Attachment Flashcards
Meltzoff and Moore
(1977) - interactional synchrony and reciprocity
- adult models
- babies are observed recreating behaviour
Tronick’s Still Face
(1975) - international synchrony
- disengagement
- distress
Schaffer and Emerson
(1964) - quality of sensitive responsiveness
- 60 Glasgow babies
- questioned every 4 weeks
- after 18 months as follow up
- stages of attachment
- most interactive and sensitive not times spent
Schaffer and Emerson (RofF)
(1964)
- mothers are more suited to be PC
- 75% attach to fathers by 18 months
Field
(1978) - fathers can be PC = are capable of sensitive responsiveness
Grossman
(2002) - longitudinal study
- father is important for play and stimulation
- quality of play was then factored into later life attachment
McCallum and Gollombock
(2004) - ‘don’t develop differently’
Lorenz
(1936) - imprinting and critical period
- 6 geese and 6 in control group
- ensured the incubator group imprinted on him
- Lorenz was still mother even on reunion
- between 13-16 not over 32 hours
- irreversible and permanent
-> innate responses from babies to seek interaction for survival and critical period
Guiton
(1966) - imprint on rubber glove -> tries to mate with it
Harlow
(1958) - food vs comfort as basis of attachment
- 8 rhesus monkeys
- cloth and wire surrogate
- 165 days
-> basis of attachment is contact comfort over food
Dollard and Miller
(1950) - classical and operant condition of attachment
- mother becomes conditioned stimulus and happiness is conditioned response
- association
- caregiver’s presence reinforces for child
- secondary drive hypothesis… learning through operant and classical conditioning
- primary drives become associated with secondary drives
Bowlby’s Monotropic theory
(1958)
ASCMI
Bailey et al
(2007) - internal working model
- attachment with mother correlates relationship with child
AO3 for BMT
Schaffer and Emerson - against monotropy, multiple attachment (15%)
Rutter - ‘doesn’t have to just be the mother’
Mary Ainsworth
(1969) - Strange Situation
- 8 stages that last 3 mins
- stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
- all filmed and controlled
Secure Attachment
75% of British toddlers
moderate anxiety etc
-> mother is responsive to child’s needs
Insecure Avoidant
20% of toddlers
no interest to mother before or after
little anxiety
-> mother is rejecting
Insecure Resistant
5% of toddlers
high proximity
high anxiety
resist comfort on reunion
-> inconsistent care from mother
Main and Solomon
(1986) disorganised attachment
Rutter
(2006) disinhibited attachment
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
(1988) cross culture meta analysis of Ainsworth
- 8 countries reviewing 32 studies
- 1,990 children
China : S-50%, IA-25%, IR-25%
Germany : S-55%, IA-35%, IR-10%
not causal
Sagi and van Izjendoorn
- rural areas had insecure-resistant individuals
- urban areas had similar attachment patterns to the Western world
Simonella et al
securely attached children in Italy was only 50%, which was lower than expected
- changes in social and cultural expectations of mothers
Bowlby’s maternal deprivation
(1953) - 2 1/2 years are crucial
permanent and irreversible
‘continual disruption of attachment’
