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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Alter ingested food
Form that can be absorbed by bloodstream

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2
Q

2 main areas of digestive system

A

Alimentary canal = hollow tube where food travels
Accessory digestive organs = structures which assist with digestive process

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3
Q

4 processes of digestive system

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Excretion

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4
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food into body

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5
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food/ components parts
Stomach & small intestine

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6
Q

Absorption

A

Small & large intestine
Uptake of nutrients in bloodstream

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7
Q

Excretion

A

Removal
Indigestible material
Faeces

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8
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Muscular tubular structure

Mouth to Anus

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9
Q

Areas of alimentary canal (8)

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

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10
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow centre of gut

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11
Q

Structure of the gut (inside to outside) 5

A

Lumen

Mucosa ( with Muscularis mucosae inside)

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

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12
Q

What is found in submucosa?

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Connective tissue
Lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

What part of the gut moves food via peristalsis?

A

Muscularis layer

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14
Q

Function of serosa

A

Produce fluid - lubrication

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15
Q

Functions of oral cavity (4)

A

Pick food up
Boluses
Lubricate (saliva and mucus)
Digest carbs with amylase (omnivores/ herbivores)

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16
Q

Functions of tongue (6)

A

Compress on hard palate + move back to pharynx

Change shape to ladle to drink

Tastebuds

Heat loss mechanism

Vocalisation

Grooming

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17
Q

Structure of tongue (5)

A

Muscular structure
Attached to floor of mouth by frenulum
Skeleteal - volunteer muscle
Taste buds - info to brain
Has hyoid bone at its root

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18
Q

Structure and function of incisors

A

Chisel shaped & Rostral

Grasp prey & nibble on vegetation

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19
Q

Structure and function of canines

A

Pointed with Sharp apex & Wide base

Pierce/ hold onto prey

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20
Q

Structure and function of premolar & molar

A

Straight side, Wide flattened surfaces
Cusps on surfaces (rough)

Crush or grind

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21
Q

Carnassials

A

Carnivores only
Laterally flattened
Shearing

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22
Q

6 openings of pharynx

A

Oral cavity
Oesophagus
Naso-pharynx
Larynx/ trachea
2 eustachian tubes

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23
Q

Main function of pharynx

A

Convey food from mouth to oesophagus - deglutition

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24
Q

Stages of deglutition/swallowing (5)

A
  1. Bolus - passed to back of mouth
  2. Pharyngeal muscles
    Cricopharyngeal sphincter
    to oesophagus
  3. Closes: epiglottis
    + naso-pharynx & eustachian tubes
  4. Peristalsis to Oesophagus
  5. Epiglottis falls open again - air to trachea
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25
Oesophagus - location and function (4)
Muscular tube - takes food from pharynx to stomach Function=transport Dorsal, left of trachea When passes through thorax, runs through medastinum, dorsal to heart & between lungs
26
2 regions of oesophagus
Cervical Thoracic
27
Proximal end of oesophagus
Inner circular muscler layer forms a sphincter called the cricopharyngeal sphincter
28
Distal end of oesophagus
No physical sphincter but high pressure zone aka cardia/ cardiac sphincter
29
What is found in the mucous membrane of oesophagus?
Goblet cells which secrete mucus
30
4 regions of the stomach
Cardia Fundus Body Pylorus
31
Cardia
Small region Where oesophagus enters stomach
32
Fundus
Main reservoir Can increase in size & maintain same intra-gastric pressure
33
Body of stomach
Intermediate section between storage and grinding section Stores food
34
Pylorus (3)
Where food is ground (rhythmic segmentation) + mixed with gastric secretion Move ingesta into duodenum Controls rate that stomach empties into small intestine
35
Chyme
Food in stomach broken down into a liquid
36
Stomach: structure and location
C-shaped sac-like Left side of abdomen
37
General function of stomach (3)
Reservoir Break up food & mix with gastric juices Begin digesting protein
38
Layers of the stomach (in to out) 4
Mucosa Muscle layer Submucosa Serosa
39
Mucosa of stomach structure (2)
Mucous membrane Gastric pits (deep folds)
40
What do parietal cells produce?
Hydrochloric acid
41
What do chief cells produce?
Pepsinogen
42
Where is the majority of acid?
Fundus
43
What is in the fundus? (2)
Majority of acid Pepsinogen producing cells
44
What happens when stomach is full?
Mucosa is stretched smooth
45
What happens when stomach is empty?
Mucosa become wrinkled into folds aka rugae
46
What are rugae?
Folds found in mucosa layer of stomach
47
Functions of hydrochloric acid (3)
Proteins unfold to expose peptide bonds : allowing access to enzymes Activates digestive enzymes Inhibits growth of bacteria
48
Borders of the small intestine
Pylorus to Ileocaecocolic junction
49
Main functions of small intestine (2)
Digest Absorb
50
3 sections of small intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
51
Function of elastic fibres in small intestine?
Cause the mucosa to be folded in the submucosa
52
Enterocytes?
Cells of the mucous membrane in the intestine
53
Where are enterocytes made?
At the base of each villus - aka Crypts of Lieberkühn
54
Contents of a villus (2)
Rich supply of capillaries Single lymphatic vessel = lacteal
55
Function of capillaries in the villi?
Collect and transport absorbed nutrients Go from enterocytes to hepatic portal vein
56
Function of lacteal?
Absorb and transport dietary fat from intestine
57
Secretions of digestion (5)
Bile Lipase Amylase Bicarbonate Trypsin
58
Where is bile produced?
Liver
59
Function of bile
Emulsify fat
60
Function of lipase
Digest fat
61
Function of amylase
Digest starch
62
Function of bicarbonate
Neutralises acidity of chyme
63
Function of trypsin
Digest proteins and peptides
64
Parts of the large intestines (4)
Caecum Colon Rectum Anus
65
Caecum (4)
Blind ending tube at ileocaecocolic junction Used as fermentation chamber in herbivores Not used in carnivores Vestigial in dogs and cats
66
Parts of the colon
Ascending Transverse Descending
67
Difference in structure between small intestine and large intestine? (5)
Similar basic structure In large intestine: No villi Mucosa is flat Crypts produce new epithelial and goblet cells Food is not broken down
68
Large intestine re-absorbs ...
water and electrolytes
69
Function of rectum
Store faeces before defaecation
70
What do bacteria in colon produce?
B vitamins
71
Difference between inner sphincters and outer sphincters?
Inner - involuntary Outer - voluntary
72
Contents of faeces (7)
Water Fibre Bacteria Dead GI cells Mucus Bile pigment Anal gland secretions
73
Accessory organs (4)
Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder Pancreas
74
Contents of saliva
99% water 1% mucus
75
Functions of saliva (3)
Lubricate food Thermoregulation Breakdown of starch (via amylase) - herbivores & most omnivores
76
When is an increase of saliva noticed? (3)
Food is present Animal is hurt Animal is nauseous
77
Location of liver
Between diaphragm and stomach
78
What supplies oxygen to the liver?
Hepatic artery
79
What does the hepatic artery do?
Supply oxygen to liver
80
What is the function of the hepatic vein?
Carries blood back to the heart via vena cava
81
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
Brings nutrient rich blood from intestine
82
The liver receives............% of the cardiac output
20
83
Of the cardiac output that the liver gets, what proportions are from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein?
30% comes via hepatic artery 70% comes from hepatic portal vein
84
What is the liver enclosed with?
Thin sheet of epithelial cells called the capsule
85
Structure of the liver?
Thousands of lobules muo of cords of liver cells aka hepatocytes
86
What shapes are the lobules in the liver?
Hexagonal
87
10 functions of the liver
1. Metabolise carbs 2. Metabolise proteins 3. Metabolise fat 4. Bile formation 5. Destruction of old RBC 6. Formation of new RBC 7. Storage of vitamins & glycogen 8. Storage of iron 9. Production of heat for body 10. Detoxification
88
Function of hepatic ducts?
Bile from liver to gall bladder
89
Function of bile duct?
Bile from gall bladder to duodenum during digestion
90
Function of bile?
Emulsify fat globules Surface area for lipase
91
What is the pancreas closely associated with?
Stomach and duodenum
92
Where is the pancreas?
In the U bend of duodenum
93
What tissues compose the pancreas
Exocrine - produces digestive enzymes Endocrine - produces hormones
94
Pancreas secretions (5)
Bicarbonate (not an enzyme) Trypsinogen Trypsin Lipase Amylase
95
Function of bicarbonate
Neutralise the acid found in chyme
96
Function of trypsinogen
Precursor to trypsin which is activated in the SI
97
Function of trypsin
Breaks down proteins and peptides into amino acids
98
Function of lipase
Converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol
99
Function of amylase
Breaks down starch into maltose
100
Structure of stomach wall
Lined by mucosa Deep folds aka sugar In gastric pits: - goblet cells produce mucus (protect from enzymes) - chief cells produce pepsinogen - parietal cells produce hydrochloride acid
101
2 types of movement in stomach & purpose
Peristalsis Rhythmic segmentation
102
2 structures that empty into first part of small intestine
Pancreatic duct Common bile duct
103
3 properties of intestinal villi that makes absorption more efficient
Large surface area Excellent blood supply form network of internal capillaries Thin layer of cells lining their wall Surface area is further increased by presence of microvilli on surface of epithelial cells lining the villi
104
2 structures in villi and purposes they have
Capillary network: absorb carbs and proteins and relay them to hepatic portal vein Lacteal: absorb fat in form of chyle (product of fat digestion) and relay it to lymphatic system (specifically to cisterns Chyli)

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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