Memory Flashcards
(25 cards)
Baddeley (coding)
(1966) - investigated the different types of coding
- AD,AS,SS,SD
- immediately and then after 20 mins
- LTM is SEMANTIC
- STM is ACOUSTIC
Joseph Jacobs
(1887) - digit span task
- recall until failure
- 9.3 items average
- 7.3 letters average
George Miller
(1985) - observations of everyday
- 7+/- proposed span
- chunking
Peterson
(1959) - duration, STM
- about 15 seconds
- CAT/MAT study
Bahrick
(1975) - duration, LTM
- recall lasts a lifetime
- facial recognition
- spans across 17-74
Atkinson and Shiffrin
(1968,71)
proposed multi-store model of memory
Clive Wearing
- damaged episodic but procedural in tact
- amnesia, can remember by reading but not when read to
HM
unable to use LTM but STM still intact
K.F.
- motorbike accident
- forgot more acoustic than visual
- meaningful information was better than verbal material
Endel Tulving (1985)
proposed types of LTM
Robinson
(1992) specified two types of episodic
- autobiographical knowledge
- autobiographical episodes
Bower
(1969) - semantic organisation
- LTM is organised
Tulving
(1994) - brain scans showing different parts of brain for memory
Baddeley and Hitch (WM)
(1974) - proposed working memory model
- buffer was added in 2000
Baddeley and Hitch
(1975) - dual task studies
Lieberman
(1980) - is VSS one or two systems? blind people?
Keppel and Underwood
(1962) - proactive interference
- trigrams and then counted backwards
- recall after 3,9,18
- proved as info for trial 1 prevented recall
McGeoch and McDonald
(1931) - effect of similarity (interference)
- competing interference
- stronger interference with similarity
Tulving (RF)
(1985) - “encoding specificity principle”
Baddeley (RF)
(1975) - context dependent forgetting, divers
Loftus and Palmer
(1974) - distortion of EWT, misleading qs
- smashed = 40mph
- contacted = 31mph
Clifford and Scott
(1976) - anxiety has a negative effect
- two different versions of a crime video
- recall was better on less stressful version
Yerkes and Dodson effect
- bell curve of mid anxiety and peak recall
Yuille and Cutshall
(1986) - no or possible positive effect
- 21 witnesses to shooting in Vancouver