Attachment Flashcards
1
Q
What is Attachment?
A
Attachment is an emotional bond between two people that develops over time between the infant and their primary caregiver.
2
Q
What is Reciprocity?
A
It is a form of interaction between infant and caregiver involving mutual responsiveness.
3
Q
Why are Mother infant interactions reciprocal?
A
`Because both the infant and mother respond to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other.
4
Q
What did Jaff et al say about caregiver-infant interactions?
A
He said that from birth, babies move in a rhythm when interacting with an adult almost as if they were taking turns as people do when having a conversation.
5
Q
What did Brazelton say about caregiver-infant interactions?
A
Brazelton said that the regularity of an infant’s signals allows a caregiver to anticipate their behaviour and respond appropriately.
Laying a foundation for later attachment.
6
Q
What is interactional synchrony?
A
Is when two people interact and tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movementS (emotions and behaviours)
7
Q
What did Meltzoff and Moore 1977 study investigate?
A
It investigated the development of interaction synchrony.
8
Q
What was the procedure of Meltzoff and Moore 1977 study on the development of interactional synchrony?
A
There was a controlled observation of three faces and a hand gesture and they watched the infant’s responses in the 4 specific areas.
They were videoed for inter-rater reliability.
9
Q
What are strengths of Meltzoff and Moore 1977 study on the development of interactional synchrony?
A
It was a controlled observation, both the infant and the mother were filmed from multiple angels so very fine details of behaviour could be recorded meaning that the research conducted has good validity.
10
Q
What are weaknesses of Meltzoff and Moore 1977 study on the development of interactional synchrony?
A
The study is unreliable, infant’s mouths are in constant motion and they often stick their tongue out, yawn and smite which may cause an issue for researchers investigating infant behaviour as it is difficult to distinguish between general activity and specific imitated behaviour.
There was also inconsistent findings when people replicated Meltzoff and Moore study, Kopek et al failed to replace Meltzoff and Moore’s findings, suggesting the original research may be unreliable, however M&M said this was because Koepke’s research was less controlled
11
Q
What are the stages of attachment?
A
Asocial stage
Indiscriminate attachment stage
Specific attachment stage
Multiple attachments stage
12
Q
What is the Asocial stage?
A
(0-2months) is when the baby starts to recognise and form bonds with carers. The baby’s behaviour to objects and humans is similar.
13
Q
What is the indiscriminate attachment stage?
A
(2-7 months) Is when babies start to display more observable social behaviour.
They recognise and prefer familiar adults and accept comfort from any adults and do now show stranger/separation anxiety.
14
Q
What is the specific attachment stage?
A
(From 7 months) Is when babies start to display stranger / separation anxiety.
They have formed a specific attachment to a primary attachment figure who offers the most interaction.
15
Q
What is the multiple attachments attachment stage?
A
Formed shortly after a specific attachment babies form secondary attachments (29% within a month of forming a primary attachment)
and by the age of one, most infants have developed multiple attachments.
16
Q
What was Schaffer and Emerson 1964 study investigate?
A
To investigate the formation of early attachments, the age at which they developed, their emotional intensity and to whom they were directed.
17
Q
What was the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s 1964?
A
Participants were 60 babies from working class families in Glasgow.
The mother and baby were visited at home every month for the 1st year and again at 18 months .
The researcher asked the mother questions about the kind of protests their baby showed in 7 everyday situations e.g. an adult leaving the room which assessed separation anxiety.
They also assessed stranger anxiety.
18
Q
What was the findings of Schaffer and Emerson’s 1964 study?
A
They found that the specific primary attachment was usually with the mother.
50% of babies showed operation anxiety between 25-32 weeks of age.
At 40 weeks 80% of the babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments.
19
Q
What did Schaffer and Emerson conclude from their 1964 study?
A
They concluded that the attachment tended to be to the caregiver who was the most interactive and sensitive to the infants signals and this did not have to be the person they spent the most time with.
20
Q
What are the strengths of Schaffer and Emerson’s 1964 study?
A
It had a longitudinal design, the same children were followed up and observed regularly resulting in the study having better internal validity because it doesn’t have the confounding variable of individual differences between participants.
Another strength is that it was done in natural settings, there was no observer effects as the parents were doing the reporting, so behaviour was natural as a result the study has high external validity as research was conducted in homes and not an artificial setting.
21
Q
What are weaknesses of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
A
It lacks historical validity, it was conducted in the 60s when gender roles were different, now more men stay at home to look after their children and more women go out to work so the sample is biased.
Another weakness is that it lacks cultural variation, in western cultures there is an emphasis on individualism and in eastern cultures there is an emphasis on collectivism. The study can not be generalised as it is an imposed etic, it applies specifically to individualist cultures.
22
Q
What was Lorenz 1935 study investigate?
A
It investigated imprinting in animals.
23
Q
What was the procedure of Lorenz 1935 study on imprinting in animals?
A
Lorenz took a group of gosling eggs and divided them into 2 groups, one was left with their mother and the others were placed in an incubator.
When the incubator eggs hatched the first living thing they saw was Lorenz and they soon started to follow him around.
To test the effect, he marked the 2 groups and placed them together.
24
Q
What was the findings of Lorenz 1935 study on imprinting in animals?
A
He found that they quickly divided themselves up, one group following their natural mother and the other Lorenz.
This process is said to occur in a definite period of life, the critical period. If an animal does not see a moving object during this time, it will not imprint.
25
What did Lorenz 1935 conclude from his study?
he concluded that a young animal will imprint on the first moving object it sees.
26
What are strengths of Lorenz 1935 imprinting study?
It has high validity as there is research supporting it. Guiton demonstrated that leghorn chicks, exposed to yellow rubber gloves for feeding them during their first few weeks, became imprinted on them.
27
What are weaknesses of of Lorenz 1935 imprinting study?
The findings from the study are hard to generalise to human behaviour.
Humans differ in important ways to animals, much more of our behaviour is governed by conscious decisions.
Lorenz studied imprinting in birds but mammalian mothers would show more emotional attachment to their infants.
Although animal studies can act as an important pointer in understanding human behaviour, we should always seek confirmation with human research because we differ in nature and complexity to that of other species.
28
What did Harlow 1959 study investigate?
Testing learning theory of attachment in animals.
29
What was the procedure of Harlow's 1959 study on testing learning theory of attachment on animals?
Infant monkeys were removed from their mother at birth and raised in isolation in cages.
Two types of surrogate mother were constructed, a harsh wire mother and a soft towelling mother.
There were 4 conditions and the feeding time and time spent with each mother was recorded.
30
What did Harlow find out from his 1959 study on testing learning theory of attachment on animals?
He found that they preferred to cling to the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
All 8 monkeys spent the most time with the cloth covered monkey and all hung onto when frightened.
31
What did Harlow 1959 conclude from his study?
He concluded that monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for comfort contact, suggesting that attachment concerned emotional security more than food.
32
What are the strengths of Harlow 1959 study?
Harlow's research has had many real world applications it has helped social workers to understand risk factors in child neglect and abuse such as a lack of comfort.
Using animals to study attachment can benefit children that are most at risk in society, it can also have later economic implications as those children and more likely to grow up to be productive members of society.
33
What are the weaknesses of Harlow's 1959 study on testing learning theory of attachment in monkeys?
It is immoral, Harlow's work created an emotional lasting harm on the monkeys and a state of anxiety in female monkeys which had implications one they became parents. The counter-argument is that Harlow's research was sufficiently important to justify the effects.
Although monkeys are clearly much more similar to humans that Lorenz's geese they are not human. Psychologists disagree on the extent to which studies of non-human primates can be generalised to humans.
34
What are cultural variations?
Culture refers to the norms and values that exist within and group of people.
Cultural variations then are the differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups.
In attachment research we are concerned with the difference in the promotion of children of different attachment types.
35
What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988 study investigate?
It aimed to discover whether there were differences in attachment types between cultures.
36
What was the procedure of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988 study on differences in attachment types between cultures?
The researchers located 32 studies of attachment where the Strange Situation had been used to investigate the proportion of infants with different attachment types.
These 32 studies were conducted in 8 countries, 15 were in the USA.
Overall the 32 studies yielded results for 1990 children.
The data for these 32 studies were meta-analysed, results being combined and weighted for sample size.
37
What was the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988 study on differences in attachment types between cultures?
They found that the secure attachment was the most common type of attachment across all 8 countries.
There were significant differences in the distribution of insecure attachments, the dominant type in the west was avoidance, the dominant type in the non-west was resistant and China had a 50/50 split.
38
What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg conclude from their 1988 study on differences in attachment types between cultures?
They concluded that there are cultural variations in infant care arrangements, but secure attachment is still the most common classification.
Variations within cultures is greater than variation between cultures.
Cross cultural similarities support the view that attachment is innate and biological which supports Bowlby.
39
What are the strengths of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988 study on different in attachment types between cultures?
One strength of the their study is that it has high internal validity as when you combine the results of studies carried out in different countries you end up with a very large sample size. This is a strength because large samples reduce the impacts of anomalous results caused by bad methodology or very unusual participants.
Another strength of the study is that it used a standardised methodology in the form of the Strange Situation as a procedure meant that a comparison could be made across cultures increasing the reliability.
40
What are the weaknesses of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988 study on differences in attachment types between cultures?
It has cultural bias, it uses the Strange Situation which was created and tested din the USA and assumes that behaviour has the same meaning in all cultures when in fact, cultural perception and understanding of behaviour differences greatly. The research is an imposed etic , it reflects the norms and values of American culture and lacks population validity.
The samples are unrepresentative of culture, the meta-analysis by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg claimed to study cultural variation whereas, in fact, the comparisons were between countries not cultures. Within any county there are many different cultures each with different child-rearing practices. One sample might, for example over represent people living in poverty, the stress of which might affect caregiving and hence patterns of attachment. This means that comparisons between countries may have little meaning; the particular cultural characteristics and thus the caregiving styles of the sample need to be specified.
41
How has the role of the father changed in the last 100 years?
Traditionally fathers have played a minor role in child rearing.
Historically, fathers would go to work and provide resources while mothers took care of the children.
However, society has changed significantly.
42
What is the role of the father in child rearing?
Some researchers argue that men are not equipped to form attachments, both psychologically and socially.
Other researchers argue that fathers are not 'caregivers' and that they provide a 'playmate' role.
However, others argue that fathers can demonstrate sensitive responsiveness where they respond to the needs of their children.
43
What research evidence iso there suggesting that the role of the father is as a playmate?
Geiger 1996
44
What did Geiger 1996 study find out about the role of the father?
Research by Geigar 1996 found that fathers' play interactions were more exciting in comparison to mothers'.
However, the mothers' play interactions were more affectionate and nurturing.
45
What does the research by Geiger 1996 suggest about the role of the father?
This suggests that the role of the father is in fact as a playmate and not as a sensitive parent who responds to the needs of their children.
These results also confirm that the mother takes on more of a nurturing role.
46
What research is there suggesting that fathers are not to provide a sensitive and nurturing attachment?
Hrdy 1999
47
What was Hrdy 1999 study about the role of the father?
Hrdy 1999 found that fathers were less able to detect low levels of infant distress, in comparison to mothers.
These results appear to support the biological explanations that the lack of oestrogen in men means that fathers are not equipped biologically to form close attachments with their children.
48
What Hrdy 1999 suggest about the role of the father in the development of attachment?
Provides evidence that fathers are not able to provide a sensitive and nurturing type of attachment as they are unable to detect stress in their children.
It suggests that the role of the father to some extent is biologically determined and that a father's role is restricted because of their biological makeup; however, as some fathers are able to form close attachments with their children this suggests that a softer view of determinism may be more appropriate.
49
What research suggests that fathers are able to form secure attachments with their children if they are in an intimate marriage?
Belsky et al 2009
50
What did the Belsky et al 2009 find about the role of the father in the development of attachment?
It found that males who reported higher levels of marital intimacy also displayed secure father-infant attachment, whereas males with lower levels of martial intimacy displayed insecure father-infant attachments.
51
What does Belsky et al 2009 suggest?
This suggests that males can form secure attachments with their children' however the strength of the attachment depends on the father and mother relationship.
52
What is Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment?
Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment suggests attachment is important for a child’s survival. Attachment behaviours in both babies and their caregivers have evolved through natural selection. This means infants are biologically programmed with innate behaviours that ensure that attachment occurs.
53
What is the critical period as part of Bowlby's monotropic theory?
The theory also suggests that there is a critical period for developing attachment that is around 0-2.5years.
If an attachment has not developed during this time period then it may well not happen at all.
54
What is monotropy as part of Bowlby's explanation for attachment?
A child has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure. This is called monotropy.
This concept of monotropy suggests that there is one relationship which is more important than all the rest. Although Bowlby did not rule out the possibility of other attachment figures for a child, he did believe that there should be a primary bond which was much more important than any other.
55
What is an Internal working model as part of Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment?
The first strong attachment the child has with its mother provides a blueprint for future relationships. This internal working models acts as a guide on how to conduct future relationships such as if people can be trusted, or if relationships are loving.
56
Summarise Bowlby's monotropic theory?
Bowlby provides a evolutionary explanation for attachment: That attachment was an innate system that gave a survival advantage.
He suggests that babies need to attach to one main attachment figure, which is more important than any other.
He suggested that for an attachment to take place it must be done in a critical period if it is to form at all, in this case 0-2.5years.
He also suggests that the child's relationship with the primary caregiver provides an internal working model which influences later relationships.
57
What strengths are there of Bowlby's monotropic theory?
Hodges and Tizard did a longitudinal study of institutionalised children who had formed no attachments in the early parts of their lives and found that they had difficulty forming relationships with others. This supports the existence of the critical period.
Monotropy is supported by research into attachments formed by the Eye tribe of Congo. Efe women share the care of infants in the tribe and take turns to breast feed them, however the infants return to their natural mother at night and form a stable bond with he mother.
58
What are weaknesses of Bowlby's monotropic theory?
Evolutionary theory lacks evidence. Despite rapid changes in genetics, there is no direct evidence of a gene for attachment or genes for attachment.
Rutter's Romanian orphan study showed that the attachments can form after the critical period.
59
What is Learning Theory?
An explanation of attachment by Learning Theorists John Dollard and Neal Miller
60
What is Dollard and Miller's 1950 Cupboard love theory?
They proposed that caregiver-infant attachments can be explained by learning theory.
Their approach is called 'cupboard love' approach because it emphasis the importance of the caregiver as a provider of food. Put simply they proposed that children learn to love whoever feeds them.
61
What is Learning theory?
All behaviour including attachment can be explained by classical and operant conditioning.
62
What are the three parts of Learning Theory?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Attachment as a secondary drive.
63
What is Classical conditioning?
This is learning by association. When two stimuli are presented multiple times, at the same time, such as food an unconditioned stimulus and the mother neutral stimulus. The feeling of pleasure an unconditioned response starts to become associated with the mother turning the mother into a conditioned stimulus.
Now the response of pleasure is a conditioned response which happens when the mother appears.
64
What is Operant conditioning?
This is learning through trial and error, or patterns of reinforcement.
Pleasurable consequences for crying babies such as receiving food act as a positive reinforcement, making crying behaviour when hungry more likely to happen.
Also stopping the crying (removing the negative stimulus) by providing food works as a negative reinforcement for the parents, making it more likely the parents will provide food the next time the baby cries.
65
According to learning theory, infants learn to be attached to their primary caregiver through?
Classical and operant conditoning
66
What is a primary drive?
Primary drives are instinctive drives, such as eating for hunger, sleep for tiredness and sex for reproduction and are based on biological need.
67
Why do secondary drives such as attachment develop?
Secondary drives such as for attachment develop due to a learnt process, in which they are associated with the satisfaction of a primary drive e.g. food.
68
Why do secondary drives such as attachment develop?
Secondary drives such as for attachment develop due to a learnt process, in which they are associated with the satisfaction of a primary drive e.g. food.
69
What are drives?
Desires to complete an action.
70
What evidence is there supporting Learning theory as an explanation of attachment?
Learning theory is a clear and believable explanation for attachment, the underling learning theories are backed up by a significant amount of well controlled research.
Also the theory has face validity, it "makes sense" that babies would cry more if they learnt it gained them attention.
71
What evidence is there against Learning theory as an explanation for attachment?
There is contradictory evidence such as Schaffer and Emerson when they found out that when babies were left in various separation situations (e.g. being left with a babysitter), they were clearly attached to people not involved in their physical care suggesting that feeding is not the primary explanation of attachment as suggested in operant conditioning.
Also Harlow found that infant monkeys preferred to cling onto a fake towelling mother rather than a wired one that offered food suggesting that contact comfort is more important than food int he formation of attachment.
72
What is the Strange Situation?
Developed by Mary Ainsworth the strange situation is a controlled observation procedure designed to measure the security of attachment a child displays towards a caregiver.
73
What is the aim of the strange situation?
The aim was to be able to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a child's attachment to a caregiver.
74
What was the procedure of the Strange Situation?
It takes place in a room with quite controlled conditions with a two-way mirrow through which psychologists can observe the infant's behaviour.
Then then 7 events happened, what was used to judge the attachment between the caregiver and the child.
75
What was the 7 events that happened in the Strange Situation procedure?
1. The child is encouraged to explore.
2. A stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child
3. The caregiver leaves the child and stranger together
4. The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves
5. The caregiver leaves the child alone
6. The stranger returns
7. The caregiver returns and is reunited with the child
76
During the Strange Situation what were the 5 behaviours psychologists observed to judge attachment?
(Only say the 5 behaviours don't need the explanations)
Proximity seeking.
An infant with a good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver
Exploration and secure-base behaviour
Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as secure base, i.e. a point of contact that will make them feel safe.
Stranger anxiety
One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches.
Separation anxiety
Another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver.
Response to reunion
With the caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions.
77
What were the findings of the Strange Situation?
Ainsworth et al found that there were distinct patterns in the way that infants behaved. She identified three main types of attachment:
Secure attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Insecure-resistant attachment
78
What % had secure attachments in Ainsworth Strange Situation?
70
79
What % had Insecure-avoidant attachments in Ainsworth Strange Situation?
15
80
What % had insecure-resistant attachment in Ainsworth's Strange situation?
15
81
What are the characteristics of a Secure Resistant attachment?
Infant are upset when left alone by mother
Infants are happy when mother returns and seek contact with the mother.
Infants avoid the stranger when alone, but friendly when the mother is present.
Infant uses the mother as a safe base to explore their environment.
82
What are the characteristics of an insecure resistant attachment?
Infants are clingy to their mother in a new situation and are not willing to explore- suggesting that they do not have trust in her.
They are extremely distressed when left alone by their mother.
They cannot be comforted by a strange and will not interact with them - they treat the stranger and the mother very differently.
When the mother returns they are pleased to see her and go to her for comfort, but then cannot be comforted and may show signs of anger towards her.
83
What are the main characteristics insecure avoidant attachment?
Infants are unconcerned by the mother's absence when she leaves the room.
Infant shows little interest when they are reunited with the mother.
Infants are strongly avoidant of mother and strange, showing no motivation to interact with either adult. The stranger is treated similar to the mother.
84
What causes Secure attachments to form?
This type of attachment occurs because the mother meets the emotional needs of the infant.
85
What causes insecure avoidant attachments to form?
This type of attachment occurs because the mother ignores the emotional needs of the infant.
86
What causes insecure resistant attachments to form?
This type of attachment occurs because the mother sometime meets the needs of the infant and sometimes ignores their emotional needs, the mother's behaviour is inconsistent.
87
What A03 is there against the Strange Situation as a way to measure attachment?
A problem of the study is that it lacks population validity. The original study used American infants. The study tells us about how this particular group behaves and cannot be generalised to the wider population and other cultures.
Another criticism of the study is that it has low ecological validity, and the results may not be applicable outside the lab. The environment of the study was controlled and the eight scripted stages of the procedure would be unlikely to happen in real life.
88
What A03 is there supporting the Strange Situation as a way to measure attachment?
One strength of the study is that it is easy to replicate. This is because it follows a standardised procedure involving the 8 episodes of the mother and stranger entering and leaving the room.
Higher inter-rater reliability, Ainsworth found 0.94 agreement between raters, almost perfect agreement when rating expiatory behaviour.
There are real world applications from the study for example the Circle of Security project teaches caregivers intervention strategies to better understand their infant's signals of distress and what it feels like to be anxious, the research can be used to improve people's lives.
89
What is Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?
The theory focuses on how the effects of early experiences may interfere with the usual processes of attachment formation. Bowlby proposed that separation from the mother or mother substitute has serious effect on psychological development.
90
What is separation?
Separation is the short-term disruption of bond e.g. day care and hospitalisation
91
What is deprivation?
deprivation is the long-term disruption of a bond e.g. divorce or parent imprisonment
92
What is the critical period period for mental deprivation according to Bowlby?
30months
93
What did Bowlby say will happen if someone is deprived for more than the critical period?
Bowlby believed psychological damage was inevitable.
94
What is maternal deprivation?
The emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and his mother or mother substitute.
Bowlby proposed that continuous care from a mother is essential for normal psychological development, and that prolonged separation from this adult causes serious damage to emotional and intellectual development.
95
What are the two effects on development from Maternal deprivation according to Bowlby?
Intellectual development
Emotional development
96
What is Intellectual development and how is it affected by Mental deprivation according to Bowlby?
Bowlby believed that if children were deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would suffer delayed intellectual development, characterised by abnormally low IQ.
97
How is Emotional development affected by being maternally deprived according to Bowlby?
Bowlby identified affection-less psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others.
This prevents the person developing normal relationships and is associated with criminality. Affection-less psychopaths cannot appreciate the feelings of victims and so lack remorse for their actions.
98
What was Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
This study examined the link between affection less psychopathy and material deprivation.
99
What was the aim of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
To investigate the long term effects of maternal deprivation.
100
What was the procedure for Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
He selected an opportunity sample of 88 children attending his clinic.
Group 1- Thief group of 44 people who were referred to him because of their stealing.
Group 2- Control group were referred to him because of emotional problems
The children and their parents were interviewed by Bowlby a psychologist and a social worker focusing specifically on their early life experiences.
101
What were the findings of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
14 children from the theft group were identified as affectionless psychopaths, 12 of those had experienced prolonged separation of more than six months from their mothers in their first two years.
Whereas only 5 of the 30 children not classified as affectionless psychopaths had experienced separations
Out of the 44 children in the control group, only 2 had experienced prolonged separations and none of them were affectionless psychopaths.
102
What did Bowlby conclude from his 44 thieves study?
It was concluded that prolonged early separation deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy.
103
What AO3 is there supporting Bowlby 44 thieves study?
There is research support, Bifulco studied women who had experienced deprivation either through maternal death or temporary separation and found that later mental health problems were much greater in women whose loss occurred before the age of 6. This supports the theory and the notion of a critical period.
Supported by Harlow's research on monkeys. He showed that monkeys reared in isolation from their mother suffered emotional and social problems in older age. The monkeys never formed an attachment (privation) and as such grew up to be aggressive and had problems interacting with other monkeys.
RWA- in orphanages they now have to take account of emotional needs, fostered children have to be kept in one stable home rather than being moved around. In maternity units mothers are now allowed to spend more time with their babies as well as if they have a sick child the visiting hours in hospital have been extended, parents can even stay overnight if they wish.
104
What AO3 Is there against the findings of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
There is counter-evidence from Hilda Lewis who partially replicated the 44 thieves study looking at 500 young people. In her sample a history of early prolonged separation from the mother did not predict criminality of difficulty forming close relationships. This suggests that other factors may affect the outcome of early maternal deprivation.
The 44 thieves study had some major design flaws, most importantly potential bias; Bowlby himself carried out the assessments for affectionless psychopathy and the family interviews, knowing what he hoped to find.
105
What is Institutionalisation?
Is the behaviour patterns of children who have been raised outside of the family home in an institution such as an orphanage.
106
What are orphan studies?
These concern children placed in care because their parents cannot look after them. An orphan is a child whose parents have either died or have abandoned them permanently.
107
What was the aim of Zeanah et al 2005?
Aimed to investigate the effects of institutionalisation
108
What was the procedure for Zeanah et al 2005?
It assed the attachment in 95 children aged between 12-31months who had spent an average of 90% of their life in an institution and compared them to a control group who spend their life in a "normal family".
The attachment type was measured using the Strange Situation.
109
What was the findings of Zeanah et al 2005?
74% of the control group was found to be securely attached but only 19% of the institutionalise group.
65% of the institutional group were classified with disorganised attachment.
110
What is deprivation?
Deprivation is not receiving suitable emotional care from a primary attachment, this can happen with both frequent or extended absences.
111
What is Privation?
Is the total lack of the ability to form an attachment bond. This is what happened to the Romanian orphans.
112
What is Rutter et al 2011?
Is a longitudinal study of 165 Romanian orphans adopted into British families.
113
How were the four groups in Rutter et al 2011?
The children were put in four groups.
Group 1- 58 under the age of 6 months
Group 2- 59 Between 6 and 24 months
Group 3- 48 over 24months
Group4- A control group 52 British Adoptees.
114
What was the procedure of Rutter et al 2011?
Physical, cognitive and emotional development has been assessed at ages 4,6,11 and 15 years.
115
What were the findings of Rutter et al 2011?
At age 6 children adopted after 6months showed disinhibited attachment, an overly friendly behaviour to strange adults.
At age 11 just over half the Romanian adopted children who showed disinhibited attachment at 6 still displayed this behaviour.
Children adopted after 6 months showed significant delayed intellectual development scoring lower-on IQ tests and difficulty concentrating with those adopted after 24months showing an average IQ of 77.
In a small number of cases, quasi-autism tendencies were identified with children having problems understanding the meaning of social contexts. Intellectual problems continued at the 15 year follow up.
116
What can be concluded from Rutter et al 2011?
Adoption within the first 6 months is important as effects of deprivation and privation in institutions are long lasting, however there may be some recovery as the children develop, suggesting the critical period is more of a sensitive period.
117
What AO3 is there supporting the Romanian study Rutter et al 2011?
This research on negative effects, changed policies around adoption and care in orphanages and other institutional settings, key workers in institutions ensured a higher level of care, an early age of adoption and suitable care from the new family were prioritised.
Goldfarb's 1947 study supports the findings, in his study he compared 15 children who had been brought up in children homes until beyond 3 and another group who had been fostered at around 6 months. At 12 years old he found that the early fostering led to significantly higher levels of IQ and social skills.
118
What AO3 is there against Rutter et al 2011?
A potential issue in Rutter's study is children were not randomly assigned to adoption and control groups, but were selected by the new parents, it could be that the more sociable children were picked for adoption at a younger age.
As the longitudinal research is till ongoing the long-term effects on the Romanian orphans are still to be found it could be that improvements seen at 11 continue and they catch their peers in development in their early adulthood.
119
What is the internal working model?
A model made by Bowlby that says infants develop a scheme based on their attachment to their primary caregiver.
This schema acts as a template for parenting and relationships. such as if people can be trusted, or if relationships are loving.
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What is a schema?
Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help us to organise and interpret information. They are developed through experience and can affect our cognitive processing.
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What is a cognitive process?
Cognitive processes refer to a number of tasks the brain does continuously. They are procedures in charge of processing all the information we receive from the environment.
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What is the continuity hypothesis?
The continuity hypothesis suggests future relationships will follow a pattern based on their internal working model template.
An individuals childhood friendships, adult partners and even and even their parenting relationship with their own children.
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What was Hazan and Shaver love quiz 1987?
Hazan and Shaver conduced a classic study of the association between attachment and adult relationships.
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What was the procedure for Hazan and Shaver's love quiz 1987?
They analysed 620 responses 205m/415f from a newspaper love quiz examining feelings on romance, and then categorised them into three groups, secure, avoidant and anxious.
Participants also completed questions that tested for their childhood attachment type with their parents.
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What were the three groups in Hazan and Shaver'z love quiz?
Secure- Balanced between closeness and independent 56%
Avoidant- Avoiding closeness 25%
Anxious, Clingy, not coping well with independence
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What were the findings of Hazan and Shaver 1987?
It suggests there is a link between the type of attachment you receive as an infant and show as an adult.
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What are some are criticisms of Hazan and Shaver 1987?
This is a volunteer sample, which might not be representative the average person as they are all people who respond to newspaper quizzes.
This is a self report method, people may answer it certain ways to look good. They could also be bias about their own relationships.
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What is a way of measuring Adult attachment?
Hazen and Shavers types
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What is Hazan and Shavers?
An adults relationship type is a continuation of their infant type according to Ainsworth's secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant types.
