attachment

Question 1

What is attachment?

Answer 1

A close, two-way emotional bond in which each person sees the other as important for their own emotional security

Question 2

What is reciprocity?

Answer 2

Where the mother and child take turn in caregiver-infant interactions making the other elicit a response e.g. child directed speech, crying, babbling

Question 3

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 3

A rhythmic, co-ordinated, shared sense of timing between infant and caregiver

Question 4

Meltzoff and Moore - methods and findings

Answer 4

Interactional Synchrony
observed infants when adults made one of 3 facial expressions/ gestures
IS was seen in babies as young as 2 weeks old, an association between the expression of adult and actions of the baby

Question 5

Isabella et al - method and findings

Answer 5

Interaction Synchrony
observed 30 mothers and babies together, assessed the level of synchrony and quality of attachment
Found high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality attachment between mother and baby

Question 6

What is the primary purpose of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?

Answer 6

To assess the attachment styles of infants.

Question 7

How many stages are there in the Strange Situation procedure?

Answer 7

There are eight stages.

Question 8

What are the three main attachment styles identified by Ainsworth?

Answer 8

Secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.

Question 9

True or False: The Strange Situation is conducted in a controlled environment.

Answer 9

True.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: In the Strange Situation, a secure attachment is characterized by ________ upon reunion with the caregiver.

Answer 10

joy and comfort.

Question 11

What behavior is typically exhibited by an insecure-avoidant child during the Strange Situation?

Answer 11

They show little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoid contact upon return.

Question 12

Multiple Choice: Which attachment style is associated with high anxiety and resistance to comfort?

Answer 12

C) Insecure-resistant.

Question 13

What is one criticism of the Strange Situation methodology?

Answer 13

It may not be culturally biased and may not apply to non-Western cultures.

Question 14

True or False: The Strange Situation can predict future relationships and social behaviors.

Answer 14

True.

Question 15

What type of data does the Strange Situation primarily collect?

Answer 15

Observational data on the child’s behavior.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: An insecure-resistant child often displays ________ behavior.

Answer 16

clingy and anxious.

Question 17

Which age group was primarily studied using the Strange Situation?

Answer 17

Infants aged 12 to 18 months.

Question 18

What is the role of the stranger in the Strange Situation?

Answer 18

To assess the child’s reaction to unfamiliar individuals.

Question 19

Multiple Choice: What does a secure attachment style typically indicate?

Answer 19

A) Healthy emotional development.

Question 20

What is a limitation of using the Strange Situation as an assessment tool?

Answer 20

It may not account for individual differences in temperament.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: Ainsworth’s research was influenced by the work of ________.

Answer 21

John Bowlby.

Question 22

True or False: The Strange Situation is applicable only to Western children.

Answer 22

False.

Question 23

What does the term ‘attachment’ refer to in psychology?

Answer 23

The emotional bond between a child and their caregiver.

Question 24

What is the significance of the ‘reunion’ episode in the Strange Situation?

Answer 24

It reveals how the child seeks comfort and responds to the caregiver’s presence.

Question 25

What behavior might a securely attached child exhibit when the caregiver leaves?

Answer 25

They may cry but are easily comforted upon return.

Question 26

What is the general role of the father in attachment, according to early studies?

Answer 26

Traditionally, the father was seen as playing a secondary role in attachment, with the primary caregiver often being the mother. However, more recent research suggests fathers can also be crucial in forming secure attachments.

Question 27

What did Lamb (1987) suggest about the father's role in attachment?

Answer 27

Lamb suggested that fathers may be more involved in play and stimulation, while mothers typically provide more nurturing and caregiving. Fathers are seen as key figures in encouraging social and cognitive development through play.

Question 28

What did Schaffer and Emerson (1964) find in their study on attachment and fathers?

Answer 28

Schaffer and Emerson found that the majority of infants developed a primary attachment to their mothers, but many also formed secondary attachments to their fathers by around 18 months, highlighting the father's role in the attachment process.

Question 29

How does the father’s involvement in caregiving affect a child's attachment?

Answer 29

Studies show that when fathers are involved in caregiving, it can lead to positive outcomes for the child, including secure attachment, better social skills, and emotional regulation.