attachment - p1 Flashcards
(12 cards)
caregiver/infant interactions in humans (reciprocity and interactional synchrony)
research lacks eco val (controlled environment - familiar/unfam environment)
^high control over extran var - no distractions=cause and effect
prac app - importance of early interactions on later development - encourage responsive c.g and minimise later issues
stages of attachment - schaffer
high eco val - fam own home - real life - rep everyday interactions - inc ext val
social desiriability bias - interview - lie - best light - dec int val
culture bias - glasglow - cant gen - collectivist cultures fam work tog look after child infant can form multi attach - limit ext val
role of father
Field - prac app - resposiveness over gender - shared parental leave
Grossman - rtc - Macallam & Golombok - singe mother and lesbians - questionaire + interview - assess cog and social develop - dont develop diff to 2 hetero parents - shows role of play and stim is not soley related to gender
alt explan (16 m only) - bio basis to support gross - oestrogen = nuturing - pre disposed to pri c.g , testosterone = not assoc w caring suggest father role is less imp = several exp fro role of f
animal studies of attachment - lorenz
prac app - principles = gos imprint 12-17 hrs, bowlby also believed in critical period, promote imp of early interact to reduce later issues - imp part of app psych
animal bias - gosling sample - cant extrapolate finds as human and animal attach diff - human is more emo complex e.g human is two way, limit ext val to humans
research bias - lorenz record own observ - may have specifically chosen to publish certain findings - lower int val - may not truly measure effect of imprint
animal studies of attachment - harlow
prac app - principle = contact comfort is most imp - emphasis needs go beyond caring for physical needs - identify infants risk of lack of bonding experience and intervene to prevent long term damage - imp part app psych
animals bias - rhesus monkey sample - human attachment more complex as h is more emo sophisticated - issues extrapolating
^could argue monkeys are genetically sim enough to h to allow some actual conclusions
ethical issues - suffered greatly - emo/social issues + death - limit appropiation
explanation of attachment - learning theory
environmental reductionist - reduces complex behav to simple,basic units of learning to stim, resp, and association - neglects holstic approach - takes social and cultural context to explain e.g cololectivist- fam work tog - may form multi attach not just who feeds - lack val doesnt allow to undertsand in context
rtc - harlow - moneky spent more time w surrogate comfort than food, contradict assumption learn to attach to person who feeds them
rtc - schaffer and emerson - form attach to mum regardless who fed, attach due to responsiveness to signals, Field shown best quality care is due to sensitive and responsive to needs - evidencing feeding isnt most imp fac to form attach
explanattion of attachment - bowlbys monotropic theory
rts - lorenz - critical period - 12-17hrs or not at all - support critical period 2.5 yrs otherwise it will be diiff to attachlater or at all
rts - hazan & shaver - love quiz - found securly attached child have happy, long lasting relation, whereas insceure attach hard to form and divorce - support int work model as feature as it acts as template
^ social desirability - questionaire - limit as could have lied abt relation to present in best light - low int val
influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships (includ role of int work model)
rts - Harlow - seperated moneky at birth so no ealry attach - later found diff to from relartion e.g diff mating and females were inadequate mothers - shows neg attach = neg relation
deterministic - theory states behav controlled by ealry relationships e.g neg attach leads to neg relationships, negelcts role of free will - ppl w neg child attach may choose to have diff attach w child and be more pos - limits research
bowlbys thepry can be argued to be socially sensistive - suggests later relationships and success and quality of parenting is due to ealry child attach - blames parents for their failures = damaging - raises ethical issues
ainsworth strange situation
lacks eco val controlled (two way mirror) - dont act same as in their typical environ e.g explore room less as uncomfrotable in unfam envirn - low ext val
^high in reliability - controlled + standardised procedure e.g each variable assessed fro 3 min interval - can be repeated again to check consis results
criticsed for imposed etic - based on american child-rearing practices and ignores other cultures e.g germany - independence is encouraged - insecure avoident attach - but not desribe in our culture - not appropiate
cultural variations in attachment (van ijzendoorn)
high pop val - meta of 32 strange sit studies = sample 2000 infants - easy to gen - inc ext val
culture bias - 18/32 studies carried in us (individualistic/western) only 5 in collectivist - diff to gen
imposed etic - based on american child rear prac - ignore other cultures e.g in germany independencce which lead to insec avoid attach is praised - not appropiate to measure attach types across all cultures
bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
rts - bowlby - 44 juvenile theives - interview them and parents - long sepera in critic period - found affectionless psychopathy likely to exprienced long sep in crit period - element of care lost - leads to neg consequences
^retrospective data - rely on memory and recall - could have lied or simply forgoteen - reduce int val of 44 study and support for maternal depriv
rtc - lewis - partly recreated 44 juv study on larger scale - 500 young ppl - histroy of prolonged sep from other didnt prredict criminality of diff form relationships - contracts maternal depriv theory
romanian orphan study - effect of institutionalisation
prac app - principle - institutionalisation = psych problems - led to improv in condiitions for children growing up oitside fam home e.g avoid large numb of c.g and only 1/2 central key workers to avoid neg consequences - im part of app psych
high control over extran var - previous orphan srudies - trauma, neglect and abuse - diff to establosh cause and effect of long term effects - rutter research had been handed from loving fam who couldnt afford to keep them - can study effects without confounding variables - incr int val
studying child from romanian orphans ontroduced diff confoudning variables - quality of care and instritutes were poor - harmful effects from institutions due to poor institue care than care themselves
