Attachment Flashcards
(329 cards)
1
Q
What is attachment?
A
A reciprocal, deep and enduring emotional bond between two individuals.
2
Q
What behaviors indicate attachment?
A
Certain behaviors such as proximity and separation distress.
3
Q
What is the purpose of attachment?
A
To form a protective bond that allows survival for infants.
4
Q
What is interactional synchrony?
A
When two people interact, they tend to mirror each other’s actions and emotions.
5
Q
Give an example of interactional synchrony.
A
A caregiver and infant might mirror each other’s facial expressions, such as smiling.
6
Q
What is reciprocity?
A
An interaction where the actions of one party elicit a response from the other.
7
Q
Fill in the blank: Interactional synchrony involves ________.
A
[mirroring actions and emotions]
8
Q
True or False: In reciprocity, the actions are necessarily similar.
A
False
9
Q
What study supports interactional synchrony?
A
Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study.
10
Q
What is a limitation of observational research in studying caregiver-infant interactions?
A
It is difficult to reliably test and is open to observer bias.
11
Q
What did Brazelton’s study investigate?
A
Reciprocal social interactions between mothers and their infants.
12
Q
What is the significance of sensitivity in caregiver-infant interactions?
A
The more sensitive each is to the other’s signals, the deeper the attachment relationship.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: Infants communicate primarily through ________ before they can talk.
A
[non-verbal communication]
14
Q
What is a practical application of research into caregiver-infant interactions?
A
Antenatal classes that encourage parent-infant interactions.
15
Q
What does high levels of synchrony correlate with?
A
Better quality mother-infant relationships.
16
Q
What is a key finding from Meltzoff and Moore’s study?
A
Infants can mirror facial and manual gestures as young as 12 days old.
17
Q
Describe a feature of caregiver-infant interaction.
A
Imitation - infants mimic or copy the adult’s behavior.
18
Q
What is the impact of unresponsive caregiving on infants, according to Brazelton’s study?
A
Infants displayed jerky body language and eventually turned away from the caregiver.
19
Q
What does the term ‘sensitive responsiveness’ mean in the context of caregiver-infant interactions?
A
The adult attends sensitively to the infant’s communications.
20
Q
Fill in the blank: The first stage of attachment formation is characterized by ________.
A
[proximity seeking]
21
Q
True or False: Interactional synchrony and reciprocity are the same.
A
False
22
Q
What is one conclusion drawn from studies on caregiver-infant interactions?
A
Healthy attachment formation aids in lifelong relationships.
23
Q
What is a strength of controlled observations in research on caregiver-infant interactions?
A
High internal validity due to well-controlled procedures.
24
Q
What does the Still Face Experiment demonstrate?
A
The importance of responsive caregiving in maintaining infant engagement.
25
Define ‘attachment’
A reciprocal, deep and enduring emotional bond between two individuals.
26
Give two ways in which an attachment can be identified.
* Proximity
* Separation distress
* Secure-base behaviour
* Reunion behaviour
27
What is the difference between interactional synchrony and reciprocity?
With interactional synchrony – the caregiver and infant mirror each other...they move in time with each other. Whereas, with reciprocity – they take turns, like in a conversation.
28
Give one example of interactional synchrony.
Baby moves her head in time with her mother. Caregiver and infant pull tongues out in time with each other.
29
Give one example of reciprocity.
A baby smiles and her mother smiles back. A mother frowns and her baby frowns back.
30
At which stages does the baby develop secondary attachments? Give the number and name of the stage.
Stage 4: Multiple Attachments (12+ months)
31
In which of Schaffer’s stages does the baby usually accept cuddles and comfort from any adult, and they do not show separation or stranger anxiety? Give the number and name of the stage.
Stage 2: Indiscriminate Attachment (6 weeks to 6 months)
32
At which stages does the baby start to show separation and stranger anxiety? Give the number and name of the stage.
Stage 3: Specific Attachment (7-12 months)
33
In which of Schaffer’s stages is the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects quite similar? Give the number and name of the stage.
Stage 1: Asocial Stage (0-6 weeks)
34
Give two limitations of Schaffer and Emerson’s (1964) study.
* Low population validity
* Self-report data
35
What is a longitudinal study?
A study that has been conducted over time.
36
What is separation anxiety?
Unhappiness when separated from a certain person.
37
How would Schaffer and Emerson have judged whether the infant was unhappy?
Through the baby's reaction of crying.
38
At what age do infants develop a preference for a single attachment figure and what is the name of this stage?
From 7 months; this stage is called Specific Attachment.
39
How might the results regarding attachment figures differ if the study were carried out today?
More diverse family structures and roles might lead to different attachment figures.
40
What does Schaffer’s study tell us about multiple attachments?
Infants form attachments to multiple individuals, such as fathers, grandparents, and siblings.
41
Do infants always attach to the person who feeds them?
No.
42
Identify the stage of attachment for Felicity when she cries for her mother.
Stage 3: Specific Attachment.
43
Identify the stage of attachment for Asif who gets upset when his mother leaves.
Stage 4: Multiple Attachments.
44
Identify the stage of attachment for Dorothy who smiles at her mother but prefers family members.
Stage 2: Indiscriminate Attachment.
45
Identify the stage of attachment for Matthew who is easily comforted by any family member.
Stage 1: Asocial Stage.
46
What are the strengths of Schaffer’s stages of attachment?
* Supported by research – Schaffer and Emerson
* Longitudinal research
* High ecological validity
47
What are the limitations of Schaffer’s stages of attachment?
* Low population validity
* Self-report data
48
At which stage does the baby develop secondary attachments?
Stage 4 – Multiple attachments
49
In which of Schaffer’s stages does the baby usually accept cuddles and comfort from any adult, and they do not show separation or stranger anxiety?
Stage 2 – Indiscriminate attachment
50
At which stage does the baby start to show separation and stranger anxiety?
Stage 3 – Specific attachment
51
In which of Schaffer’s stages is the baby’s behaviour towards humans and non-human objects quite similar?
Stage 1 – Asocial stage
52
Give two limitations of Schaffer and Emerson’s (1964) study.
* Low population validity
* Self-report data
53
Define ‘attachment’.
A reciprocal, deep and enduring emotional bond between two individuals
54
Give two ways in which an attachment can be identified.
* Proximity
* Separation distress
* Secure-base behaviour
* Reunion behaviour
55
What is the difference between interactional synchrony and reciprocity?
With interactional synchrony – the caregiver and infant mirror each other; with reciprocity – they take turns, like in a conversation
56
Give one example of interactional synchrony.
Baby moves her head in time with her mother
57
Give one example of reciprocity.
A baby smiles and her mother smiles back
58
Who is the child’s primary attachment figure in the majority of cases?
The mother
59
Is the role of the father different from the mother?
Yes, the father’s role is different from the mother
60
Are fathers more or less sensitive to the child’s needs?
Less sensitive
61
What bias does the body of research claiming females are better at caring for offspring exhibit?
Alpha bias
62
What did MacCallum and Golombok (2004) find about children in single mother or same-sex parent households?
They developed similarly to those in two-parent heterosexual families
63
What did Schaffer & Emerson (1964) find about attachment figures?
The majority of babies became attached to their mothers first
64
In what percentage of cases was the father the first sole object of attachment according to Schaffer & Emerson?
3%
65
What is the significance of Grossman (2002) in relation to the role of the father?
Quality of attachment with the father was less important than with the mother
66
What did Geiger (1996) find about fathers' play interactions?
Fathers’ play interactions were more boisterous and exciting than with mothers
67
What did Field (1978) discover about primary caregiver fathers?
They spend more time smiling, imitating, and holding infants
68
What did Lamb (1997) find regarding children's preferences for interacting with parents?
Children prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive mood, and with mothers when distressed
69
What did Brown et al (2012) investigate regarding father involvement?
The influence of father involvement and sensitivity on attachment security
70
What are the economic implications of understanding the role of the father?
Reduces strain on social services, allows mothers to return to work, and may reduce gender pay gaps
71
Briefly define ‘reciprocity’
An interaction is reciprocal when the caregiver or infant’s actions elicit a response from the other.
72
Tell me two things about Schaffer’s ‘Stage 2’
* Babies display more observable social behaviors
* They do not show separation or stranger anxiety
73
According to Schaffer and Emerson, what ____% formed joint attachments by the age of 18 months?
27%
74
Schaffer and Emerson found that the father was the sole carer in ____% of infants studied.
3%
75
Briefly define ‘interactional synchrony’
When two people interact, they tend to mirror what each other is doing in terms of body movements, facial expressions, and imitating emotions.
76
Tell me two things about Schaffer’s ‘Stage 3’
* Majority of babies display stranger anxiety
* Primary attachment figure is not necessarily the person who spends the most time with the baby
77
What is meant by the term alpha bias?
The exaggeration between the genders.
78
Which researcher conducted a 10-year longitudinal study regarding play and nurturing?
Grossman
79
What is an advantage of a longitudinal study?
Results can be generalized (high external validity).
80
What % did Schaffer and Emerson find of infants being attached to fathers by the age of 18 months?
75%
81
What did Lamb argue in his research on the role of the father?
Fathers are more involved when in a positive emotional state.
82
MacCallum and Golombok (2004) found that children growing up in single mother or _____ _____ households developed similarly to those in two-parent, ___________ families.
[same sex (female)] [heterosexual]
83
What is a strength of Grossman's research?
It was longitudinal.
84
What did Brown argue?
Gender of the caregiver is not of importance, but the extent of the caregiver involvement is.
85
Define ‘imprinting’
An innate attachment behavior whereby newborn animals follow the first moving object they see.
86
What is the critical period in imprinting?
It is the specific time frame during which imprinting must occur, typically within the first few hours after birth/hatching.
87
What happens if imprinting does not occur within the critical period?
It is unlikely that an attachment will develop.
88
What was the independent variable (IV) in Lorenz's study?
Whether the eggs were hatched in a natural environment with their mother present or in an incubator with Lorenz present.
89
What was the dependent variable (DV) in Lorenz's study?
Which ‘mother’ the goslings imprinted on.
90
What was a methodological strength of Lorenz’s study?
High control of environment, allowing for the IV to be stated as causing the DV.
91
What was the IV in Harlow's study?
Whether the monkeys were given a wire mother or cloth mother to get milk from.
92
What was the DV in Harlow's study?
The amount of time the monkey spent with the ‘mother’.
93
What is a methodological strength of Harlow’s study?
High control over extraneous variables.
94
What is a criticism of Harlow’s study?
It is unethical; many monkeys were permanently damaged.
95
What did Harlow's studies highlight about early emotional bonds?
They are important for healthy social development.
96
What did Lorenz demonstrate about attachment?
Attachment occurs within a critical period and is based on instinct rather than learning.
97
What are two limitations shared by Lorenz and Harlow's studies?
* Difficulty extrapolating results to humans
* Ethical issues
98
What does Learning Theory explain about behavior?
It accounts for behavior in terms of learning rather than regarding it as innate.
99
Who conducted the study involving goose eggs and imprinting?
Lorenz
100
In Lorenz's study, what were the two conditions for hatching the goose eggs?
Half were hatched with the mother present, half in an incubator with Lorenz present
101
What was the purpose of putting all the geese in an upturned box?
To observe which 'mother' they went to
102
What type of environment was used in Harlow's monkey experiment?
Controlled environment
103
What were the two types of mother surrogates used in Harlow's study?
A plain wire mother dispensing food and a cloth-covered mother with no food
104
What behavior was recorded in Harlow's monkey experiment?
Time spent with each mother
105
What was the aim of scaring the monkeys with a noisy mechanical animal in Harlow's study?
To see if they would use their mother as a safe-base
106
What long-term effects were recorded in Harlow's study?
Their relationship with their own offspring
107
What does the Learning Theory of Attachment suggest about children's behavior?
All behavior, including attachment, is learned through classical or operant conditioning
108
What does the term 'cupboard love' refer to in the context of attachment?
Children learn to love whoever feeds them
109
What is the definition of classical conditioning?
Learning through association
110
What is operant conditioning?
Learning whether to repeat a behavior as a result of its consequences
111
Define 'stimulus' in the context of learning theory.
An event which causes a response
112
What does 'response' mean in learning theory?
A reaction made because the stimulus has been detected
113
What does 'conditioned' mean?
Means a learned behavior
114
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Food
115
What is the unconditioned response (UCR) in classical conditioning?
Being fed satisfies the baby’s hunger
116
What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in the context of classical conditioning?
The baby’s caregiver initially does not satisfy the baby’s hunger
117
What does the baby learn after many pairings of the caregiver providing food?
To expect food from the caregiver, who becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)
118
What are the positive emotions felt by the baby in the presence of the caregiver called?
Conditioned response (CR)
119
What is the primary drive that motivates babies to eat?
Hunger
120
What is the term for crying as a means to attract caregiver attention?
Social releaser
121
In operant conditioning, what is positively reinforced?
Crying leads to being fed
122
What does negative reinforcement mean in the context of attachment?
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus (crying) results in a behavior to stop it
123
What are the two types of reinforcement that contribute to attachment?
* Positive reinforcement
* Negative reinforcement
124
What does operant conditioning explain about attachment?
Attachment occurs because the child learns to seek the person who rewards it
125
What is a strength of the learning theory of attachment?
It has face validity
126
What contradicts the learning theory of attachment according to Schaffer & Emerson (1964)?
Many babies form primary attachments not necessarily with the person who feeds them
127
What is a major limitation of learning theory regarding attachment?
It is contradicted by research with humans
128
What is the significance of Harlow's monkey study in relation to learning theory?
It contradicts learning theory
129
What is a reductionist view in the context of learning theory?
It oversimplifies attachment by focusing only on conditioning
130
What does the learning theory suggest about the role of food in attachment?
Food is a key element in forming an attachment
131
What is the primary reinforcer in the context of Max's attachment to his mother?
Food
132
How does Max's mother become a secondary reinforcer?
She is associated with food
133
What is meant by interactional synchrony?
When a caregiver and infant interact, they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements.
134
Name one stage of Schaffer's stages and explain what happens.
By 6-8 months, babies start to show separation anxiety from their attachment figure.
135
Give a strength of Schaffer's study.
Supporting evidence: Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that by 18 months, 87% of babies had at least two attachments.
136
What is a disadvantage of the data collection method in Schaffer's study?
Self-report data.
137
Grossman found that mothers can be seen as being more nurturing to their children whereas with fathers their importance was the ____ _____ ______.
role of play.
138
What are 2 key terms you can remember from Lorenz’ study?
* Imprinting
* Critical period
139
Who contradicts Harlow's study and why?
Learning theory because they believe we learn through classical (association) and operant conditioning (consequences).
140
What is Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory of Attachment?
Attachment is biologically pre-programmed into children at birth.
141
What does Bowlby argue about the process of natural selection?
Behaviors that ensure survival are passed down through generations.
142
What instincts do babies possess according to Bowlby?
* Crying
* Smiling
143
What is the purpose of attachment according to Bowlby?
To keep young children close to their caregivers to protect them from hazards.
144
What is a sensitive period in Bowlby's theory?
A time when attachments are most likely to occur, between the fourth and sixth month.
145
What is the law of continuity in Bowlby's Monotropic Theory?
The more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment.
146
What does the law of accumulated separation state?
The effects of every separation from the mother add up, and the safest dose is therefore a zero dose.
147
What is the critical period in Bowlby's theory?
Around two and a half years when the infant attachment system is active.
148
What is the internal working model according to Bowlby?
Our first attachment forms a template and expectations of our future relationships.
149
What are the three main features of the internal working model?
* A model of others as being trustworthy
* A model of the self as valuable
* A model of the self as effective when interacting with others.
150
Which statement is true of monotropy?
One attachment is seen as different and more important than others.
151
Which of the following is probably not a social releaser?
Projectile vomiting.
152
Internal working models have an influence on which of the following?
All of the above.
153
According to Bowlby, the critical period in humans lasts for approximately how long?
Two years.
154
How does Bowlby’s work contradict the Learning Theory of Attachment?
Bowlby’s theory is too far on the nature side of the nature-nurture debate.
155
What is the significance of a strong monotropic relationship as an infant?
More likely to have effective relationships as an adult.
156
What is the internal working model?
The mental framework children develop based on their early attachment experiences.
## Footnote
It influences how children view themselves and others in future relationships.
157
How does a secure attachment affect a child's view of themselves and others?
They view themselves as worthy of love and others as trustworthy and reliable.
## Footnote
This positive internal working model shapes their behavior in future relationships.
158
What is secure parenting?
Parenting characterized by warmth, responsiveness, and stability.
## Footnote
Those with secure attachments are more likely to exhibit secure parenting.
159
What impact does Abi's secure attachment have on her parenting style?
She is likely to exhibit secure parenting with her own children.
## Footnote
This results in nurturing relationships that encourage emotional well-being.
160
What indicates that Abi's children have developed secure attachments?
Their ability to make friends easily and their confidence and trust in others.
## Footnote
These traits reflect positive internalized expectations of relationships.
161
What does the transmission of attachment refer to?
The idea that the internal working model is passed down from one generation to the next.
## Footnote
Secure attachments lead to secure attachments in subsequent generations.
162
What are the long-term impacts of secure attachment?
Positive experiences during the critical period create lasting impacts on behavior and relationships.
## Footnote
Secure attachment provides a foundation for future healthy, trusting relationships.
163
True or False: Abi's secure childhood attachment has no effect on her children's relationships.
False.
## Footnote
Her secure attachment influences her children's confidence and trust in relationships.
164
Fill in the blank: The internal working model influences behavior in _______.
[future relationships]
165
What type of environment likely contributed to Abi's secure attachment?
A loving and secure childhood environment.
## Footnote
This supportive environment is critical for developing secure attachments.
166
What does the acronym 'asc mi' stand for in Bowlby’s explanation?
A - adaptive, S - social releasers, C - critical period, M - monotropy, I - IWM
## Footnote
'IWM' stands for 'Internal Working Model'.
167
What is meant by the term monotropy?
Monotropy refers to the concept of having one specific caregiver that a child forms a primary attachment with.
## Footnote
The word 'monotropy' is derived from 'mono' meaning 'one' and 'tropy' meaning 'leaning towards'.
168
What is the critical period according to Bowlby?
The critical period is the specific time frame in which an attachment is formed, believed by Bowlby to be between 6 months and 2.5 years.
169
Why does the learning theory contradict the monotropy theory?
The learning theory emphasizes the importance of the association of food with the caregiver, which contrasts with the idea of a primary attachment figure in monotropy.
170
What did Ainsworth, Hazan, and Shaver do to support the internal working model?
They conducted a love quiz that showed secure relationships lead to healthy outcomes, while those neglected as children had higher divorce rates and believed love was rare.
171
What are the three types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?
* Secure
* Insecure-Avoidant
* Insecure-Resistant
172
What is the aim of Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
To investigate key attachment behaviors as a means of assessing the quality of a child’s attachment to a caregiver.
173
What is a controlled observation in research?
An observation conducted in a controlled setting, such as a laboratory playroom, to minimize extraneous variables.
174
What sampling method did Ainsworth use in the Strange Situation?
Time sampling was used, as the child's behavior was recorded every 15 seconds.
175
What percentage of children were classified as Secure Attachment (Type B)?
66% classified as Secure Attachment.
176
What are the characteristics of Insecure-Avoidant Attachment (Type A)?
* Low anxiety
* Weak attachment
* Low stranger and separation anxiety
* Avoidance of caregiver at reunion
177
What are the characteristics of Insecure-Resistant Attachment (Type C)?
* Strong attachment
* High anxiety
* High levels of stranger and separation anxiety
* Resistance to being comforted at reunion
178
What does the caregiver sensitivity hypothesis suggest?
A child's attachment style is dependent on the caregiver's responsiveness to their needs and feelings.
179
What is an internal working model according to Bowlby?
A mental representation of oneself and others developed through attachment experiences.
180
What type of attachment is associated with sensitive and responsive primary care?
Secure attachment.
181
What type of attachment is associated with unresponsive primary care?
Insecure-Avoidant attachment.
182
In the Strange Situation, what behavior is observed during the reunion phase?
Reunion behavior.
183
True or False: Ainsworth's findings provided empirical evidence in support of Bowlby’s attachment theory.
True.
184
What is the significance of the Strange Situation for attachment theory?
It categorizes attachment types based on infant behavior in structured scenarios.
185
Fill in the blank: The Strange Situation consists of ______ episodes lasting approximately 3 minutes each.
8
186
What is a potential limitation of the Strange Situation?
Lacks ecological validity due to its laboratory setting.
187
What is the behavior of securely attached infants when their caregiver leaves the room?
They show moderate distress and are easily comforted upon reunion.
188
What attachment type is characterized by a child who clings to their caregiver but also resists comfort?
Insecure-Resistant attachment.
189
What does the term 'safe base behavior' refer to in attachment?
The tendency of children to use their caregiver as a base for exploration.
190
Describe the behavior of Insecure-Avoidant children in the Strange Situation.
They show low anxiety, avoid contact with the caregiver upon reunion, and are unconcerned when the caregiver leaves.
191
What is the primary focus of Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
To assess attachment quality between infants and their caregivers.
192
What was the aim of The Strange Situation?
To investigate key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a child’s attachment to a caregiver.
193
What was the sample size of The Strange Situation study?
100 middle class American infants.
194
What method was used to observe the infants in The Strange Situation?
Controlled observation procedure using a two-way mirror.
195
List the behavioural categories used to judge the type of caregiver-infant attachment in The Strange Situation.
* Safe base behaviour
* Separation behaviour
* Stranger anxiety
* Reunion behaviour
196
How many stages were there in The Strange Situation procedure?
8 stages.
197
How long did each stage of The Strange Situation last?
3 minutes.
198
What were the conditions under which the infants were observed during The Strange Situation?
* Alone with the mother
* With the mother and a stranger
* Alone with the stranger
* By themselves
199
What percentage of infants were classified as securely attached in The Strange Situation?
66%.
200
What percentage of infants were classified as insecure-avoidant in The Strange Situation?
22%.
201
What percentage of infants were classified as insecure-resistant in The Strange Situation?
12%.
202
What conclusion was drawn regarding the association between mothers’ behaviour and infants’ attachment type?
There is a clear association, termed the ‘Caregiver sensitivity hypothesis’.
203
What is the caregiver behaviour associated with secure attachment?
Sensitive, emotionally responsive, supportive.
## Footnote
This behaviour fosters a strong, healthy attachment in children.
204
What is the caregiver behaviour associated with insecure avoidant attachment?
Rejecting – often does not respond adequately to the child’s needs.
## Footnote
This leads to children being less likely to seek comfort from their caregivers.
205
What is the caregiver behaviour associated with insecure resistant attachment?
Inconsistent – sometimes responds to the child’s needs.
## Footnote
This inconsistency creates anxiety in children regarding their caregiver's availability.
206
Define 'culture' in the context of attachment.
The characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts, including child-rearing practices.
207
What nationality were the participants in the Strange Situation?
American.
208
What nationality was the person who developed the procedure for the Strange Situation?
American-Canadian.
209
True or False: Child-rearing practices are consistent across all cultures.
False.
## Footnote
Child-rearing practices vary considerably across the world.
210
What is an individualistic culture?
A culture that emphasizes personal independence and achievement at the expense of group goals.
211
Give an example of an individualistic culture.
Western cultures, such as American culture.
212
What is a collectivist culture?
A culture that emphasizes family and work goals above individual needs and desires.
213
How does attachment differ in individualistic vs. collectivist cultures?
Individualistic cultures may promote independence, while collectivist cultures emphasize interdependence and group cohesion.
214
What attachment type does Rica demonstrate?
Insecure-resistant.
## Footnote
Rica shows strong separation anxiety and reluctance to explore.
215
What attachment type does Albie demonstrate?
Insecure-avoidant.
## Footnote
Albie exhibits independence and lack of distress when separated from his mother.
216
What was the most common type of attachment across all countries in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
Secure attachment – 65%.
217
Which country had the highest percentage of secure attachment?
Great Britain – 75%.
218
Which country had the lowest percentage of secure attachment?
China – 50%.
219
Which country had the highest percentage of avoidant attachment?
West Germany – 35%.
220
Which country had the highest percentage of resistant attachment?
Israel – 29%.
221
Is there an equal number of studies for each country in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?
No.
## Footnote
Example: United States had 18 studies, Great Britain had 1.
222
According to the findings, how does variation within cultures compare to variation between cultures?
Differences within each culture were 1.5 times greater than the differences between cultures.
223
What does it mean that cultures are not monolithic?
There is significant internal variation within cultures, which can be more pronounced than differences between cultures.
224
What evaluation points can be made regarding cultural variations in attachment?
Large sample size, unrepresentative sample, indigenous researchers, imposed etic.
225
Fill in the blank: Van Ijzendoorn carried out a _______ of 32 studies across 8 countries.
meta-analysis.
226
What are the names of the attachment types in Mary Ainsworth’s study?
Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant
227
What is Ainsworth's study called?
Strange Situation
228
What made Ainsworth’s study reliable?
Standardized procedure and controlled environment
229
How was Ainsworth's study culturally biased?
It was based on Western norms and may not apply to other cultures
230
Who studied cultural variations in attachment?
Takahashi and Van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg
231
What is an individualist culture? Give an example of a country.
A culture that prioritizes individual goals over group goals; e.g., USA
232
What did Takahashi find?
High levels of insecure attachment in Japanese infants due to cultural practices
233
What is a collectivist culture? Give an example of a country.
A culture that prioritizes group goals over individual goals; e.g., Japan
234
Define meta-analysis.
A statistical method that combines results from multiple studies to identify overall trends
235
What does Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis suggest?
Breaking the maternal bond can have serious effects on development
236
What are the effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual development?
Low IQ and learning difficulties
237
What is affectionless psychopathy?
Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions for others
238
What does Bowlby claim about the permanence of maternal deprivation effects?
Many negative effects are permanent and irreversible
239
What does the term deprivation refer to in child development?
Loss of emotional care from a primary caregiver
240
What is the difference between separation and deprivation?
Separation is physical absence; deprivation is loss of emotional care
241
What is the critical period according to Bowlby?
The first 30 months of life where attachment is crucial for development
242
What are the long-term effects of maternal deprivation?
* Low IQ
* Emotional problems
* Juvenile delinquency
* Affectionless psychopathy
243
Define privation.
When an attachment between an infant and primary caregiver is never formed
244
What did Koluchova study reveal about privation?
Czech twin boys showed recovery and normal development after severe privation
245
What are the three important strands of Bowlby’s theory?
* The value of maternal care
* Critical period
* Long term consequences
246
What is the significance of Bowlby’s '44 Thieves' study?
It suggests a link between maternal deprivation and affectionless psychopathy
247
How did Bowlby’s methodology in the '44 Thieves' study affect its conclusions?
The research is correlational and cannot establish causation
248
What did Radke-Yarrow et al. (1985) find regarding depressed mothers?
55% of children of depressed mothers were insecurely attached
249
What impact did the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis have on hospital care?
Encouraged parental visits and stays with children in hospitals
250
What limitation did Lewis (1954) find in relation to Bowlby’s study?
Found little link between maternal separation and criminality
251
What is the definition of maternal deprivation?
Lack of adequate nurturing due to absence or neglect by the caregiver
252
What is a limitation of Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis (MDH)?
Not all research suggests that maternal deprivation leads to later social, emotional, and behavioral problems.
## Footnote
This indicates that MDH may not be universally applicable.
253
What did Bowlby’s ‘Sanatorium’ study find regarding maternal separation?
No negative effects of the separation were found.
## Footnote
This study involved children who stayed for long periods in a tuberculosis hospital.
254
What did Lewis (1954) find in his study of 44 Juvenile Thieves?
Little link between maternal separation and criminality or forming relationships.
## Footnote
This study used a much larger sample than Bowlby's original study.
255
What does the 44 Juvenile Thieves study suggest about the validity of MDH?
It shows that the results do not provide valid and reliable evidence for lasting negative effects of maternal deprivation.
## Footnote
This is significant as it questions the foundational claims of MDH.
256
What consequence of maternal deprivation is shown by Joe?
Delinquency, low IQ, and affectionless psychopathy.
## Footnote
Joe is described as being in trouble at school, struggling with classwork, and showing little regard for the feelings of others.
257
What is one piece of supporting evidence for Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?
Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study.
## Footnote
This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal deprivation and delinquency.
258
What is one criticism related to researcher bias in the 44 Thieves study?
The link back to the question indicates weak evidence.
## Footnote
Researcher bias can influence the interpretation of results.
259
What is a methodological issue with the retrospective data in the 44 Thieves study?
It may lead to social desirability bias.
## Footnote
Participants may alter their responses to appear more favorable.
260
What type of conclusions can be drawn from the 44 Thieves study?
Correlational conclusions.
## Footnote
This means that causation cannot be established from the findings.
261
Fill in the blank: Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation suggests that _______ during childhood can lead to negative outcomes.
[maternal deprivation]
262
What are the key components of the essay plan for evaluating Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?
Describe Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation, Supporting evidence, Researcher bias, Retrospective data and social desirability, Correlational conclusions.
## Footnote
This structure helps in organizing arguments and counterarguments effectively.
263
What is institutionalisation?
A term for the effects of living in an institutional setting, such as a hospital or orphanage, where there is often little emotional care provided.
## Footnote
Institutional care can lead to various developmental issues in children.
264
What are three effects of institutionalisation?
* Disinhibited attachment
* Intellectual delay
* Disorganised attachment
## Footnote
These effects are supported by research studies, particularly those involving Romanian orphans.
265
What is disinhibited attachment?
A type of attachment where a child is equally friendly and affectionate towards familiar people and strangers, often due to multiple caregivers.
## Footnote
This behavior is unusual as most infants show stranger anxiety by 2 years of age.
266
What causes disinhibited attachment according to Rutter?
Children in orphanages may have had up to 50 caregivers during their sensitive period, preventing them from forming a secure attachment.
## Footnote
This lack of stable attachment figures leads to indiscriminate affection towards strangers.
267
What is intellectual delay?
A condition where institutionalised children show signs of delayed cognitive development, often indicated by lower IQ scores.
## Footnote
This effect is less pronounced if children are adopted before 6 months of age.
268
How does early adoption affect intellectual delay?
Children adopted before 6 months often catch up with their peers by age 4, whereas those adopted later may retain learning difficulties.
## Footnote
Rutter's study highlights the importance of early adoption in mitigating developmental delays.
269
What is disorganised attachment?
A type of attachment characterized by children showing signs of all types of attachment interchangeably.
## Footnote
This lack of a consistent attachment style can complicate emotional development.
270
What were the conditions in Romanian orphanages like?
Orphanages lacked basic necessities like electricity, heating, and food, leading to severe neglect and abuse.
## Footnote
Children often suffered from delayed cognitive development and health issues due to inadequate care.
271
What is the impact of institutionalisation on children's physical needs?
Physical needs were frequently unmet, resulting in children dying from minor illnesses and malnutrition.
## Footnote
Infections, including HIV/AIDS, were also common due to unsanitary conditions.
272
What did Zeanah et al. find regarding attachment types in institutionalised children?
They found that only 19% of children from institutional care were classified as securely attached, compared to 74% of the control group.
## Footnote
A significant portion of the institutional group exhibited disorganised and disinhibited attachment types.
273
What are the long-term effects of institutionalisation according to Rutter and Zeanah?
The long-term effects remain unclear, with concerns about emotional and social development persisting into adulthood.
## Footnote
Research indicates that many individuals from orphanages face challenges such as drug use and unstable relationships.
274
What is deprivation in the context of attachment?
Deprivation refers to the disruption of an existing attachment due to separation.
## Footnote
This can lead to significant emotional and developmental issues.
275
What is privation?
Privation is the lack of any attachment, which can result in severe emotional and physical developmental failures.
## Footnote
It is often more detrimental than deprivation.
276
True or False: Children adopted after 6 months of age are less likely to show disinhibited attachment.
False
## Footnote
Children adopted after this age are more likely to exhibit disinhibited attachment behaviors.
277
According to Bowlby, what purpose does attachment serve?
Survival
## Footnote
Bowlby emphasized the biological programming of infants to ensure attachment for survival.
278
What are the innate behaviours that ensure attachment occurs called?
Social releasers
## Footnote
Examples include crying, smiling, cooing, and gripping.
279
What term describes the close relationship infants develop with one carer?
Monotropy
280
Bowlby referred to the principle that the more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment as the law of…
Continuity
281
What is the law that states the safest dose of separation from the mother is zero?
Accumulated separation
282
According to Bowlby, a child is most sensitive at ___________ years old.
Two and a half
283
What does Bowlby refer to as the template for future relationships formed from the first attachment?
Internal working model
284
Internal working models influence which types of relationships?
Romantic, friendships, and with their own future children.
285
What are the caregiver behaviours associated with secure attachment?
Sensitive, emotionally responsive, supportive.
286
What caregiver behaviour leads to insecure-avoidant attachment?
Rejecting – often does not respond adequately to the child’s needs.
287
What caregiver behaviour is linked to insecure-resistant attachment?
Inconsistent – sometimes responds to the child’s needs.
288
What is the most desirable attachment type associated with psychologically healthy outcomes?
Secure attachment
289
What characterizes insecure-avoidant attachment?
Low anxiety, weak attachment, little response at reunion.
290
What characterizes insecure-resistant attachment?
Strong attachment, high anxiety, resistance to being comforted at reunion.
291
What is the major importance of attachment according to Bowlby?
The ability to form relationships with people other than an infant’s primary attachment figure.
292
What does Bowlby’s internal working model provide for later attachments?
A blueprint/prototype
293
What three main features comprise the internal working model?
* A model of others as being trustworthy
* A model of the self as valuable
* A model of the self as effective when interacting with others.
294
How does the ‘self-model’ affect an individual?
Determines self-confidence, self-esteem, and dependence on others.
295
What does the ‘other-model’ shape in an individual?
Perception of social interactions with others.
296
How does an internal working model affect future relationships?
It carries perceptions of what relationships are/should be like.
297
What did the Minnesota Study by Sroufe et al (2005) find about securely attached infants?
Rated higher for social competence, less isolated, more popular.
298
What was the purpose of Hazan and Shaver's (1987) 'love quiz'?
To explore the link between attachment type in infancy and adult relationship success.
299
What percentage of respondents in Hazan and Shaver's study were identified as securely attached?
56%
300
What findings did Hazan and Shaver (1987) report about secure respondents?
Most likely to have positive and longer lasting romantic experiences.
301
What is a limitation of the Minnesota Study?
Use of the Strange Situation is a confounding variable.
302
What is a strength of the Hazan and Shaver study?
Findings supported by other research.
303
What type of data did Hazan and Shaver's study rely on that can introduce bias?
Retrospective data
304
What type of research method was used in the Minnesota Study?
Longitudinal research
305
Fill in the blank: Bowlby believed that early attachment provides a _______ for later attachments.
Blueprint
306
What is meant by interactional synchrony?
Interactional synchrony refers to the coordinated timing and rhythm of interactions between a caregiver and an infant.
307
Give an example of reciprocity.
An example of reciprocity is when a caregiver responds to an infant's coos with similar sounds or gestures.
308
What is a strength of Schaffer's study?
A strength of Schaffer's study is its longitudinal design, which provides reliable data over time.
309
What is a disadvantage of collecting data from mothers in Schaffer's study?
A disadvantage is that it may lead to biased responses due to social desirability.
310
What are 2 key terms you can remember from Lorenz’ study?
* Imprinting
* Critical period
311
Who contradicts Harlow's study and why?
Robert Hinde contradicts Harlow's study, proposing that attachment is based on social interaction rather than comfort.
312
What were the findings of Bowlby’s 44 thieves?
Bowlby found that a high proportion of the thieves had experienced maternal deprivation.
313
What is the difference between an individualist culture and a collectivist culture?
An individualist culture emphasizes personal goals and independence, while a collectivist culture prioritizes group goals and interdependence.
314
What country did Takahashi say were seen as being the most insecure resistant?
Japan
315
What did Rutter find when adopting 165 Romanian orphans compared to 52 British adopted children?
Rutter found that Romanian orphans showed significant developmental delays compared to British children.
316
What were Zeanah’s findings?
Zeanah found that many children in Romanian orphanages displayed disinhibited attachment behaviors.
317
Summarise the Minnesota study.
The Minnesota study tracked children from infancy to adulthood, revealing the long-term effects of attachment styles.
318
Summarise Hazen and Shaver's study.
Hazen and Shaver's study linked adult romantic relationships to childhood attachment styles.
319
What are the economic implications of psychological research into attachment?
Psychological research into attachment can inform childcare practices and policies that promote economic productivity.
320
How could the findings of Brazleton regarding reciprocal behaviors be used in everyday life?
They could inform practices in prenatal and neonatal care that encourage parent-infant interactions.
321
How could the findings of Brazleton impact the economy?
Healthy attachment formation can reduce mental health care costs and welfare benefits.
322
What did Bowlby’s World Health Organization report suggest about babies' care?
It suggested that babies needed constant maternal care for healthy psychological development.
323
How has Bowlby’s report influenced maternal employment?
It led to the idea that mothers should stay home, but later evidence showed substitute childcare can be effective.
324
What did Schaffer find about babies forming attachments?
Schaffer found that babies begin to form multiple attachments beyond their primary attachment figure.
325
What is the key factor in the attachment relationship according to research into the role of the father?
The level of sensitive responsiveness.
326
Fill in the blank: The Minnesota study tracked children from ______ to adulthood.
[infancy]
327
True or False: Many parents have grandparents involved in their childcare.
True
328
How could findings regarding attachment reduce costs in various systems?
They could reduce healthcare costs, welfare benefits, and criminal justice system expenses.
329
What legislative change in 2015 allowed for shared parental leave?
Changes to law allowed fathers to take time off with their baby.
