Memory

Question 1

Who was the Multi Store Model proposed by?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 2

What is coding?

Answer 2

Raw information is converted to storage and retrieval of memory traces

Question 3

What is capacity?

Answer 3

How much we can hold in memory

Question 4

What is duration?

Answer 4

How long memory can last for

Question 5

What is the difference between iconic and echoic?

Answer 5

iconic is visual stores of information and echoic is auditory information

Question 6

According to the MSM, what is the duration of STM?

Answer 6

18-30 secs

Question 7

According to the MSM, what is the capacity of STM? Who stated this?

Answer 7

7+/- 2 items, Miller

Question 8

According to the MSM, what type of coding does STM use?

Answer 8

Acoustic

Question 9

According to the MSM, how is STM lost?

Answer 9

Through decay and displacement

Question 10

According to the MSM, how is LTM encoded?

Answer 10

Semantically

Question 11

According to the MSM, what is the capacity of LTM?

Answer 11

Unlimited

Question 12

According to the MSM, what is the duration of LTM?

Answer 12

46+ years

Question 13

According to the MSM, what type of coding does the sensory register use?

Answer 13

It’s modality specific

Question 14

According to the MSM, how long is the duration of the sensory register?

Answer 14

1/2 a second

Question 15

According to the MSM, how big is the capacity of the sensory register?

Answer 15

Large

Question 16

According to the MSM, how is information lost in the sensory register?

Answer 16

It gets lost if you don’t pay attention

Question 17

According to the MSM, what is chunking?

Answer 17

It increases capacity

Question 18

What is a passive store?

Answer 18

Something that holds information but doesn’t process it

Question 19

AO3 - why is the MSM reliable?

Answer 19

Baddeley’s research is replicable and done in a controlled environment

Question 20

AO3 - why is the MSM lacking in ecological validity?

Answer 20

Baddeley’s tasks are artificial, meaning they lack mundane realism

Question 21

AO3 - why is the MSM lacking in validity? (KF study)

Answer 21

The KF study is better explained by the WMM, doesn’t explain everything about STM - acoustic and visual coding

Question 22

AO3 - why is the MSM lacking in validity? (CW study)

Answer 22

Narrow explanation for LTM, model is too simplistic because it doesn’t explain semantic, episodic or procedural memory, CW study provides evidence for a more complex LTM, backed up by Tulving’s WMM

Question 23

AO3 - why is the MSM reliable?

Answer 23

Shows LTM as having multiple stores, Research Evidence - Glanzer and Cunitz, ps were asked to read a list and then recall in the same order, end of the list was recalled better than the beginning LOOK AT NOTES

Question 24

AO3 - why does the MSM have good application?

Answer 24

brain surgery for epilepsy, removed the hippocampus on both sides of the brain, unable to form new memories in LTM, could read the same magazine and nor realise, good STM when tested, real life evidence - application LOOK AT NOTES

Question 25

Glanzer and Cunitz - procedure, results

Answer 25

Ps were given a list of common words to memorise. They were then asked to recall as many as possible. Ps remembered more words from the beginning and end rather than the middle - the serial position effect

Question 26

Glanzer and Cunitz - conclusion, evaluation

Answer 26

Ps remembered beginning because it had been transferred by rehearsal to the LTM, words at the end were in STM, words in middle forgotten because of Miller's 7+/-2 limited capacity + MSM - shows the STM and LTM as separate stores + replicable and practical applications for improving memory of important information - low ecological validity because tasks were artificial

Question 27

Milner et al - procedure, results

Answer 27

HM suffered from severe epilepsy. He underwent surgery. However, the surgery went wrong and destroyed his hippocampus, leaving him with severe anterograde amnesia. This meant he was unable to make any new memories. His procedural memory was intact, but he could not make new episodic or semantic memories. He had a working memory as he was able to hold conversations. His issue was that his STM and LTM were no longer connected.

Question 28

Milner et al - conclusion, evaluation

Answer 28

Cases of brain damage, such as HM, support the distinction between LTM and STM. Damage to the hippocampus destroys LTM and leaves patients trapped in a world of experiences which only last as long as their STM. + in depth and detailed - cannot generalise from one case study

Question 29

Peterson and Peterson 1959 - duration of STM