Associative Learning Flashcards
What is Operant or instrumental conditioning?
Operant or instrumental conditioning is where an action leads to a particular stimulus.
What is Pavlovian or Classical conditioning?
Pavlovian conditioning is where one stimulus is linked to another stimulus.
As confirmed by Rescola, what two events are required for a relationship to be made?
The two events must be close in time and they must he constantly linked.
What is extinction?
Removal of an old association or formation of a new association.
What is latent inhibition?
Latent inhibition is where past associations affect future associations.
What is the concept of preparedness?
The concept of preparedness suggests the learning of some associations can be biologically advantageous.
What did Garcia and Koelling do to prove the concept of preparedness?
Garcia and Koeling found they could cause mice to develop am aversion to flavoured or coloured water by associating it with pain.
Give in example of the concept of preparedness in humans.
20-40% of chemotherapy patients suffer from anticipatory nausea and vomiting. Phobias are a good example.
How many types of reinforcers are the and what are they?
There are 3 types of reinforcer.
Primary. (Unconditioned)
Secondary (conditioned)
Social - consequences of behaviour.
What is primary reinforcement?
Primary reinforcement is unconditioned and is inherently reinforcing. Eg. The need to survive (getting food)
What is secondary reinforcement?
Secondary reinforcement is conditioned and becomes reinforcing. It can be seen as a reward, for example money.
What is social reinforcement?
Social reinforcement is a consequence of behaviour. For example, smiling nodding, verbal praise and attention.
What is Operant Conditioning as suggested by Skinner?
Operant conditioning is where an action is reinforced.
Basic principle of law of effect, behaviours that are followed by good things, happen more often.
What is shaping?
Reinforcer of successive approximations of desired act.
What is chaining?
Chaining is where a complex action is split into components, each component provides a reinforcer for the next stage.
