Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

What is the brain of a cell?

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

Name the 4 components of a nucleus

Answer 2

1. Nucleolus
2. Chromatin
3. Nuclear envelope (double membrane)
4. pores

Question 3

what does the nucleus store?

Answer 3

1. DNA

Question 4

What is the job of the nucleolus?

Answer 4

1. to produce ribosomes
2. to pass on genetic material
3. to translate DNA into proteins

Question 5

can nucleus have more than 1 nucleolus?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

are ribosomes found in Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

name the 2 sites ribosomes are found

Answer 7

1. floating in the cytoplasm, in groups called polyribsomes
2. bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 8

what is the job of a ribosome?

Answer 8

to carry out protein synthesis

Question 9

Name the 10 biological hierachies

Answer 9

1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystems (dictated by weather systems)
3. communities: varying species working together or against
4. populations
5. organisms
6. organs
7. tissues
8. cells
9. organelles
10. molecules

Question 10

What is life?

Answer 10

1. order
2. adapt to environment
3. respond to environment
4. regulate cellular and body processes: eat and use it
5. grow and develop
6. reproduce

Question 11

what does DNA stand for?

Answer 11

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 12

what is central dogma?

Answer 12

once information gets into a protein it can’t get back out again
DNA-RNA and back again
RNA-protein “if you eat a steak you don’t become a cow”

Question 13

what are the features of the cell membrane?

Answer 13

1. lipid bilayers: Phosopholipid (grey+gold)
2. Hydrophilic layers outside of membrane (grey)
3. hydrophobic inside of membrane (gold)
4. semi permeable

Question 14

what does the acronym ATP stand for?

Answer 14

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 15

what is ATP? (Not what it stands for)

Answer 15

form of energy from breaking down sugars, fats and other fuels

Question 16

What does LUCA stand for?

Answer 16

Last universal common ancestor

Question 17

which domain of LUCA is harmless to us?

Answer 17

Domain Archaea

Question 18

what are the 3 domains of LUCA?

Answer 18

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya

Question 19

which of LUCA are prokaryotes?

Answer 19

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea

Question 20

which of LUCA are eukaryotes?

Answer 20

Eukarya

Question 21

how long ago was LUCA?

Answer 21

2.8 million years ago

Question 22

What are the unique features of animal cells?

Answer 22

1. lysosomes
2. centrioles
3. flagellas (also in some plant sperm)

Question 23

what are the unique features of plant cells?

Answer 23

1. chloroplasts
2. central vacuole
3. cell wall
4. plasmodesma (like membrane pores)

Question 24

describe the endoplasmic reticulum and it’s job

Answer 24

1. Smoothe ER - detoxifies medication and other toxins, cytochrome P450 sits on it as well
2. Rough ER - translates specific mRNA to make it a specialised protein and send to golgi network

Question 25

describe the Golgi apparatus

Answer 25

1. layers of cisternae (flattened sacks, looks like stacked pitta) which are not connected 2. receives (cis) and dispataches (trans) vesicles and the products they contain 3. as the golgi cisternae grows they go from cis to trans and carry some proteins along

Question 26

Describe the job of the mitochondria

Answer 26

1. the respiratory centre of the cell 2. creates fuel by breaking down sugars to take the energy to make ATP C⁶H¹²O⁶+6O²=6CO²+6H²O+ATP (30-32)

Question 27

describe the chloroplasts

Answer 27

1. Plastid 2. plant version of mitchondria 3. Thykaloids: disks 4. Granums: stacks of thykaloids 5.Stroma: liquid that granums float around in 6. circular DNA 7. has ribosomes

Question 28

describe the cytoskeleton

Answer 28

1. gives shape and structure to cell using microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments

Question 29

describe the central vacuole

Answer 29

1. mainly in plants, about 30% volume 2. holds water, enzymes, ions, pigments and toxic metabolic byproducts 3. storage bag 4. Holds cell tugor pressure

Question 30

what is transcription?

Answer 30

the re-writing of DNA to RNA

Question 31

what is translation?

Answer 31

translating RNA into proteins, happens after transcription "gene expression"

Question 32

What is gene expression?

Answer 32

The sequence of nucleotides along a gene being transcribed to mRNA, then translated into a protein block of amino acids, which are then folded to create a protein

Question 33

What is a geonome?

Answer 33

The entire "library" of genetic instructions of an organism

Question 34

What is genomics?

Answer 34

Researching entire sets of genes or other DNA in one or more species

Question 35

What is the length of most plant and animal cells?

Answer 35

10-100 micrometers 10(-3)mm

Question 36

What are the similarities of all cells?

Answer 36

1. Cytosol/cytoplasm 2. Cell membrane 3. Chromosomes 4. Ribosomes

Question 37

What is the equation to find the volume? Of 1 cell

Answer 37

Heightxwidthxlength

Question 38

What is the equation to find the surface area of 1 cell?

Answer 38

Height x width of 1 side x 6 sides

Question 39

What is the equation for surface area-to-volume ratio?

Answer 39

Surface area÷volume

Question 40

What is the formula for diameter?

Answer 40

Diameter=2×radius

Question 41

What is the formula for volume of a sphere?

Answer 41

Volume=4/3 x pi x radius cubed

Question 42

What is the formula for the surface area of a sphere?

Answer 42

Area=4×pi×radius squared

Question 43

What is cellulose made of?

Answer 43

Polymerized glucose

Question 44

What is the conjugate acid of H2O?

Answer 44

H3O+

Question 45

How many pyruvate molecules are produced per glucose during respiration?

Answer 45

2

Question 46

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 46

Break down bone

Question 47

Name the features of the ribosome

Answer 47

1. Large subunit 2. Small subunit

Question 48

Name the 6 structures of mitochondria

Answer 48

1. Cristae 2. DNA 3. Matrix 4. Ribosomes 5. Intermembrane space 6. Outer membrane

Question 49

Name the 8 structures of chloroplasts

Answer 49

1. Outer membrane 2. Intermembrane space 3. Inner membrane 4. Stroma: fluid in cell 5. DNA 6. Ribosomes 7. Granum: stack of thykakoids 8. Thykakoid: storage of energy for photosynthesis

Question 50

Name the 3 structures of the plant cell wall

Answer 50

1. Secondary cells walls 2. Primary cell walls 3. Middle lamella