ATP and Energy

Question 1

What products do we get after glycolysis?

Answer 1

2 Pyruvate + 2x H2O
4 ATP (2 are used to break bonds so we end up with 2)
2 NADH + 2H+

Question 2

Which enzyme makes ATP?

Answer 2

ATP synthase

Question 3

What is exergonic?

Answer 3

A spontaneous action that expels energy

Question 4

What is endergonic?

Answer 4

A non spontaneous reaction where energy is required

Question 5

What is the process called to use ATP?

Answer 5

ATP breakage or ATP hydrolysis

Question 6

Is ATP breakage exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 6

Exergonic

Question 7

What is ATP made up of?

Answer 7

1. Adenine
2. Ribose
3. Phosphate group (negatively charged due to oxygen bonds)

Question 8

How is ATP bonded together?

Answer 8

Covalently

Question 9

Where does the energy come from in ATP?

Answer 9

It comes from when particles are hydrolyzed, the negatively charged electrons not being around each other any more, not from the breakage

Question 10

Where is ATP made?

Answer 10

It is made within the mitochondria membrane and inner motochondria through the process of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation where ultimately the ATP synthase makes the majority of the ATP at the end of this process

Question 11

What is the complete process of making ATP called?

Answer 11

Respiration

Question 12

What is the chemical formula of ATP being made? (Respiration)

Answer 12

Sugar+oxygen= carbon dioxide + water+ ATP

C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6O² = 6CO² + 6H²O + ATP (30-32)

Question 13

How much ATP is made per molecule of glucose?

Answer 13

Maximum 32

Question 14

What are the 4 processes involved to create ATP?

Answer 14

1. Glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. Citric acid Cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 15

What are the 2 electron carriers called in ATP respiration?

Answer 15

1. NADH
2. FADH²

Question 16

What is glycolysis?

Answer 16

Cutting 1 glucose into 2 pyruvates

Question 17

What is the name of either electron carriers?

Answer 17

Nicotinamides

Question 18

What’s the difference between the 2 NADHs?

Answer 18

1 NAD+ hasn’t accepted a hydrogen electron so doesn’t have spare energy
2. NADH has accepted a hydrogen and has energy to spend

Question 19

What is the activation energy barrier?

Answer 19

It’s a barrier in ATP creation that stops the cell from blowing up and releasing all the energy all at once

Question 20

How many ATP are consumes to break glucose?

Answer 20

2 ATP are consumed to break glucose into 2 3-carbon sugars

Question 21

Where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 21

Outside the mitochondria

Question 22

What is another name for the citric acid cycle?

Answer 22

1. Krab cycle
2. TCA cycle

Question 23

When is pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA?

Answer 23

As it enters the mitochondrion

Question 24

what is the final receptor in the Oxydative Phosphorylation?

Answer 24

Oxygen

Question 25

what is a terminal acceptor?

Answer 25

it is the final destination for the NADH and FADH² electrons to join with O² and form H²O

Question 26

what is the name and function of the 2 mobile carriers?

Answer 26

1. Ubiquinone and Cytochrome C 2. they rapidly move the electrons between the large protein complexes within the electron transport chain.

Question 27

how many protein complexes are there during the electron transport chain and where do the electrons shed?

Answer 27

1. 4 2. NADH deposits it's protons at the first complex 3. FADH2 deposits it's protons at the second complex

Question 28

where do the protons go during the Electron transport chain?

Answer 28

through the protein complexes into the mitochondria's intermembrane space

Question 29

name the 4 parts to the enzyme ATP synthase

Answer 29

1. Stator 2. Rotor 3. internal rod 4. catalytic knob

Question 30

describe the process of hydrogen ions into ATP through ATP synthase

Answer 30

1. H+ flows down the gradient from the mitochondira membrane space into the stator, which is anchored to the membrane 2. H+ changes shape and binds to the rotor, the shape change causes the rotor to rotate 3. H+ makes a complete revolution, goes into the stator and leaves through a second channel into the mitochondira matrix 4. the spinning rotor causes the internal rod to spin on the static catalyic knob 5. the process of the rod moving on the knob activates the knob and ADP+P is converted into ATP

Question 31

what is created during pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 31

2 Acetyl CoA 2 CO2 2 NADH

Question 32

what is created in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 32

6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2

Question 33

what is created during oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 33

30-32 ATP

Question 34

describe the process of glycolysis

Answer 34

glycolysis happens outside of the mitochondria, in the cytosol where glucose is taken from the blood and prepared for breakage by phosphorylation, 2 ATP are used in this process. the glucose is broken down into 2x pyruvate, 2x H2O, 4x ATP (2 used), 2x NADH and 2x hydrogen ions

Question 35

describe the process of pyruvate oxidation

Answer 35

pyruvate oxidation happens inside the mitochondria where the 2 pyruvate are broken down into 2 Acetyl CoA, during this process 2CO2 and 2 NADH are also created, the CO2 is diffused out of the mitochondria

Question 36

describe the process of the citric (Krebs) acid cycle

Answer 36

the citric acid cycle takes the 2 acetyl CoA and creates 6 NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP and 4CO2

Question 37

describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 37

FADH2 and NADH move rapidly through the electron transport chain (ETC) through the mobile carriers ubiquinone and cytochrome C. As they move through the ETC they send a H+ into the unidirectional protein complexes to be pushed up the gradient into the mitochondrial membrane space. At the end of the ETC is the terminal receptor, this is where they bond with oxygen and form H2O, the ETC process cannot happen if there is no oxygen present. As H+ is pushed into the mitochondrial space pressure is created, this pressure pushes the H+ into the ATP synthase down the gradient to create 30-32 ATP (see card about ATP synthase for description)

Question 38

how many enzyme reactions occur during respiration?

Answer 38

24

Question 39

what is FADH2 and NADH?

Answer 39

nicotinamides