Attachment

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

Close 2 way emotional bond between 2 indiv where indiv sees other as essential for emotional security

Question 2

Signs of attachment

Answer 2

Proximity - stay physically close to those attached
Seperation distress - disrress when attachment figure leaves
Secure base behav - regular contact with attachment figure despite being independent of them

Question 3

Reciprocity

Answer 3

2 way process where Caregiver and infant responds of each other + elicits response from each other. How 2 people interact

Question 4

Interactional syrony

Answer 4

Infant + mother reflect actions + emotions of other and do this in a co ordinated way. temporal coordination of micro level social behav.

Question 5

Reciprocity + interactional synchorny evaluation (difficult observation)

Answer 5

P - hard to know whats happening when observing infants
E - studies involving mother + infant interactions have same patterns
C - observe hand movement + facial expressions = diffcult to be certain infants perspective from observation
E - not sure behav in mother infant interactions have special meaning

Question 6

Reciprocity + interactional synchorny evaluation (controlled observations)

Answer 6

P - controlled observation capture finer details
E - mother infant observations well controlled procedure filmed various angles
E- ensure fine details recorded + analysed. Babies don’t care being ibserved so behav doesnt change due to controlled observation (observational research)
I - research has good validity

Question 7

Reciprocity + interactional synchorny evaluation (no purpose)

Answer 7

P- observ don’t tell purpose
E - feldman (2012) = synchrony describes behav at same time- robust phenomena due to reliable observing but not useful, no purpose. synchrony and reciprocity describes behav occur in CA interactions.
E - psychologist want to know why behav r occurring to explain them rather than describe
I - may not be possible CA interactions, reduce validity

Question 8

Schaffer and Emerson 1964 study

Answer 8

aim - investigate formation of early attachments, specifically age they develop emotional intensity + whom emotions directed to
method - 60 babies (31 male and 29 female) - involved. from Glasgow + majority from skilled working-class families.babies + mothers were visited at home every month for 1st year + again at 18 mnths
researchers asked mother questions about kind of protest babies showed in 7 everyday separations. designed to measure infant’s attachment. assessed stranger anxiety and separation when adults left room ( stress+protests)
findings - Between 25 + 32 wks of age bout 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards specific adult, usually mother - specific attachment.
Attachment tended to be caregiver who was most interactive + sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions; reciprocity. not necessarily whom infant spent most time. By age of 40 weeks, 80% babies had specific attachment + almost 30% displayed multiple attachments (attachment behav is extended to adults other than specific attachment figure).

Question 9

stages of attachment

Answer 9

some characteristics of infants behav towards others change as infant gets older. sequence if qualitatively diff behav linked to specific ages

Question 10

Attachement Stage - Stage 1

Answer 10

Asocial (0-8wks)
- happier in presence of humans than alone
- behav to human and non objects r similar
- preferences for familiar indiv, easier to calm them
- recognise and forms bonds

Question 11

Attachment Stage - stage 2

Answer 11

Indiscriminate attachment (2-7mnths)
- indiscriminate (not diff to one person)
- accept comfort from any adult
- preference for people than inanimate objects
- don’t show separation/stranger anxiety

Question 12

Attachment stage - stage 3

Answer 12

Specific attachments (7-12 mnths)
- shows separation anxiety
- primary attachments to one specific indiv (shows more sensitivity to signals)
- use familiar adults as secure base

Question 13

Attachment stage - stage 4

Answer 13

Multiple Attachment - 1 yr+
- form secondary attachment w familiar adults whom they spend time w

Question 14

Schaffer and Emerson Study Evalution - limited behavioural measures

Answer 14

P- behav used to measure attachment are crude
E - Schaffer and Emerson used stranger anxiety + separation anxiety to distinguish the stage of attachment an infant was in.
E - Attachment involve more complex emotions + behaviours than the two typically used
C - However, use of such simple behavioural measures allows researchers to scientifically study attachment development.

Question 15

Schaffer and Emerson Study Evalution - sample characteristic

Answer 15

P - sample of study was 60 babies + their carers.
E - large sample, considering large amount of data gathered on each parti
C - despite large sample, all babies studied from same district + social class in same city
E - child rearing practices vary from q culture to another. results collected may not be generalisable to other social contexts as behav may not be representative of diff types of indiv from other social classes + locations

Question 16

Schaffer and Emerson Study Evalution - mixed evidence

Answer 16

P- mixed evidence on when infants develop multiple attachments
E - Bowlby suggested infants form attachments to a single main carer before they are capable of developing multiple attachments.
E - However, researchers have studied attachment in differend cultural contexts where it is normal to have multiple caregivers argue multiple attachments occur from outset.
I - The conflicting research suggests that we do not fully understand how attachments develop.

Question 17

Mary Ainsworth SS Study

Answer 17

• child encourages to explore in presence of of caregiver
• stranger comes in and interacts w child
• caregiver leaves child + stranger together
• caregiver returns + stranger leaves
• caregiver leaves child alone
• stranger return
• caregivers returns + reunited w child

Question 18

Secure attachment

Answer 18

60-75% babies displayed (type b)
- kids explore regularly but returns to caregiver ( proximity + secure bases behav)
- moderate separation + stranger anxiety
- accept comfort from caregiver at reunion

Question 19

insecure avoidant attachemnr

Answer 19

20-25% displayed (type a)
- kids explore freely but don’t seek proximity or show secure base behav
- little stranger anxiety
- little/no reaction when caregiver leaves + little effort to make more contact when caregiver returns

Question 20

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 20

3% displayed (type c)
kids seek greater proximity + explore less
- huge stranger + separation distress
- resist comfort when reunited w caregiver

Question 21

Strange Situation Evaluation - later life

Answer 21

P - correlation found between attachment types + later behav
E - IR attachment associated with worst outcome, including bullying in later life (Kokkinos 2007) + adult mental health problems
E - secure babies typically have power comes in many areas like success in school + romantic relationships
C - made + Weston found children behave differently depending on which parent they are put in a situation with

Question 22

Strange Situation Evaluation - inter reliability

Answer 22

P - very good into reliability
E - takes place under control situations and because behavioural categories are easy to observe Bick (2012) found agreement on attachment type for 94% babies in team of train SS observers
E - confident that attachment type of infant identified in SS doesn’t depend on who is observing
I - great temporal validity

Question 23

Strange Situation Evaluation - Kagen

Answer 23

P - a child’s temperament could influence that attachment type
E - Kagen 1984 develop temperament hypothesis suggesting infants are born with temperamental differences. E.g, infants more commonly calm + not anxious are more likely to be securely attached
E - suggest temperament, genetically influenced personality of a child, more important in influencing behaviour on SS than attachment
I - Temperament is confounding variable

Question 24

Role of Father - Grossman

Answer 24

carried out longitudinal study looking at parents’ behav + its relationship to quality of children’s attachments in teens. Quality of infant attachment with only mothers related to attachments in adolescents, suggesting father attachment less important than mothers. However, quality of fathers play with infants related to quality of adolescence attachments. suggests fathers have diff role in attachment - more to do with play + stimulation and less to do with nurturing + emotional development.

Question 25

Role of Father - Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 25

found most babies attached to mother first, around 7 mnths. only 3% of cases, father first sole object of attachment. In 27% of cases, father joint first object of attachment with mother.Within a few weeks or months Following this primary attachment, attachments with other family members including father. In 75% of infants studied an attachment was formed with father by 18 mths. determined by fact infants protested when father walked away - this is a sign of attachment. most fathers go on to become important figure.

Question 26

Role of Father - parenting advice

Answer 26

Research into role the father can be used to offer advice to parents. Parents + prospective parents may agonise over decisions over who should take on primary caregiver role - mothers may feel pressured to at home due to stereotypical view of mother/ father's roles. Fathers pressured to work rather than parenting. Research into role of father can be used to offer reassuring advice to parents fathers are able to take on primary caregiver role + have important role in development of children.

Question 27

Role of Father - pro/con

Answer 27

result of traditional gender roles, which women are expected to be more nurturing and caring than men and fathers do not act like this. could be Female hormones such as oestrogen create higher levels of nurturing + therefore women are biologically pre-disposed to be primary attachment figure. question of nature vs. nurture, both sides argued. Research in area have benefits for fathers aiming for being granted full/joint custody of children. Research suggests fathers have unique role to play /they can be just as nurturing if take on role as primary caregiver. importance of paternal relationship if court grant custody of child. shows research as important implications

Question 28

Lorenz’s Work

Answer 28

Aim- investigating imprinting in geese Procedure - randomly divided clutch of goose eggs. 1/2 hatched with mother Goose in natural environ + 1/2 hatched in incubator where first moving object was Lorenz Finding - incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere + a control group followed mother everywhere. 2 groups mixed, followed same indiv Conclusions - identified critical period about imprinting needs to occur. if don’t chicks don’t attach to mother figure

Question 29

Lorenz Evalution (2)

Answer 29

Generalisability to humans - investigate and printing in birds, mammalian attachment type is diff to birds. Emotional attachment from mother to offsprings. not appropriate. Observations been questioned - later research queried Lorenz research. Guiton 1996 found sexual imprinting didn’t have permanent effect on mating behav. Chickens imprinted on yellow rubber gloves + attempted to mate. Learnt eventually preferred meeting with other chickens.

Question 30

Harlows Research

Answer 30

Aim - investigating attachment in newborn mesus monkeys Procedure - follow deprived monkeys into adulthood. 16 monkeys reared with two wire model mothers. 1 condition - milk dispensed by wire mother. 2 condition - milk dispensed by cloth mother Findings - baby monkey cuddles soft object in preference to wire object, regardless, who dispensed milk Conclusion - critical period identified. Contact comfort More importantly tomonkeys than food

Question 31

Harlows Research Evalution (3)

Answer 31

- theoretical value - findings had profound effect on the understanding of human attachment. Should contact comfort has higher priority than food in attach the development. should importance of quality of any relationships for later social development. - practical value - findings had important implications. Help social workers understand risk factors in child neglect. Helps with intervention. Important in care of captive monkeys (comfort, socialise, breed) - ethical issues - monkey suffered as a result of procedures. Species are similar enough, take a human to generalise results, suffering is likely to be human like. Harlow aware of suffering imposed on monkeys + named wire mother after torture device (iron maiden). Research important enough to justify suffering + no other research gave significant findings.

Question 32

Classical + Operant Conditioning in terms of learning theory

Answer 32

classical - babies, learn to associate feeder with comfort of being fed Operant - babies learn that certain behav bring desirable responses

Question 33

Attachment as secondary drive

Answer 33

LT draws on concept of drive reduction. Primary drive - innate, biological Secondary drive - attachment

Question 34

Classical conditioning

Answer 34

Involves learning to associate two stimuli together - begin respond to one in the same way as already respond to other. Food serves as US. Being fed gives us pleasure UR. Caregiver starts as NS. When same person provide food over time they become associated with Food. when baby sees this person, there’s expectation of food upgrading to association of person w pleasure, NS->CS.

Question 35

Operant Conditioning

Answer 35

Involves learning to repeat behav or not depending on its consequences. if behav produces pleasant/unpleasant consequence, behav more/less likely to be repeated + then will/not be reinforced. babies cry for comfort as leads to response of caregiver eg feeding. correct response provided, crying reinforced. baby direct crying for comfort towards caregiver who reposts w comforting social suppressor behav. positively reinforced for crying, 2 way process, caregiver gives neg reinforcement as crying drops. escaped from homeland stimuli, reinforcing behav. interplay of mural reinforcement strengthens attachment

Question 36

Learning Theory Evalution - SLT

Answer 36

P - Social learning theory made important contribution to original learning approach E -Hay and Vespo suggest parents teach children to love them by modelling attachment behav + rewarding them when display attachment behav. E - means that learning theory has contributed to our understanding of attachment C - However, not based on behaviourist principles as original explanation suggests limiting the explanatory power.

Question 37

Learning Theory Evaluation - other factors

Answer 37

P - ignores other factors associated with forming attachments. E - quality of attachment appears to be associated with factors like reciprocity + good levels of interactional synchrony. E - means no point to these complex behavs if attachment developed only as result of feeding I - questions validity of learning explanation as findings from attachment research that it cannot explain.

Question 38

Learning Theory Evalution - animal research

Answer 38

P - counter evidence from animal research. E - Lorenz's geese study showed they imprinted (attached) to first moving object seen, not person who fed them. Harlow's research on deprived monkeys demonstrated monkeys attached to soft wire mother rather than one that fed them. E - means that attachment does not develop as a result of feeding. I - same must be true for humans as learning theorists believe that non-human animals + humans were equivalent - therefore learning theory can’t explain attachments in humans.

Question 39

monotropy

Answer 39

B places greta emphasis on child’s attachment to 1 caregiver - different + more important than others. more time baby spend w primary attachment figure better for development

Question 40

Law of continuity

Answer 40

more predictable + constant child’s care, better quality

Question 41

law of accumulated separation

Answer 41

effects do separation from primary attachment figure add + so no separation is best

Question 42

Social releases + critical period

Answer 42

babies born w innate cute behav. purpose of social releases is to activate adult attachment system. system gradually builds relationships between infant and caregiver. B proposed sensitive period of 2 yrs ( if no attachment formed whi thin this period, child will find it harder to form one in later life)

Question 43

Internal working model

Answer 43

children form mental representations of their relationships w caregiver. powerful effect on nature of future relationships. effects child’s later ability to be parents themselves. eg poor relationship -> poor relationship in later life

Question 44

Monotropic Theory of Attachment Evaluation - Brazelton

Answer 44

P - support for the existence of social releasers. E - Brazleton observed mothers + babies during interactions and reported on interactional synchrony.extended this observation into experiment where carers asked to ignore baby's signals (social releasers). E - initial distress but when continue i gn print babies became distressed curled up + lay motionless. I - This strongly supports Bowly's idea about the significance of infant social behaviour in eliciting caregiving.

Question 45

Monotropic Theory of Attachment Evaluation - socially sensitive

Answer 45

P - Monotropy is a socially sensitive idea. E - Monotropy is controversial as if has implications for lifestyle choices that mothers make when their children are young. E - Feminists have pointed out that this place is a terrible burden of responsibility on mother - take blame for anything that goes wrong in the child’s life. I - Although Bolwby originally intended to boost mothers status by emphasising importance of role, some may felt pressured to give up work + become a stay at home mum for these reasons.

Question 46

Monotropic Theory of Attachment Evaluation - Bailey

Answer 46

P - support for idea of internal working model of attachment being passed through families. E - Baileys research, mothers who reported poor attachment to own parents in interviews were much more likely to have children classified as poor, according to observations. E - if damaged internal working model from poor relationship at young age, creates template for future relationships to be a nature of poor. continuity hypothesis I - shows the importance of monotropic bond in later relationships

Question 47

Van ljzendoorn & Kroonenberg

Answer 47

Aim - investigate attachment types across cultures + see how 3 main attachments types applied procedure - located 32 studies in 8 countries where ss was used to investigate attachment. used meta analysis + calculated average % for diff attachment styles. Findings - SA most common attachemnr types in all cultures. Lowest % of SA in China, highest in GB. Variation were 150% greater within country than between counties (eg in US, 1 sample 46% securely attached other 90%) Conclusions - variety of proportion of attachment across cultures. innate universal characteristics that underpin infant + caregiver interactions

Question 48

simonella

Answer 48

aim - see whether proportion of babies of diff attachment types matched those found in previous studies conducted in attachment types procedure - 76 12 mnths used SS w each episode lasting 3 min aprox Findings - 50% SA, 36% IA, suggest mothers of young children work long hrs + use professional care (due to lower rated of SA) Conclusion - culture changes made dramatic diff to patterns of Insecure + secure attachemnt type

Question 49

Jim

Answer 49

aim - study to compare proportion to attachment types in Korea to orginal SS procedure - 87 used as sample. behav of mothers + infants following 2 separations episodes in SS, including mothers proximity to infants + infants approach to caregiver was also observed + association between maternal sensitivity observed during free play session + infant security Findings - overall proportions of unsecure + secure babies similar to those in most countries but more classified as insecure attached were resistant + one avoidant Conclusion - SA seems to be norm in wide range of cultures, supporting Bolwbys idea attachment is innate and universal

Question 50

cultural variation evaluation - counties vs culture

Answer 50

P - Cultural variations in attachment findings are based on countries, not cultures. E - meta analysis in orginal study claimed to be on study of cultural variations, but comparisons made between countries. E - Van Ijzendoom and Sagi (2001) examined attachment in' Tokyo + found similar distribution of attachment types to western studies, whereas more rural sample found increase in IR indivs.results highlight variations in 1 country. I - provides support for Van + kroonenberg orginal claim - more variation within than between cultures + prevents use of the orginal study as evidence.

Question 51

cultural variation evaluation - similarities

Answer 51

P - issue with cultural variations in attachment is that similarities may not be innately determined. E - Van yzendoorn and Kronnerberg suggest some cultural similarities might be explained by media + possible children all over world r exposed to similar parenting due to globalisation of media. E - means we aren’t able to provide info on whether attachment types r result of nature vs nurture I - research isn’t complete

Question 52

cultural variation evaluation - culture assumptions

Answer 52

P - SS has certain cultural assumptions that are specific to its country of origin - US E - lack of separations anxiety indicates insecure attachment in SS, but in. germany this behav would be viewed as independence rather than insecurity E - using SS as to for studying cultural differences is braised I - results in miss classification of attachment types, could be problematic when attachment research suggests there is continuity of attachment between early and later relationships

Question 53

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 53

emotional and intelligent consequences as infant experiences due to absence of mother figure. Must be continuity of mother presence in infant life through critical period until age 2 for normal psychological development.

Question 54

consequences of maternal deprivation

Answer 54

Low IQ Affectionless psychopathy - inability to experience guilt or sting emotion for others Internal working model damaged

Question 55

44 thieves study

Answer 55

aim - examine link between affectionless psychopathy + maternal deprivation Procedure - 44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing were used. All thieves interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy: characterised as lack of attention, lack of guilt about actions + lack of empathy for victims. Families interview to the establish whether any prolonged early separation from mother. control group of noncriminal, but emotionally disturbed young people findings - 14/44 thieves labelled, affectionate psychopaths. 12/14 affectionless psychopath had prolonged separation from mother whilst 2/44 controls experience sepearutins conclusion - prolonged deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy

Question 56

44 thieves evalution

Answer 56

generalisability - small sample, orphans from WW2 Reliability - unstructured interviews (no standardisation) applicability - parents encouraged to visit children in hospital, greater flexibility in waiting hours. Key workers assigned to children in nursery Validity - B interviewed boys himself to assess psychopathy, so results may be influenced by researcher bias, orphans from ww2 arguably, traumatised and deprived of many types of care, not just maternal Ethics - participants may be affected by label of affectionless psychopathy, mothers guilty for feeling like actions lead to child, being classed as affectionless psychopathy

Question 57

Maternal deprivation evaluation - privation vs deprivation

Answer 57

P - Bowly did not clarify his definition of deprivation. P - Rutter claimed B didn’t make clear whether attachment bond formed but been broken, or never formed at all. E- suggested there distinction between privation (failure to form attachment) + deprivation (where attachment bond broken). I - lack of clarity on this distinction may affect validity of research findings because it’s not clear what Bowly's theory of maternal deprivation actually referred to.

Question 58

Maternal deprivation evaluation

Answer 58

P - interfacing animal research provided evidence for long-term effect of maternal deprivation E - Levy found separating baby rats from mother was a little over day, permanently affect their social development but not other aspects E - difficulty in generalising results and ethical issues present I - human attachment can be more complex as humans may biologically have different extremes of attachment. Social development damaged arguably unnecessarily by some psychologist

Question 59

Maternal deprivation evaluation - flawed methods

Answer 59

The evidence to support this theory is methodologically flawed, Bowlby interviewed the boys himself assess affectionless psychopathy therefore the results may have been influenced by researcher bias. This shows that the original research used to support Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis is not objective.Furthermore his sample also included children orphaned during the WW2 who were often traumatised and deprived of many types of care, not just maternal so results invalid.

Question 60

Rutter English and Romanian adoptee study

Answer 60

Aim - it’s good after care can take over the effect of early institutionalisation method - 165 Romanian orphans ( experimental) + 52 British orphans (control) Longitudinal study. Ages measured: 4,6,11,15z looked at cog, physical, emotional. Findings – adopted before 6 mths ( 102 IQ), after 6 mths ( 86 IQ), after 2 yrs (IQ 77), showed disinhibited attachment after 6 mnths Conclusion, – institutionalisation has effect on children’s attachment + intellectual (disinhibited attachment + mental retardation) adopted before 6 mths more likely to develop normally. Supports critical period.

Question 61

Bucharest early invention project

Answer 61

Aim - compare attachment types of Romanian children who experienced institutionalisation to those who didn’t Method – 95 Romanian orphans + 50 Romanian kids (control). 12-31 mnths in study in SS findings - 74% of control group (securely attached) 19% of experimental group ( securely attached) 65% of experimental group (disorganised attachment) Conclusion - institutionalisation has affect on child attachment. Children experienced institutionalisation more likely to experience disorganised attachment.

Question 62

effects of institutionalisation

Answer 62

- Physical underdevelopment - Intellectual underdevelopment - Disinhibited attachment - Poor parenting

Question 63

Physical under development

Answer 63

children in institutional care, usually physically small, research or lack of emotional care rather than poor nourishments is cause of deprivation dwarfism

Question 64

Intellectual under development

Answer 64

mental retardation is intellectual Disability = results in intellectual capability is significantly below average. can interfere with learning, ability to care for oneself + ability to meet general, societal expectations about how to behave. Rutters study, most children showed signs of this when it arrived in Britain but a doctors before 6 mths caught up on intellectual development

Question 65

Disinhibited attachment

Answer 65

equally friendly to strangers as to people, they know well, adoption to live in with my multiple caregivers (no consistency), unable to form a secure attachment

Question 66

Poor parenting

Answer 66

Harlow showed monkeys raised with surrogate mother became poor parents, Quinton compared woman raised at home with those in institution + found ex institutional woman had extreme difficulties as parents leading to more of their children in care (no developed internal working model - no schema of secure attachment)

Question 67

Romanian studies + institutionalisation Effect evaluation - generalisability

Answer 67

- Conditions of Romanian orphanages much worse than most institutional care. - Particularly poor standards of care ( like a relationship/intellectual stimulation). - Unusual situation variables Go to study Tilak generalisability.

Question 68

Romanian studies + institutionalisation Effect evaluation - application

Answer 68

- Romanian orphans studies, enhance understanding of institutionalisation effect - Let improvement in Way children looked after in institution. Avoid large n.0 of caregivers for each child + care workers look for this - Valuable in practical terms

Question 69

Romanian studies + institutionalisation Effect evaluation - validity

Answer 69

- Studies prior involved children who experience loss or trauma - made it difficult to observe institutionalisation effects in isolation. Can’t confirm what independent variable caused. Romanian orphans studies don’t have confounding variables . Increase internal validity. - Argued conditions within orphanage could cause form of neglect + abuse (traumatic) confounding, variable

Question 70

Romanian studies + institutionalisation Effect evaluation - long-term effects

Answer 70

- Studies, don’t give clear picture of long-term institutionalisation effects - Stopped assessing children’s development in mid teens Don’t know whether effects improve age /remain with child into adulthood

Question 71

kerns

Answer 71

Peer relationship in childhood : effect demonstrated- attachment type is associated with quality of peer relationship in childhood Findings – tend for best quality, childhood friendship (securely attached), have friendship difficulties later (insecurely attached)

Question 72

Myron Wilson + Smith

Answer 72

bullying: effect demonstrated - Bullying behaviour can be predicted by attachment type Findings – Securely attached= unlikely to be involved in bullying, IA = most likely victims, IR = most likely bullies

Question 73

McCarthy

Answer 73

friendship + romantic relationship: effect - attachment type can effect friendship, and romantic relationships Findings - 40 woman assessed to confirm attachment of = best adult romantic+ friendship relationship (SA), particular issues, maintaining friendships (IR), struggle with intimacy in romantic relationship (IA)

Question 74

Haven + Shaver

Answer 74

romantic relationship : Effect demonstrated : association between attachment+ adult relationships Findings – (SA) 56% = good and longer lasting romantic experiences, (IA) 25% = jealousy + fear of intimacy, (IR) 19%

Question 75

Bailey et al

Answer 75

Parenting : Effect demonstrated : internal working model affect the child’s ability to parent own children Findings : 99 mothers had their babies attachment type assessed in SS + mother own mother attachment assessed using adult attachment interview. Majority woman had same attachment, classification, both to babies + mother.

Question 76

evaluating later relationship research

Answer 76

P - concept of the internal working model isn’t falsifiable. E - aren’t able to measure influence our internal working model has on behav as its unconscious concept. E - creates theoretical problem. I - At best these measures give us indirect evidence about internal working models.

Question 77

evaluating later relationship research

Answer 77

P - influence of early attachment is probabilistic. E - Researchers like Bowly have probably exaggerated significant of internal working model. E - People aren’t doomed to always have bad relationships as they had attachment problems, they have a greater risk of prob. I - By emphasising risk we become too pessimistic about people's futures.

Question 78

evaluating later relationship research

Answer 78

P - Evidence of continuity of attachment type is mixed. E - Zimmerman (2000) assessed infant attachment type + adolescent attachment to parents. little relationship between quality of infant + adolescent attachment. E - shows not all studies support internal working models. I - prob as its not what we would expect if internal working models were important in development.

Question 79

evaluating later relationship research

Answer 79

P - prob with validity of many studies in this area. E - studies typically use interviews/questionnaires to assess attachment as child + in later years. E - results therefore depend on parti being honest + having realistic view of own relationships and good retrospective memory.