Atlas

Question 1

Thickened and discoloured nail plate with subungual
hyperkeratosis and onycholysis. White adherent plaque
seen in intertriginous space of ring and little fingers.

Answer 1

onychomycosis

Question 2

Characterised by patches of pseudomembranous
white slough along the esophageal mucosa that
can be easily wiped. Frequently accompanied by
oral thrush

Answer 2

candida esophagitis

Question 3

Recurrent candidiasis. Despite repeated antifungal therapy, the patient’s nails remained discoloured and pitted after 1 year. There is no evidence of invasive disease.

Answer 3

Chronic candidiasis

Question 4

a dimorphic fungus that is a skin and gut commensal. Infection results in oral and vaginovaginal candidiasis in immuncompetent hosts, and fatal disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients

Answer 4

Candida albicans

Question 5

Oval to subspherical budding yeasts. Presence of
abundant pseudohyphae in specimen suggests
overgrowth and active infection.

Answer 5

C. albicans, 10% KOH smear

Question 6

Glistening creamy colonies sprouting mycelia or
“fringes”
- star shaped colonies

Answer 6

C. albicans, culture on chocolate agar

Question 7

most common cause of oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis;

Answer 7

C. albicans

Question 8

frequently reported in nail-related infections

Answer 8

C. parapsilosis

Question 9

strongly associated with nosocomial infections

Answer 9

C. parapsilosis and C. pelliculosa

Question 10

known for their resistance to fluconazole

Answer 10

C. krusei and C. glabrata

Question 11

White exudate on oral mucosa due to candida
overgrowth and mucocutaneous inflammation.

Answer 11

oral thrush

Question 12

associated with diabetes, pregnancy and
compromised host immune status

Answer 12

genital thrush

Question 13

Itchy and at times malodorous rash typically between fourth and fifth toes

Answer 13

intertrigo

Question 14

What are the symptoms of candida esophagitis

Answer 14

dysphagia, odynophagia and weight loss
due to difficulty swallowing

Question 15

spherical yeast in gram stain

Answer 15

C. albicans

Question 16

Confirmatory test to differentiate C. albicans from other Candida species

Answer 16

germ tube test

Question 17

it has emerged as
a cause of hospital-acquired infections, especially with implantable medical devices where it covers the surface
with a biofilm.

Answer 17

C. albicans

Question 18

Glistening creamy colonies sprouting mycelia or “fringes”

Answer 18

C. albicans

Question 19

Growth on chocolate agar shows even more prominent fringes or
star-shaped colonies.

Answer 19

C. albicans

Question 20

The presence of terminal double-walled round chlamydospores is diagnostic

Answer 20

C. albicans, microsopy of CMT agar

Question 21

part of skin and gut flora and frequently results in disseminated invasive infections in neutropenic
and cancer patients

Answer 21

C. tropicalis

Question 22

At 24-48 hours, small and large colony variants are seen. Smaller colonies are usually dome-shaped while the larger ones are dull white, dry and slightly elevated.

Answer 22

C. tropicalis, culture on chocolate agar

Question 23

Colonies do not glisten and are umbonated, with radial grooves around the edges only.

Answer 23

C. tropicalis, culture on SDA

Question 24

Colonies are dry, light to dark brown, with a silver
metallic sheen, most prominent on the primary streak.
They are also umbonated and have radial grooves
around the edges.

Answer 24

C. tropicalis, culture on BiGGY agar

Question 25

Long slender pseudohyphae with elongated
blastoconidia, arising successively from older
blastoconidia. This gives the appearance of a rabbit
head with long ears

Answer 25

C. tropicalis, microsopy of CMT agar

Question 26

both a commensal and environmental pathogen. It can cause mucosal surface infections
(oropharyngeal, esophageal, and vaginal candidiasis) and is now increasingly isolated in disseminated fungemia.

Answer 26

C. glabrata

Question 27

Tiny white glistening colonies appear at 48 hours. Texture is not creamy, more like bacteria

Answer 27

C. glabrata, culture on chocolate agar

Question 28

Colonies are small, glistening at 48 hours but older colonies wrinkle up and appear lacy.

Answer 28

C. glabrata, culture on SDA

Question 29

Colonies appear off-white.

Answer 29

C. glabrata, culture on BiGGY agar

Question 30

Round budding cells with halo due to capsule

Answer 30

C. neoformans, India ink preparation

Question 31

what is the microscopic magnification of C. neoformans in india ink prep

Answer 31

x40

Question 32

what is the reaction of cryptococcus in urease test

Answer 32

urease positive

Question 33

an environmental yeast causing pulmonary, CNS and skin lesions. The most common site
of entry is lungs where it can cause asymptomatic infection and even life-threatening pneumonia

Answer 33

C. neoformans

Question 34

what is the test performed to rule out invasive cryptocosiss.

Answer 34

Serum cryptococcal antigen detection test

Question 35

a skin commensal that results in superficial skin, hair (white piedra) and nail infection. It is the
second common cause of life-threatening disseminated yeast infections.

Answer 35

trichosporon species

Question 36

skin commensal in sebaceous-rich areas of the body, and causes dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis
and tinea versicolor

Answer 36

malassezia furfur

Question 37

A 10-year-old boy presented with history of painful
swollen left hip and an inability to walk

Answer 37

Fungal arthritis and osteomyelitis

Question 38

The most commonly isolated Aspergillus species typically found in soil and compost

Answer 38

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 39

Mold found in warm humid soil as well as coloniser of nuts, seeds and legumes where it produces

Answer 39

Aspergillus flavus

Question 40

mold ommonly found in soil, compost and dust, and used industrially to produce organic acids and
enzymes. Infection mostly manifests as otomycosis and onychomycosis as well as disseminated invasive disease.

Answer 40

Aspergillus terreus

Question 41

mold found in soil and indoor environment, affecting fruits and vegetables. It is one of the most common causes of otomycosis which can result in otalgia, hearing loss and at times permanent damage to
tympanic membrane

Answer 41

Aspergillus niger

Question 42

Grey-to-black older colonies around the rim of the plate.

Answer 42

Rhizopus spp., culture on SDA

Question 43

Small pear-shaped sporangia.

Answer 43

Absidia spp., LPCB wet mount preparation

Question 44

Vesicles covered with spine-like denticles.

Answer 44

Cunninghamella

Question 45

Finger-like tubular sporangia arranged on a vesicle.

Answer 45

Syncephalastrum spp