Assumptions-Behavioirst+biological+Cogtive Flashcards
(27 cards)
Blank slate-Define
-A physoclogist from the behaviorist approach believes humans are born a blank slate and our behaviour is learnt from the environment.
-When we are born are mind is like a tabula rasa-Means we are born a blank slate-(so babies are born completely neutralwith only the most basic responses crying pain and will be moulded by the environment) we are not equipped with the ability to think and our emotions have no influence on our behaviour,and that our behaviour is learnt through our expereinces and interactions with the environment.
Blank slate-explain
Links to the concept of environmental determinism-That our behaviour is determined by forces external to the individual and all behaviour can be shaped and manipulated through expereinces ,
suggesting we have no free will over our behaviour
Blank slate-Example
The bobo doll study is an example of entrionmental determines because the children’s behaviour have been shaped through expereinces.
Those who observed aggressive models imated the same aggressive behaviour showing how they have learnt agresssive behaviour from the environment.
-Those who did not observe agressive models did not display same agressive behaviour.
Conditioning-define
-Behaviourists believe that behaviour can be learnt through conditioning.
-There are 2 types of conditioning .Operant-Learning through consequences and classical learning via association.
-In classical-2 stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response.
Conditioning-Explain
In stage 1-before conditioning-
The UCS produces an unconditioned response-this response is unlearned.
-The NS-proves no response(has no affect)
Stage 2-During containing
The UCS and NS are paired together to create the UCS,this pairing is done on nurmeiours occasions so learning takes place.
Stage 3-after conditioning
-The NS becomes known as the CS due to being associated with the UCS and produces a CR (learned)
Conditioning -Example
Pavlov developed the principles of classical continuing with dogs-he condtioned the dogs to salivate in response to a bell.
Stage 1
UCS(food)—UCR(salivation)
NS(bell)—No response
Stage 2
UCS(FOOD)+NS(bell)—UCR(salivation)
Repeated until becomes associate in dogs mind
Stage 3
CS(bell)—CR(salivation)
Biological-Evolotionary influences
-Bheaviour can be explained by evolutionary influences-Biological approach argues the inherited structure of the mind is the product of evolutionary processes.
-Based on Charles Darwin theory of evolution species survive through a process called natural selection.THose who adapt to their environment tend to survive and produce offspring.
Biological-Evoltionary influence’s-Explain
-Evoltionary physiologists believe individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to have eveolved.
-We evolve as we are trying to survive-competion arises and some species do not adapt so will not pass on DNA.
-However those that inherit genes/behavioral patterns that are well-adapted to the environment will survive and pass these traits onto their offspring-who will also be successful because the will have the ability to survive and evolve.
-Genes within evolved fa,lilies are more likely to be passed to each new generation knows as survival of the fittest.
Evoltionary influences-Phobia of the dark
-Nyctophobia is considered to be Evoltionary-In caveneman times fear of the dark was adaptive
-Those who went out in the dark were hunted,those that didn’t survived and reproduced offspring who also had a fear of the dark
Behaviours-Humans and animals learn in similar ways-Define
-Behaviorsits believe humans and animals learn in similar ways.
-Behavioirist research involves studying learning in animals under laboratory conditions using experimental methods.Animals are used because they believe the laws of learning are the same for humans and animals.
-Enabling generalisations to be made about human behaviour
Behaviorist-Human and animals learn in similar ways-Explan/example-Pavlov and little Albert
-Pavlov developed the principles of classical conditioning with dogs.he over served the dogs to see if he could produce a given response(salivation) using a neutral stimulus(bell).
-tHE SAME PRINCIPLES HAVE BEEEN APPLIED TO HUMANS IN THE LITTLE ALBERT STUDY WHERE THE CHILD HAD BEEN OCNDTIONED TO FEAR THE RAT.
Behaviorist-human and animals learn in similar ways-Skinner/token ecominies
-skinner developed the principles of operant conditioning using the Skinner box-allowed him to study animal behaviour in a lab.
-Animals learnt to perform certain behaviour pressing a lever in response to stimuli
-operant continuing has been applied to humans through token ecomnies-Th epossitve reinforcement encouraging good behaviour.
Biolgcial-NeutransimitterS-Define
-Bheaviour can be explained by neutral transmitters.
-Neutransmitters are chemical messengers that pass from the pre synaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron across the synapse
Neutransmitters-Explain
Electrical signals cause chemical messengers to be released from the pre synaptic neuron,this diffuse across the synapse and are absorbed by the post synaptic neuron where the chemical signal is converted back into a electrical signal this process then continues.
Neutransmitters-Example
-Dopamine is an example of a neutransmitter that controls emotional responses and bodily movements.
-Too high-Anxiety,excessive energy and insomnia
-Too low-Depressions,Muscle spasms and brain fog
Localisation of brain function -Define
Behaviour can be exaplined by localisation of brain function-Defierent regions of the brain is responsible for different functions.The cerebral cortex is divided into 4 different lobes the parietal,frontal,occipital,temporal.
Locisliation of brain function-Explain
-Frontal-Personality,problem solving,planning,desioun making,language production(brocus area)
-Occipital-Responsible for processing visual information
-Temproal-Memory,auditory processing and language comprehension(vernikers aerea)
-Parietal-Responsible for processing pain (somatosensory)
Localisation of brain function-Example
An example of this is phineous gage who had a iron rod through his skull witch destroyed much of his frontal lobe
He became much more impulsive and his personality changed completley to the point where people no longer recognised him
This links to LOFBF because it shows how the frontal lobe is responsible for personality
Internal mental processes-Define
-Cogtive psychologists believe humans use internal mental processes to make sesne of the world around us and that humans are information processors
-We use our senses to collect information from the outside world and our internal mental processes to interpret the information this includes perception attention memory and language.
-These processes relate to each other and constantly work together to help the indidual understand the environment
Internal mental processes-explain
Perception-The outcome of what we understand an object to be based on attention and memory
Attention-Involves paying attention to an object stimuli
Memeory-Involves searching through a memory store to see if there is a match with something we have prevsiouley experienced
Language-We are unable to use our knowledge of language to name it
Internal mental processes-Example
An example of this is hostile attribution bias which is a type of cogntive bias where individuals interpret other people’s behaviour threatening /agressive when it isn’t-as the individual perceives the situation to be threatening
E.g innocent people bumping into each other on a street,someone with a hostile bias will perceive this to be a threat and may result in a violent action
Schemas-Define
-Schemes are organised packets of information that are built through expereinces and stored in the long term memory-they are mental structures that represent an aspect of the world.
-Schemas organise our knowledge,assist recall,guide behaviours and enable us to predict likely happenings.
Schemas-Explain
-schemas can change with expereince-E.g if a person tries to learn a new fact and rehearse it their schema will adapt to store in the long term memory.
-Conecpt of scripts is another example of a schema which is how we expect certain situations to unfold-E.g when going to a resultant wait to be seated first and end by paying the bill.
-They help us make sesne of the world and provide shortcuts to help us identify things that we come acrosss as we can’t process everything speratley.
-Schemas do not necessarily represent reality as they may be built up via social exchanges rather than through personal interactions.
Schemas-Example
-Barrett’s war of ghosts study represnt how schemas play a role in distortion of memory.
-Ps were asked to memorise war of ghosts story and attempted to fit the information into their western schema a as a result distorted it during recall
-They rembered going fishing when they were actually hunting for seals-This shows they were not recalling the information exactly as it had been presented to them and as a result their schema had distorted their memory .
