsorbe water + electrolytes
82
What happens to muscles when an animal urinates?
Detrusor muscle contracts Sphincter muscle relaxes
83
Location of female exterior opening of urethra?
Vaginal wall
84
Location of male exterior opening of urethra?
Distal penis

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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